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Despite the rapid development of thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) materials, developing organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with small efficiency roll‐off remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we have designed a TADF molecule (mClSFO) based on the spiro fluorene skeleton. The highly twisted structure and multiple charge‐transfer channels effectively suppress aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) and endow mClSFO with excellent exciton dynamic properties to reduce efficiency roll‐off. Fast radiative rate (kr) and rapid reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rate (kRISC) of 1.6×107 s−1 and 1.07×106 s−1, respectively, are obtained in mClSFO. As a result, OLEDs based on mClSFO obtain impressive maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) exceeding 20 % across a wide doping concentration range of 10–60 wt %. 30 wt % doped OLED exhibits an EQEmax of 23.1 % with a small efficiency roll‐off, maintaining an EQE of 18.6 % at 1000 cd m−2. The small efficiency roll‐off and low concentration dependence observed in the TADF emitter underscore its significant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Visceral hypersensitivity is considered the core pathophysiological mechanism that causes abdominal pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Fungal dysbiosis has been proved to contribute to visceral hypersensitivity in IBS patients. However, the underlying mechanisms for Dectin‐1, a major fungal recognition receptor, in visceral hypersensitivity are poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the role of Dectin‐1 in visceral hypersensitivity and elucidate the impact of Dectin‐1 activity on the function of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1). Methods: Visceral hypersensitivity model was established by the intracolonic administration of 0.1 mL TNBS (130 μg/mL in 30% ethanol) in the male mice. Fluconazole and nystatin were used as fungicides. Laminarin, a Dectin‐1 antagonist and gene knockout (Clec7a−/−) mice were used to interrupt the function of Dectin‐1. Colorectal distension‐electromyogram recording was performed to assess visceral sensitivity. Immunostaining experiment was performed to determine the localization of Dectin‐1 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Calcium imaging study was performed to assay TRPV1‐mediated calcium influx in acutely dissociated DRG neurons. Results: Pretreatment with fungicides, administration of laminarin or genetic deletion of Clec7a alleviated TNBS‐induced visceral hypersensitivity in male mice. The expression of Dectin‐1 was upregulated in the DRG and colon of TNBS‐treated mice. Colocalization of Dectin‐1 and TRPV1 was observed in DRG neurons. Importantly, pretreatment with curdlan, a Dectin‐1 agonist, increased TRPV1‐mediated calcium influx. Conclusions: Dectin‐1 contributes to visceral hypersensitivity in IBS or in inflammatory bowel disease in remission and activation of Dectin‐1 induces TRPV1 sensitization. Significance Statement: This work provides direct evidence for the functional regulation of TRPV1 channel by Dectin‐1 activity, proposing a new mechanism underlying TRPV1 sensitization. Control of intestinal fungi might be beneficial for the treatment of refractory abdominal pain in patients with IBS or IBD in remission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near ultraviolet (NUV) organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have great advantages in the field of light excitation sources, chemical and biological sensors, etc. However, the molecular design of NUV emitters still faces the challenges of spectral broadening and red‐shift. In this study, attaching weak oxygen‐bridged triarylboron acceptor to weak carbazolyl donor is able to address intractable problems by weakening donor–acceptor (D–A) charge transfer. Simultaneously, sterically wrapped and modified oxygen‐bridged triarylboron acceptor by bulk substituents (multiple carbazolyl) can suppress intermolecular π–π stacking through steric hindrance effect. These design strategies are able to obtain short‐wavelength, narrow‐band emission, and great color purity. As a result, carbazolyl derivatives xCz‐BO‐based (x = 2, 3, 4, 5) emitters show EL emission peaks from 406 to 422 nm in the NUV light region and small full‐width at half‐maximums (FWHMs) of 32–41 nm over a wide range of dopant concentrations (10–40 wt.%). The most violet Commission International de I'Eclairage (CIE) color coordinate is (0.16, 0.03). Moreover, 5Cz‐BO can be employed as host for vacuum‐/solution‐processed blue OLEDs and these devices exhibit high performance with EQEs of over 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing narrowband blue multiple resonance (MR) organic emitters with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) y coordinates <0.1 is essential for advanced display technologies. This study proposes a deep‐blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter, named 2BNO, which integrates two independent MR cores. Unlike many TADF materials with single‐bonded dual emitting cores, 2BNO utilizes a steric hindrance‐assisted fluorene bridge to achieve an orthorhombic molecular structure. The dual‐core MR‐TADF emitter shows enhanced light absorption and a high photoluminescence quantum yield. Notably, the emission of 2BNO is not significantly redshifted compared to single‐core compounds and maintains a narrow full width at half‐maximum (FWHM) of 24 nm with CIE coordinates of (0.147, 0.041) in 2Me‐THF solution, nearing the BT.2020 blue standard. Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) incorporating 2BNO as the emitter exhibit deep‐blue emission at 460 nm with a narrow FWHM of 29 nm and CIE coordinates of (0.14, 0.09). The dual emitting core design significantly improves device efficiency, achieving a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 19.8%. The dual‐core molecular design strategy in this work is demonstrated to be effective in promoting the efficiency of the TADF emitters while preserving deep‐blue color purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ocean is a source of atmospheric methane (CH4), but there are still large uncertainties in the estimations of global oceanic CH4 emission due to sparse data coverage. In this study, we investigated the spatial distribution and influencing factors of CH4 in the Western North Pacific (WNP) during May–June 2021. High-resolution continuous underway measurements showed that surface CH4 concentrations indicated an obvious spatial gradient with an increase from the south to the north due to the influence of water mixing between Kuroshio Extension (KE) and Oyashio. Surface water was generally oversaturated with respect to the atmospheric CH4, and high CH4 fluxes occurred in the Kuroshio-Oyashio transition region due to high