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Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) significantly contributes to the global disability burden, with its incidence expected to escalate by 74.9% by 2050. The urgency to comprehend and tackle this condition is critical, necessitating an updated and thorough review of KOA. A systematic review up to February 26, 2024, has elucidated the principal aspects of KOA's pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and contemporary management paradigms. The origins of KOA are intricately linked to mechanical, inflammatory, and metabolic disturbances that impair joint function. Notable risk factors include age, obesity, and previous knee injuries. Diagnosis predominantly relies on clinical assessment, with radiographic evaluation reserved conditionally. The significance of rehabilitation assessments, informed by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health framework, is highlighted. Treatment strategies are diverse, prioritizing nonpharmacological measures such as patient education, exercise, and weight management, with pharmacological interventions considered adjuncts. Intra‐articular injections and surgical options are contemplated for instances where conventional management is inadequate. KOA stands as a predominant disability cause globally, characterized by a complex etiology and profound effects on individuals' quality of life. Early, proactive management focusing on nonpharmacological interventions forms the cornerstone of treatment, aiming to alleviate symptoms and enhance joint function. This comprehensive review underscores the need for early diagnosis, individualized treatment plans, and the integration of rehabilitation assessments to optimize patient outcomes. Further research is needed to refine prevention strategies and improve management outcomes for KOA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is the most common degenerative joint disease in China, causing a huge economic burden on patients, families, and society. Standardized KOA rehabilitation treatment is an important means to prevent and treat the disease and promote the development of high‐quality medical services. This guideline is updated on the basis of the 2016 and 2019 editions. Methods: Clinical questions regarding rehabilitation assessment and treatment were selected through clinical questions screening and deconstruction, and multiple rounds of Delphi questionnaire consultation. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) was used as the theoretical framework, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) method was used to grade the quality of evidence and recommendations. Results: The reporting of this guideline followed the standard of Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT). Taking into account patients' preferences and values and the needs of Chinese clinical practice, a total of 11 clinical questions and 28 recommendations were established. The clinical questions were grouped into two categories: KOA assessment (body function, body structure, activity and participation, quality of life, and environmental factors and clinical outcomes assessment, resulting in 9 recommendations) and KOA treatment (health education, therapeutic exercise, therapeutic modalities, occupational therapy, assistive devices, and regenerative rehabilitation approaches, resulting in 19 recommendations). Conclusion: This is the first evidence‐based guideline for KOA rehabilitation in China utilizing the ICF framework. This guideline provides key guidance for developing systematic, standardized, and precise rehabilitation protocols for KOA across various healthcare settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osteoporosis (OP) is a prevalent disorder characterized by the loss of bone mass and the deterioration of bone microarchitecture. OP is attributed to various factors, including menopause (primary), ageing (primary) and the adverse effects of medications (secondary). Recently, cellular senescence has been shown to have a crucial role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and organ function. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings regarding the roles of bone cellular senescence and senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in OP. Methods: A comprehensive search of the PubMed database from inception to July 2022 was performed regarding the molecular mechanism of bone cell senescence in OP progression. Results: We describe the pathophysiology of senescent bone cells and SASP, and how each contributes to OP. We also provide new options for treating OP by targeting cellular senescence pathways. Conclusion: Cellular senescence plays an important role in bone homeostasis, with variations based on the different types of OP. These variations are associated with pathogenic factors, bone turnover rate and systemic metabolism. Understanding the molecular relationship between bone cells and senescence provides for the possible targeting of senescence as a means by which to treat OP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive traumatic disease of the central nervous system without satisfying therapy efficiency. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) therapy promotes the neurotrophic factors' secretion and axonal regeneration, thereby promoting recovery of SCI. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) therapy has been proven to promote neural growth and regeneration. Both BMMSCs and PEMF have shown curative effects for SCI; PEMF can further promote stem cell differentiation. Thus, we explored the combined effects of BMMSCs and PEMF and the potential interaction between these two therapies in SCI. Compared with the SCI control, BMMSCs, and PEMF groups, the combinational therapy displayed the best therapeutic effect. Combinational therapy increased the expression levels of nutritional factors including brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factors (NGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), enhanced neuron preservation (NeuN and NF‐200), and increased axonal growth (MBP and myelin sheath). Additionally, PEMF promoted the expression levels of BDNF and VEGF in BMMSCs via Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. In summary, the combined therapy of BMMSCs and PEMF displayed a more satisfactory effect than BMMSCs and PEMF therapy alone, indicating a promising application of combined therapy for the therapy of SCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focal therapy, or partial gland ablation, represents the middle ground between active surveillance and definitive treatment strategies against localized prostate cancer (PCa), among which the ultrasound‐ and light‐mediated focal therapies are quite promising. Herein, for the first time in the literature, a novel polysaccharide‐based nanoprodrug is fabricated for synergistic sonodynamic therapy and phototherapy against localized PCa. Specifically, the cyanine dye IR806 is conjugated to chondroitin sulfate (CS) via disulfide linkages to obtain CS‐ss‐IR806 (CSR) conjugates, which then self‐assemble to form CSR nanoparticles (NPs) with properties of enhanced endocytosis, redox/hyaluronidase‐responsiveness, and mitochondria‐targeted ability. In contrast to free sensitizers, CSR NPs reveal dramatically enhanced water solubility, substantially lower dark toxicity, and superior biocompatibility. Encouragingly, favorable hyperthermia and high reactive oxygen species generation are observed on exposing CSR NPs to combined sono/photoirradiation. In a PCa tumor‐bearing mice model, intratumoral injection with a markedly low dose of CSR NPs followed by dual‐irradiation results in superior trimodal anticancer efficacy when compared with either monoirradiation strategy. Such synergistic antitumor efficacy is further demonstrated to be associated with the common and complementary mechanisms of sonotherapy and phototherapy. This work provides a promising approach as a next‐generation focal therapy strategy against localized PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has widely spread all over the world and the numbers of patients and deaths are increasing. According to the epidemiology, virology, and clinical practice, there are varying degrees of changes in patients, involving the human body structure and function and the activity and participation. Based on the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and its biopsychosocial model of functioning, we use the WHO Family of International Classifications (WHO‐FICs) framework to form an expert consensus on the COVID‐19 rehabilitation program, focusing on the diagnosis and evaluation of disease and functioning, and service delivery of rehabilitation, and to establish a standard rehabilitation framework, terminology system, and evaluation and intervention systems based the WHO‐FICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]