productivity and intensive air-sea interaction, emphasizing the importance of the Kuroshio-Oyashio transition region in global oceanic CH4 emission. Vertically, subsurface CH4 maximums were observed around 50–300 m due to in situ production through multiple pathways, and their distributions in the water column were affected by subduction of North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) and advective transport. Methylphosphonate (MPn) enrichment experiment and 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that in subtropical region and Kuroshio-Oyashio transition region, Vibrio spp. might produce CH4 by degrading MPn. Although this process was inhibited by inorganic phosphorus and regulated by iron stress, it might be a potential source of CH4 in the oxygenated water in the WNP. Our results contribute to better constrain the global oceanic CH4 emission, and help understanding the role of biological and physical processes in regulating CH4 emission in the WNP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetracyclines are currently the most commonly used class of antibiotics, and their residue issue significantly impacts public health safety. In this study, a surface modification of perovskite with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide led to the generation of stable electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitters in aqueous systems and improved the biocompatibility of perovskite. A perovskite quantum dot‐based ECL sensing strategy was developed. Utilizing the corresponding aptamer of the antibiotics, strain displacement reactions were triggered, disrupting the ECL quenching system composed of perovskite and Ag nanoclusters (Ag NCs) on the electrode surface, generating a signal to achieve quantitative detection of several common tetracycline antibiotics. The perovskite quantum dot provided a strong and stable initial signal, while the efficient catalytic activity of the silver cluster enhanced the recognition sensitivity. Tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline were used as examples to demonstrate the differentiation and quantitative detection through this method. In addition, the aptasensor exhibited analytical performance with the linear range (0.1–10 μM OTC) and good recovery rates of 94.7% to 101.6% in real samples. This approach has the potential to become a sensitive and practical approach for assessing antibiotic residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a significant cause of heart failure in patients with diabetes, and its pathogenesis is closely related to myocardial mitochondrial injury and functional disability. Studies have shown that the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy is related to disorders in mitochondrial metabolic substrates, changes in mitochondrial dynamics, an imbalance in mitochondrial Ca2+ regulation, defects in the regulation of microRNAs, and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Physical activity may play a role in resistance to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy by improving myocardial mitochondrial biogenesis, the level of autophagy and dynamic changes in fusion and division; enhancing the ability to cope with oxidative stress; and optimising the metabolic substrates of the myocardium. This paper puts forward a new idea for further understanding the specific mitochondrial mechanism of the occurrence and development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and clarifying the role of exercise‐mediated myocardial mitochondrial changes in the prevention and treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. This is expected to provide a new theoretical basis for exercise to reduce diabetic cardiomyopathy symptoms. What is the topic of this review?The mechanism of exercise decrease diabetic cardiomyopathy by improving the mitochondrial homeostasis of the myocardium, and new insights for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy with exercise.What advances does it highlight?Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by a high‐glucose environment is one of the main causes of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The mitochondrial mechanism is mainly mitochondrial metabolic substrate disorder, mitochondrial dynamics change, mitochondrial Ca2+ regulation imbalance, and so on. Exercise can improve the function of myocardial mitochondria in multiple ways, so as to achieve the effect of decreasing diabetic cardiomyopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Cross‐electrophile coupling of triazine esters with aryl bromides could be facilely accomplished by employing nickel as catalyst, magnesium as metal mediator, and lithium chloride as additive. The reactions proceeded efficiently in THF at room temperature through C—O bond activation to afford an array of structurally different diaryl ketones in moderate to good yields with wide functional group tolerance. Control experiments showed that nickel, magnesium, lithium chloride, and THF are all indispensable for the good performance of the coupling reaction. Preliminary mechanistic exploration indicated that in situ formed arylmagnesium reagent by the insertion of magnesium into aryl bromide might serve as the key intermediate of the cross‐coupling. The method which avoids the utilization of moisture‐labile and relatively difficult‐to‐obtain organometallics is step‐economical, cost‐efficient, and operationally simple, potentially serving as an attractive alternative to documented methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melophagus ovinus is a hematophagous insect that is distributed worldwide and plays a crucial role in transmitting disease‐causing pathogens. From June 2021 to March 2022, a total of 370 M. ovinus were collected from 11 sampling points in southern Xinjiang, China. The specimens were identified using morphological and molecular analyses. Rickettsia spp. and Anaplasma ovis were detected from all the samples using seven Rickettsia‐specific genetic markers and the msp‐4 gene of A. ovis. Approximately 11% of the M. ovinus specimens were positive for Rickettsia spp., and Candidatus Rickettsia barbariae was the most predominant species (35/41; 85.4%), while R. massiliae was least prevalent (6/41; 14.6%). Approximately 10.5% (39/370) of the M. ovinus specimens were positive for A. ovis of genotype III, which was co‐detected with Candidatus R. barbariae in M. ovinus (3/370; 0.8%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the detection of R. massiliae and Candidatus R. barbariae in M. ovinus globally. The detection and control of insect‐borne diseases originating from M. ovinus should be strengthened in southern Xinjiang, an area important to animal husbandry and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The muscle excess 3 (MEX3C) protein comprises one of two conserved KH hnRNP K homology domains of the Caenorhabditis elegans protein family, a gene involved in the metabolism of key RNAs at posttranscriptional levels during the development of C. elegans, but its function in mammals is unclear. Methods and results: In this study, we found that MEX3C plays a key role in learning and cognitive function. The learning and cognitive abilities of MEX3C‐knockout (KO) mice were significantly decreased relative to those of wild‐type (WT) mice in behavioral experiments, including the shuttle box, Morris water maze, and new object recognition. Nissl staining showed a decrease in the number of Nissl bodies and in the maturation of hippocampal and cortical neurons. A Western blot analysis of the neuron‐specific nuclear (NeuN) protein NEUN protein showed that the expression of that protein was decreased, which was consistent with the results of Nissl staining. Of note, the expression of sequestosome I p62 and Parkin BCL‐2‐associated X (Bax) Bax and B‐cell lymphoma‐2 (Bcl‐2) Bcl‐2 proteins also showed a downward trend, suggesting that the MEX3C gene may cause a decrease in the number and maturity of neuronal cells by increasing apoptosis through the inhibition of autophagy. In addition, Golgi staining showed that the complexity of neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex was reduced, and the postsynaptic density protein 95 and growth‐associated protein (GAP‐43) also showed different degrees of reduction. Conclusion: The KO of the MEX3C gene reduces the plasticity of synapses in various regions of the hippocampus, thereby affecting the function of the hippocampus and eventually causing the decline of cognitive function. On the other hand, compared with WT mice, MEX3C‐KO mice showed increased anxiety‐like behaviors in minefield and elevated plus maze tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar‐driven evaporation process brings exciting opportunities to recover clean water and resources in a sustainable way from diverse sources like seawater and wastewater. Separation membranes, as a vital material in many environmental and energy applications, can contribute significantly to this process owing to their structural features. However, the unique roles of membranes in solar evaporator construction and process design are seldom recognized and not summarized yet from scientific principles and application demands, which forms the motivation of this review. Herein, the roles of membranes in different processes based on solar‐driven evaporation are focused and the design principles of membrane materials and devices to meet the requirements of these applications are discussed. Fabrication strategies for photothermal membranes are introduced primarily, followed by a discussion on how to design membrane materials, devices, and processes to pursue optimal performance and realize advanced functions accompanied by evaporation. Furthermore, the future of this field is forecast with both challenges and opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal‐free trifluoromethyltellurolation of indoles with [Me4N][TeCF3] in the presence of NIS allowed a convenient synthesis of 3‐TeCF3‐substituted indole derivatives in good yields. The reaction proceeded smoothly under mild conditions and showed good functional group tolerance. It was noteworthy that [Me4N][TeCF3] had a distinct reaction profile for indole systems in comparison with [Me4N][SeCF3]. The trifluoromethyltellurolated products were unprecedented and decomposed rapidly even in the darkness and under a N2 atmosphere. This work represents the first metal‐free trifluoromethyltellurolation of indoles with the sensitive [Me4N][TeCF3] salt as TeCF3 reagent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris is the most destructive pest worldwide because of its ability to feed on plants directly and transmit plant viruses as a vector. This study aims to identify triterpenoid saponins from Oxytropis hirta Bunge as biopesticides to control aphids. Results: Three new azukisapogenol triterpenoid saponins (1–3), a new pinoresinol lignan glycoside (8), and four known saponins (4–7) were identified from the root of O. hirta. Compounds 4–7 displayed significant aphicidal activities against A. pisum with oral toxicities (LC50 = 51.10–147.43 μg/mL, 72 h), deterrent effects (deterrence index = 1.00, 100–200 μg/mL, 24 h), and aphid reproduction inhibitory effects (inhibition rates = 75.91–86.73%, 400 μg/mL, 24 h), respectively. The carboxyl groups at C‐3 GlcA and C‐30 were functional groups for their aphicidal activities. The toxic symptoms caused by the optimal 5 involved insect body‐color changes from light green to dark or gray‐green, and then brown until death. The intestinal cavity, apical microvilli, nuclei, mitochondria, and electron dense granules in the midgut tissues of A. pisum were the target sites showing aphicidal activity. The suppression of pepsin and α‐amylase, and the activation of lipase and trypsin could be the signs of organelle damage in the midgut tissues. Conclusion: Azukisapogenol triterpenoid saponins from O. hirta could be used as biopesticides to control aphids for their multiple efficacies, including oral toxicity, deterrent activity, and reproduction inhibitory activity. The toxic symptoms involved insect body‐color changes. Midgut tissues and their related enzymes were the targets for saponins showing aphicidal activities. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider a stability problem of a kind of boundary value problem for quasilinear hyperbolic systems. For small boundary data, we prove that the C1$$ {C}&amp;amp;#x0005E;1 $$ solution exists globally in time when the system is weakly linearly degenerate. In the special case of linear degeneracy, the smallness assumption on the boundary data is weakened. The error estimate in LT∞L1$$ {L}_T&amp;amp;#x0005E;{\infty }{L}&amp;amp;#x0005E;1 $$ space between two different solutions with different boundary data is also obtained. In our proof, an important estimate which describes the interaction of different waves is established by constructing a continuous Glimm function. This estimate together with uniform a prior estimates with respect to the time leads to the global‐in‐time existence of smooth solutions. Finally, we apply the stability results to the isentropic Euler equations and the system of the motion of an elastic string. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfacial solar evaporation has been widely regarded as a promising pathway to desalinate seawater without secondary pollution and additional carbon emission. However, one of the challenges rarely considered is the floating stability and remote controllability of the evaporator in the face of wind and waves at the seawater surface. Herein, we demonstrate magnetic Janus membranes (MJMs) with remotely magnetic controllability and wind‐resistant floatation for enhanced interfacial solar evaporation in airflow condition. These membranes are fabricated by sequential electrospinning of a hydrophobic Fe3O4‐embedded polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) layer and a hydrophilic polyacrylonitrile (PAN) layer. Due to the superparamagnetism of Fe3O4, our MJMs can be remotely manipulated by a magnet and can float in situ with the aid of a magnetic field, even facing the blast of airflow with a speed of 1.75 m/s. Moreover, the MJMs realize an enhanced vapor diffusion under airflow (v = 0.5 m/s) and show a water evaporation rate of 1.39 ± 0.06 kg∙m−2∙h−1 under one sun, which is 40.4% higher than that in windless condition. This work provides a promising material solution with magnetic design for the practical offshore application of Janus membranes in interfacial solar evaporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐gate voltages can make large modulations in the drain current. Accordingly, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have attracted considerable interest as amplifying transducers. The use of OECTs in combination with electrochemical analysis promises to promote sensing performance. Herein, an OECT‐based photoelectrochemical‐type (OECT‐PEC) sensor is constructed based on the photo‐induced potential generating variation in the drain current. The as‐constructed OECT‐PEC sensor has high sensitivity because the device incorporated a sensor and an amplifier, providing the benefits of a PEC sensor and an OECT. In addition to the advantages of excellent signal amplification and ease of miniaturization, background signals are also effectively reduced, and possible interferences from electroactive substances are avoided due to the separation of light excitation and the electric output. The OECT‐PEC sensor integrates poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)‐modulated Fe‐metal organic framework (Fe‐MOF) nanocomposites as the photo‐active gating material and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as the channel material which exhibits a good photocurrent response from the gate electrode and a corresponding 100‐fold expansion channel response. With aptamer as the recognition element, a sensitive OECT‐PEC biosensor is constructed to detect the organophosphorus pesticide malathion. It is found to exhibit a good linear range, a low detection limit, and better sensitivity than the traditional PEC method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel coplanar waveguide (CPW)‐fed frequency reconfigurable antenna based on epsilon negative transmission line (ENG‐TL) is presented in this letter. By controlling the switch, the parameters of the ENG‐TL structure unit are changed, and the antenna can work on different frequency bands. By using varactor diode as a switch, the resonant frequency of the antenna continuously varies from 2.55 to 3.45 GHz while the bandwidth of 450 MHz keeps unchanged, which is suitable for n77 of sub‐6 GHz. But by using the PIN diode as a switch, the antenna can be reconfigured on three modes, lower single‐band (2.33–2.81 GHz), dual‐band (1.67–1.81 GHz and 3.32–3.60 GHz), and higher single‐band (3.98–4.22 GHz). The designed antenna is suitable for use in WLAN, DCS, and WiMAX (2.5/3.3 GHz). The simulated results are in good agreement with the measured results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute lung injury (ALI), characterized by an acute onset of severe hypoxemia, is a common and devastating syndrome usually triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infection from bacteria. This study is intended to explore whether terbutaline can alleviate LPS‐induced human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (HPMVEC) injury through cAMP/Epac signaling. LPS was utilized to induce ALI in HPMVECs, and after exposure of LPS‐induced HPMVECs to terbutaline, the cellular functions including cell viability and apoptosis were measured by cell counting kit‐8 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling. The protein expression related to cAMP/Epac signaling, apoptosis, and that of tight junction and inflammatory factors were evaluated at the same time. The effects of terbutaline on cellular functions were confirmed again after the addition of antagonists of cAMP and Epac, respectively. The levels of both cAMP and Epac reduced by LPS was concentration‐dependently increased by terbutaline. The apoptosis and endothelial cell permeability damage of LPS‐induced HPMVECs were enhanced after the addition of KT‐5720 and ESI‐09. The beneficial effects of terbutaline on alleviating the inflammation and apoptosis in HPMVECs injured by LPS are mediated by cAMP/Epac signaling, and this evidence would demonstrate the potential of terbutaline in the treatment of ALI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of blood flow restriction training (BFRT) in the treatment of patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Method: Seven electronic databases were searched to identify trials comparing BFRT and conventional resistance training in a population with knee OA. Studies were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) or risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to compare outcome measures of the groups. The methodologic quality of selected studies and the quality of evidence were evaluated for included studies. Results: A total of 5 studies were included in this meta‐analysis, with very low to moderate risk of bias. The pooled results showed no significant difference between BFRT and conventional resistance training for knee OA, including pain (SMD –0.04 [95% CI –0.31, 0.24], P = 0.79), physical function performance (SMD 0.12 [95% CI –0.55, 0.78], P = 0.73), self‐reported function (SMD 0.14 [95% CI –0.24, 0.52], P = 0.48), and adverse events (RR 0.45 [95% CI 0.20, 1.01], P = 0.05). In subgroup analysis, BFRT had a lower incidence of adverse events when compared with high‐load resistance training (HLRT). Conclusion: Data from pooled studies showed that BFRT may not have greater efficacy for treating patients with knee OA, and it is less likely to have a higher risk of adverse events. However, limited evidence supports the idea that BFRT is likely safer than HLRT. More evidence with high quality is needed in further research on efficacy and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a disreputable plant pathogen that causes a decline in the quality and yield of various economic crops. Natural products are important potential sources of biopesticides to control TMV. This study focuses on the discovery of anti‐TMV active flavonoid glycosides and their mode of action on TMV particles from Clematis lasiandra Maxim. RESULTS: A new benzoyl acylated flavonoid glycoside, kaempferol 3‐O‐(2′′‐benzoyl)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐7‐O‐α‐l‐rhamnopyranoside (1), and nine known flavonoids (2–10) were identified first from C. lasiandra. The hydroxyl group at C‐7, E‐p‐coumarate at C‐6′′ in the Glc of C‐6, and the glucuronic acid at C‐3 were functional groups for the antiviral flavonoid glycosides. Flavonoids 2, 5, and 6 showed higher inactivation efficacies of 64.62% to 82.54% compared with ningnanmycin at 500 μg ml−1. The protective and curative efficacies for 2 and 5 were 57.44–59.00% and 41.17–43.92% at 500 μg ml−1, respectively. Compound 5 showed higher TMV systemic resistance with control efficacies of 41.64%, 36.56% and 27.62% at concentrations of 500, 250 and 125 μg ml−1 compared with ningnanmycin in K326 tobaccos, respectively. Compound 5 can directly fracture TMV particles into small fragments combining with the fusion phenomena, and TMV‐CP was an important target for 5 to break TMV particles. CONCLUSION: Flavonoid glycosides from C. lasiandra showed potent antiviral activities against TMV with multiple modes of action including inactivation, protective and curative effects, and inducing systemic resistance. TMV‐CP was an important target for active flavonoid glycosides to fracture TMV particles. The results provided evidence that flavonoid glycosides from C. lasiandra have the potential to control TMV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A salamo‐type bis‐oxime ligand H2L was synthesized, which reacted with Ni (NO3)2·6H2O in different reaction solvents to synthesize two novel heptanuclear Ni (II) complexes: [Ni7(L)3(μ3‐OH)8(EtOH)6]·2CH2Cl2 (1) and [Ni7(L)3(μ3‐OMe)2(μ3‐OH)6(MeOH)6]·CH2Cl2 (2). X‐ray crystal diffraction results showed that each Ni (II) ion exhibits a distorted octahedral geometry. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that the Ni (II) ion in Complex 1 not only coordinates with ligand units but also coordinates with ethanol solvent molecules and water molecules participating in bridging. Complex 2 is composed of water molecules and methanol molecules connected together. Interestingly, the coordination mode is different due to the different reaction solvents. The energy gap changes of the ligand, and its complexes were then explored by DFT calculations. In addition, the influence of the weak interaction force was confirmed through the in‐depth study of electrostatic potential, IRI, freedom analysis, and Hirshfeld surfaces analyses, which is important for explaining the formation of reaction sites and supramolecular structures. UV‐visible spectrometric titration tests showed that the binding ratios of the ligand to Ni (II) ions are all 3:7, which is consistent with the crystal structure. Finally, fluorescence characterization studies showed that both complexes exhibited reduced fluorescence compared to H2L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess and compare the performance of fluorine‐18‐labeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG‐PET/ CT) and gallium‐68‐labeled tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic acid‐DPhe1‐Tyr3‐octreotate (68Ga‐ DOTATATE) PET/CT in the targeted imaging of culprit tumors causing osteomalacia. Methods: This was a clinical retrospective analysis. We analyzed 13 patients (five men, eight women; mean age, 49 years; range, 19–55 years) with suspicion of tumor‐induced osteomalacia (TIO) between March 2017 and October 2019. All patients underwent two functional imaging methods to locate the culprittumors. Studies were performed on a PET/CT scanner. The injection doses of 18F‐ FDG and 68Ga‐DOTATATE were 0.5mCi/kg and approximately 5.0mCi, respectively. In the two scans, the whole body was captured from head to toe 45 to 60 min after intravenous tracer injection. 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT and 18F‐FDG PET/CT imaging results locate culprit tumors according to the following criteria: (i) abnormal foci uptake concentration was observed locally, and the uptake level was higher than the background level of the right lobe of the liver; (ii) combined CT showed or did not have obvious abnormal density changes; and (iii) non‐specific ingestion lesions due to fracture, arthritis, necrosis of femoral head are excluded. Compared with the results of pathological examination and clinical follow‐up, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT imaging and 18F‐FDG PET/CT imaging for TIO were analyzed. Results: All patients had symptoms of osteomalacia and hypophosphatemia. The lag time (symptoms to PET diagnosis) ranged from 2 to 12 years. There were eight cases of TIO patients and five cases of non‐TIO patients confirmed by surgery, pathology and follow‐up. Among the eight TIO patients, there were six cases (75.0%) of PMTs, one case (12.5%) of giant cell tumor, one case (12.5%) of hemangiopericutoma. Most (n = 6, 75.0%) of the confirmed tumors in our patient population were in the lower extremities, followed by craniofacial regions (n = 1, 12.5%), and torso (n = 1, 12.5%), respectively. Among the five non‐TIO patients, there were two cases of Fanconi syndrome, one case of rickets, and two cases of sporadic osteomalacia hypophosphorus. The culprit tumors could be located either in the bone (n = 5, 62.5%) or the soft tissue (n = 3, 37.5%). 18F‐FDG PET/CT was able to localize the tumor in six (6/13, 46.1%) patients. 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT detected tumor in 8 (83.3%) of 13 patients. The sensitivity of 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT imaging and 18F‐FDG PET/CT imaging in the evaluation of TIO in our patient population were 100% (8/8) vs 75% (6/8). The specificity of the two different methods was 80% (4/5). The overall accuracy was 92.3% (12/13) vs 76.9% (10/13). Conclusions: 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT is very effective in assessing hypophosphatemia patients with TIO typical symptoms compared with 18F‐FDG. Therefore, in clinically suspected cases of hypophosphatemic osteomalacia, 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT should be preferred as an imaging modality investigation to avoid delay in the treatment of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general and efficient photocatalytic annulation‐carbohalogenation of 1,7‐enynes with a wide variety of alkyl halides was reported, which led to the atom‐economic synthesis of functionalized 3,4‐dihydronaphthalen‐1(2H)‐ones with good yields and high stereoselectivity under the mild and oxidant‐free conditions. The reaction demonstrated remarkable compatibility regarding alkyl halides as bifunctional reagents, such as ethyl 2‐bromo‐2,2‐difluoroacetate, ethyl 2,2‐difluoro‐2‐iodoacetate, perfluorobutyl iodide, bromotrichloromethane, and diethyl 2‐bromomalonate, and enabled wide substrate scope, high functional group tolerance, and 100% atom utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a global insect pest of crops, leading to a reduction of agricultural products in productivity and quality. Plant saponins are rich sources for the discovery of candidates to control insect pests. This study focused on discovery of triterpenoid saponins from Clematis aethusifolia Turcz and evaluation of their antifeedant, insecticidal and insect growth inhibitory activities against the 3rd instar larvae of P. xylostella. RESULTS: Seven triterpenoid saponins (1–7) were isolated for the first time from the n‐BuOH extract of C. aethusifolia. Monodesmosides 1, 2, and 5 with a free 28‐COOH group showed much higher antifeedant activity (DC50 were 733.67–844.77 μg mL–1 at 24 h, and 737.19–748.28 μg mL–1 at 48 h) than bidesmosides 3–4 and 6–7 (DC50 were 1284.35–2053.98 μg mL–1 at 24 h, and 1183.72–1990.96 μg mL–1 at 48 h). Similarly, monodesmosides 1, 2, and 5 (LC50 were 1462.78–1785.96 μg mL–1) showed stronger insecticidal activity than bidesmosides 3–4 and 6–7 (LC50 were 2219.22–3050.51 μg mL–1) against P. xylostella at 72 h. These results suggest the 28‐COOH group is an important functional group for their antifeedant and insecticidal activity. Besides, monodesmosides 1, 2, and 5 showed insect growth inhibitory activity against P. xylostella through reduction of larval growth and percentage of pupation, associated with prolongation of larval and pupal stages. CONCLUSION: The present results provide evidence that triterpenoid saponins from C. aethusifolia, particularly those monodesmosidic saponins with a free 28‐COOH group, have the potential to be developed as pesticides to control P. xylostella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously reported that interleukin (IL)‐6 in the red nucleus (RN) is involved in the maintenance of neuropathic pain induced by spared nerve injury (SNI), and exerts a facilitatory effect via Janus‐activated kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signal transduction pathways. The present study aimed at investigating the roles of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and IL‐1β in RN IL‐6‐mediated maintenance of neuropathic pain and related signal transduction pathways. Being similar to the elevation of RN IL‐6 three weeks after SNI, increased protein levels of both TNF‐α and IL‐1β were also observed in the contralateral RN three weeks after the nerve injury. The upregulations of TNF‐α and IL‐1β were closely correlative with IL‐6 and suppressed by intrarubral injection of a neutralizing antibody against IL‐6. Administration of either the JAK2 antagonist AG490 or the ERK antagonist PD98059 to the RN of rats with SNI remarkably increased the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and inhibited the up‐regulations of local TNF‐α and IL‐1β. Further experiments indicated that intrarubral injection of exogenous IL‐6 in naive rats apparently lowered the PWT of the contralateral hindpaw and boosted the local expressions of TNF‐α and IL‐1β. Pretreatment with AG490 could block IL‐6‐induced tactile hypersensitivity and suppress the up‐regulations of both TNF‐α and IL‐1β. However, injection of PD98059 in advance only inhibited the upregulation of IL‐1β, but not TNF‐α. These findings indicate that RN IL‐6 mediates the maintenance of neuropathic pain by inducing the productions of TNF‐α and IL‐1β. IL‐6 induces the expression of TNF‐α through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, and the production of IL‐1β through the JAK2/STAT3 and ERK pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loess tunnels are a common geo‐hazard in the Loess Plateau and not only cause considerable soil and water loss, but also aggravate and even induce the occurrence and development of other disasters such as ground fissures, mudflows, collapses, and landslides. To date, research on the hydrological characteristics and erosion behaviour of loess tunnel systems has focused on field investigation data and limited river basin observation data, whereas field test information and data are very scarce. In this study, field surveys, observations, field scouring experiments, and laboratory‐based sediment percentage tests were conducted to analyse the erosion characteristics, spatial distribution, and hydrological characteristics of a large‐scale loess tunnel system in the hilly Loess Plateau southeast region of northern China. The results showed that the loess tunnel erosion exhibited periodicity. Tunnel erosion in each period shows a similar erosion process, that is, thin‐layer water flow erosion and lateral expansion, tunnel wall collapse and deposit due to the loss of support from the lateral erosion, and erosion and transport of deposits by water flow. Waterfall erosion, lateral erosion, headward erosion, and the resulting collapses were the main forms of tunnel erosion. Besides this, the base level of erosion significantly affects the erosion characteristics of the loess tunnel. The hydrological characteristics during field scouring experiments exhibited three different stages: a lag effect, attributed to the temporary loss of water velocity in the first stage; small water flow fluctuations in the second stage; and an increase in total seepage loss with increased water injection flow in the third stage. The erosion rate was positively correlated with the flow quantity. The results of this study not only provide valuable reference data for research on the mechanism and velocity of erosion events in loess, but also provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of loess tunnel disasters in engineering construction. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buparlisib is a selective phosphoinositide 3 kinase inhibitor currently evaluated in clinical trials. We developed and validated an LC–MS/MS coupled with a one‐step protein precipitation extraction method for the quantitation of buparlisib in rat plasma. After protein precipitation with acetonitrile, the plasma sample was analyzed using a Cortecs UPLC C18 column, with acetonitrile–0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase system. Mass spectrometric detection was conducted in positive ionization mode, with target quantitative ion pair of m/z 411.2 → 367.2 for buparlisib. The calibration curve showed good linearity (1.0–3000 ng/ml), with acceptable accuracy (RE ranging from −6.2 to 5.9%) and precision (RSD within 8.2%) values at quality control concentrations. Extraction recovery from plasma was 80.9–88.7% and the matrix effect was negligible (92.6–95.2%). The validated method presented a simple quantification method of buparlisib in detail and utilized it for a pharmacokinetic study at three dose concentrations after oral administration in Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are associated with intestinal microbiota and diseases in humans. SCFAs have a low response in mass spectrometry, and in order to increase sensitivity, reduce sample consumption, shorten analysis time, and simplify sample preparation steps, a derivatization method was developed. Methods: We converted seven SCFAs into amide derivatives with 4-aminomethylquinoline. The reaction occurred for 20 min at room temperature. The analytes were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column and quantitated in the positive ion electrospray ionization mode using multiple reaction monitoring. Acetic acid-d4 was used as the stable-isotope-labeled surrogate analyte for acetic acid in the working solutions, while the other stable-isotope-labeled standards were used as internal standards (ISs). Results: Method validation showed that the intra-day and inter-day precision of quantitation for the seven SCFAs over the whole concentration range was ≤3.8% (n = 6). The quantitation accuracy ranged from 85.5% to 104.3% (n = 6). Most important, the collected feces were vortexed immediately with ethanol. Conclusions: This study provides a new derivatization method for a precise, accurate, and rapid quantitation of SCFAs in human feces using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. This method successfully determined the concentration of SCFAs in human feces and could assist in the exploration of intestinal microbiota and diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we report a novel and straightforward protocol for the construction of valuable gem‐BPs by means of proton‐coupled electron‐transfer (PCET)‐triggered enamido C(sp2)−H diphosphorylation. This reaction represents a rare example of realizing the challenging double C−P bond formation at a single carbon atom, thus providing facile access to a broad variety of structurally diverse bisphosphonates from simple enamides under silver‐mediated conditions. Initial mechanistic studies demonstrated that the diphosphorylation involves two rounds of PCET‐initiated radical relay process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Janus membranes show great promise toward various applications and are undergoing a fast‐paced development in materials science. The asymmetric surface engineering on surface wettability, layer thickness, and pore structure enables Janus membranes with superiority in mass transport over conventional membranes. This review aims to provide an overview on the role of asymmetric surface engineering in membrane fabrication, structure control, and property tuning. The relationship between asymmetric surface engineering and performance optimization of Janus membranes is then elucidated based on an understanding of the underlying mass transport mechanism for target applications. Finally, current challenges in this field are highlighted, hopefully inspiring more researches to address the controllability and tunability of surface engineering for Janus membranes in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare the pregnancy outcomes after day 5 blastocyst‐stage embryo transfers (BET) versus day 6 BET following vitrified‐warmed cycle and to evaluate whether the number of embryos transferred and the chromosomal status of embryo influence effect estimates. Methods: A literature search (PubMed, Embase and MEDLINE) up to January 2019 was conducted to identify studies where women with day 6 BET were compared to women with day 5 BET. Only studies published in English language, on peer‐reviewed journal were considered eligible. The following subgroup analyses were performed: (i) number of embryos transferred and (ii) chromosomal status of embryo. Results: From a total of 1956 articles identified, 23 observational studies were included in the meta‐analysis. We observed that day 6 BET were associated with lower implantation rate (risk ratio, RR: 1.17, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.10–1.24), clinical pregnancy rate (RR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.10–1.24), ongoing pregnancy rate (RR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.07–1.24) and live birth rate (RR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.11–1.33) than day 5 BET following vitrified‐warmed cycle. The subgroup analysis found that the superiority of day 5 BET compared with day 6 BET is influenced by the number of embryos transferred and chromosomal status of embryos. Conclusion: Current evidence shows that day 5 BET is superior to day 6 BET following vitrified‐warmed cycle in clinical practice. Due to the overall low quality of available evidence, more larger and well‐conducted studies are needed to compare the pregnancy outcomes between day 5 and day 6 BET before drawing a clear conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anatomical structure of the mammalian cerebral cortex is the essential foundation for its complex neural activity. This structure is developed by proliferation, differentiation, and migration of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), the fate of which is spatially and temporally regulated by the proper gene. This study was used in utero electroporation and found that the well‐known oncogene c‐Myc mainly promoted NPCs' proliferation and their transformation into intermediate precursor cells. Furthermore, the obtained results also showed that c‐Myc blocked the differentiation of NPCs to postmitotic neurons, and the expression of telomere reverse transcriptase was controlled by c‐Myc in the neocortex. These findings indicated c‐Myc as a key regulator of the fate of NPCs during the development of the cerebral cortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel radical‐induced annulation/1,8‐halosulfonylation of β‐alkynyl ketones with haloaryl diazonium tetrafluoroborates and DABCO.bis(sulfur dioxide) was first achieved via the cleavage/recombination of C(sp3)−C(sp3) and C(sp2)‐halogen bonds, from which 47 examples of sulfone‐containing 1,3‐dimethylene‐substituted (Z,Z)‐isobenzofurans as single stereoisomers were synthesized in generally good yields. This multicomponent pathway is proposed to proceed through the in‐situ generation of arylsulfonyl radicals, followed by selective radical addition‐cyclization and ring‐opening of the cyclopropyl unit as well as C(sp2)‐halogen bond cleavage, resulting in the consecutive construction of three new chemical bonds, including C−S, C−O and C‐halogen bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While axon regeneration is a key determinant of functional recovery of the nervous system after injury, it is often poor in the mature nervous system. Influx of extracellular calcium (Ca2+) is one of the first phenomena that occur following axonal injury, and calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), a target substrate for calcium ions, regulates the status of cytoskeletal proteins such as F‐actin. Herein, we found that peripheral axotomy activates CaMKII in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons, and inhibition of CaMKII impairs axon outgrowth in both the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS and CNS, respectively). Most importantly, we also found that the activation of CaMKII promotes PNS and CNS axon growth, and regulatory effects of CaMKII on axon growth occur via affecting the length of the F‐actin. Thus, we believe our findings provide clear evidence that CaMKII is a critical modulator of mammalian axon regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inflammatory response is a critical regulator for the regeneration of axon following nervous system injury. Nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) is characteristically known for its ubiquitous role in the inflammatory response. However, its functional role in adult mammalian axon growth remains elusive. Here, we found that the NF‐κB signaling pathway is activated in adult sensory neurons through peripheral axotomy. Furthermore, inhibition of NF‐κB in peripheral sensory neurons attenuated their axon growth in vitro and in vivo. Our results also showed that NF‐κB modulated axon growth by repressing the phosphorylation of STAT3. Furthermore, activation of STAT3 significantly promoted adult optic nerve regeneration. Taken together, the findings of our study indicated that NF‐κB/STAT3 cascade is a critical regulator of intrinsic axon growth capability in the adult nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pheromone response pathway of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a well‐established model for the study of G proteins and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. Our longstanding ability to combine sophisticated genetic approaches with established functional assays has provided a thorough understanding of signalling mechanisms and regulation. In this report, we compare new and established methods used to quantify pheromone‐dependent MAPK phosphorylation, transcriptional induction, mating morphogenesis, and gradient tracking. These include both single‐cell and population‐based assays of activity. We describe several technical advances, provide example data for benchmark mutants, highlight important differences between newer and established methodologies, and compare the advantages and disadvantages of each as applied to the yeast model. Quantitative measurements of pathway activity have been used to develop mathematical models and reveal new regulatory mechanisms in yeast. It is our expectation that experimental and computational approaches developed in yeast may eventually be adapted to human systems biology and pharmacology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convergent promoters exert transcriptional interference (TI) by several mechanisms including promoter occlusion, where elongating RNA polymerases (RNAPs) block access to a promoter. Here, we tested whether pausing of RNAPs by obstructive DNA‐bound proteins can enhance TI by promoter occlusion. Using the Lac repressor as a 'roadblock' to induce pausing over a target promoter, we found only a small increase in TI, with mathematical modelling suggesting that rapid termination of the stalled RNAP was limiting the occlusion effect. As predicted, the roadblock‐enhanced occlusion was significantly increased in the absence of the Mfd terminator protein. Thus, protein roadblocking of RNAP may cause pause‐enhanced occlusion throughout genomes, and the removal of stalled RNAP may be needed to minimize unwanted TI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Dialeurodes citri is an important pest in citrus‐producing areas of the world. Lecanicillium attenuatum parasitizes D. citri and kills it, suggesting a potential approach for the biological control of pests. However, the low virulence of the fungus and its slow rate of killing have limited its commercial competitiveness. The objective reason for these disadvantages is immunological rejection by the host. Our strategy was to use fungi to express the double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) of the host immune genes. The fungal hyphae release siRNA at the time of infection, thus interfering with the expression of immune genes in the host and facilitating fungal invasion. RESULTS: We selected prophenoloxidase (DcPPO), prophenoloxidase‐activating factor (DcPPO‐AF), and lysozyme (DcLZM) as target genes to construct intron‐splicing hairpin RNA expression vectors and to successfully obtain transgenic fungi. Two days after infection, the immune genes of D. citri showed varying degrees of silencing compared with those in the positive control group. The median lethal concentration (LC50; spores mL−1) values of La::GFP, La::DcPPO, La::DcPPO‐AF, and La::DcLZM were 9.63 × 104, 2.66 × 104, 1.21 × 105, and 3.31 × 104, respectively. The 50% lethal time (LT50) values of these fungi were 5.15, 3.60, 5.34, and 4.04 days, respectively. The virulence of La::DcPPO and La::DcLZM increased 3.62‐ and 2.91‐fold, respectively, and their LT50 decreased by 30.10% and 21.55%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that this method, which uses tens of thousands of hyphae to inject dsRNA to improve the virulence of transgenic fungi, can play a greater role in the prevention and control of pests in the future. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry This method, which uses tens of thousands of hyphae to inject double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) to improve the virulence of transgenic fungi, can play a greater role in the prevention and control of pests in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient protocol for C−O bond formation from Csp2−X (X=Br, Cl) bond‐containing compounds and alkyl alcohols in the presence of 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) as catalyst and base under mild conditions is described. The densely functionalized 2(5H)‐furanone products can be generally obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a metal‐free protocol at room temperature without added solvent. Killing two birds with one stone: A C−O bond formation reaction at room temperature in moderate to excellent yields is described. The reaction uses DABCO as both the base and catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockade of the protein-protein interaction between the transmembrane protein programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 has emerged as a promising immunotherapy for treating cancers. Using the technology of mirror-image phage display, we developed the first hydrolysis-resistant D-peptide antagonists to target the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. The optimized compound DPPA-1 could bind PD-L1 at an affinity of 0.51 μ M in vitro. A blockade assay at the cellular level and tumor-bearing mice experiments indicated that DPPA-1 could also effectively disrupt the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction in vivo. Thus D-peptide antagonists may provide novel low-molecular-weight drug candidates for cancer immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Das antimikrobielle Peptid Tachyplesin I wurde als Modell für die Titelstrategie verwendet, die zur Herstellung von peptidischen Makrocyclen mit doppeltem Disulfidersatz entwickelt wurde. Die Faltung und Aktivität der Analogen von Tachyplesin I variierten abhängig von den Disulfidsurrogaten. SPPS=Festphasenpeptidsynthese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]