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Background: The skin condition of women is different at different ages, and skin surface lipids are also different. According to the "7–7 theory" of the Huangdi Neijing, the physiological condition of women changes significantly every 7 years, and women aged 22–28 are in the "4–7" stage as mentioned in the "7–7 theory" of the Huangdi Neijing. Women's skin is in different states at different ages and produces different lipids. Objectives: To explore the key lipids that contribute to skin differences between women aged 22–28 and 29–35 years, and to explore the relationship with physiological parameters and daily routine. Methods: Differential lipids were detected and screened between 22–28 year old (group D1) and 29–35 year old (group D2) dry‐skinned women using UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS and correlated between the two groups with questionnaires and physiological parameters based on basic information, lifestyle habits, work situation, and emotional stress. Results: The results showed that all of the eight major classes of lipids had the highest expression in the D2 group, with the largest differences in glycerophospholipids, glycerol esters, and fatty acids. The BMI value of D2 group was higher than that of D1 group, the skin elasticity index (R2) and brightness index (L, a, ITA values) were lower than that of D1 group, and Cer (d18:0/16:0) was positively correlated with the R2, L, a, and ITA, and LMSP01080056 (N,N‐dimethyl‐Safingol) was positively correlated with the b‐value, the LMSPGP03020013, LMSPGP03020014, LMSP03020024 were significantly negatively correlated with R2. Conclusions: Cer(d18:0/16:0) is a neurosphingol that inhibits elastase expression. N,N‐dimethyl‐Safingol readily undergoes oxidation to form yellow‐brown solids. The macromolecular structure and excessive carbonyl structure of [LMGP0302] are susceptible to cross‐linking and carbonyl stress reactions, which accelerate skin aging and reduce skin elasticity, and thus, they may be key lipids contributing to skin differences between the two age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Age‐induced hair graying (AIHG)is one of the visual hallmarks of aging, but its biological mechanism remains unclear. Changes in the hair‐follicle lipid profiles associated with AIHG have not been defined. Objectives: To define the differences in the hair follicle lipid profiles of female black and gray/white hair follicles. Methods: The lipid profile of hair follicles was determined by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐QTOF‐MS). Multivariate data analysis was used to determine changes in the lipid profiles in hair follicle roots. Results: We identified the different lipids in hair follicle roots between black hair (HB) and white hair (HW) and analyzed the key lipids that contribute to the development of HW. The results showed that the total lipid content of the HW was significantly reduced. There were significant differences in sphingolipid content, with HB higher than HW. Two subclasses, glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and galactosylceramide, were significantly different. GlcCer, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid levels were higher in the HB group. The sphingolipid metabolism involved in GlcCer(d18:1/24:1[15Z]) is a statistically significant lipid metabolic pathway. Conclusion: Five major individual lipid candidates are involved in the production of AIHG. GlcCer shows a significant reduction in HW and is a potential target for further research into AIHG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Self‐perception of sensitive skin (SPSS) has several consequences, including skin barrier damage, which is prevented by barrier sebum. We analyzed lipidome profiles of skin surface lipids (SSLs) in patients with SPSS and healthy controls and explored the mechanism of action of potential lipid markers on the repair of damaged barrier cells to better understand SSL abnormity in these patients. Methods: Ultraperformance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was used to investigate SSL variations in major lipid classes, subclasses, and species. Reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was used to examine changes in intracellular gene expression following cell barrier damage repair by potential lipid markers. Results: There were significant differences in the lipidomes of individuals between groups. Individuals with SPSS showed significantly increased levels of two diacylglycerols and one very‐short‐chain free fatty acid and significantly decreased levels of three ceramides (Cers), four glycerophospholipids, and one very‐long‐chain free fatty acid. RT‐PCR revealed that after damage repair by Cer/Glucosylceramide (GlcCer), the expression of two genes in the sterol regulatory element‐binding protein and three in the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor pathway significantly increased. Causes of skin barrier damage in patients with SPSS are related to the amount and type of lipids. Conclusion: Cer/GlcCer can promote lipid synthesis and secretion by upregulating lipid‐related gene expression to repair barrier damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skin microbiota are involved in the skin physiological functions and are also affected by the skin physiological characteristics. Objective: To better understand the skin microbial characteristics of facial cheek skin and the relationship with skin physiological characteristics. Methods: By bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the authors studied the facial cheek skin microbial characteristics of 85 cases of young women aged 18‐25 years. Results: Healthy young woman's cheek skin bacterial composition was relatively stable. Dry skin has high bacterial diversity and richness, and oily skin has low bacterial diversity and richness. Cutibacterium was significantly enriched in oily skin and was significantly negatively correlated with other genera such as Streptococcus (r > 0.5). There were significant positive correlations among other genera of enrichment in dry and neutral skin such as Streptococcus and Rothia (r > 0.8). Skin sebum level was significantly negatively correlated with bacterial alpha diversity index. The combined abundance of Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis was significantly positively correlated with sebum secretion (r > 0.5). Conclusions: The skin sebum secretion and bacterial interaction were the important factors driving the young females' cheek skin bacterial community structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne is a multifactorial skin disorder frequently observed during adolescence with different grades of severity. The crucial factors of acne are the increase of lipids secretion and the change of composition on the skin surface lipid (SSL). However, there are no studies on the changes of lipid composition and content between different grades of adolescent acne in lesional skin and nonlesionsal skin. Aims: This study was to investigate correlation in the composition of SSL and different grades in order to understand the tendency of SSL alterations in this disease for successful acne management and prevention. Methods: A powerful analytical technique, UPLC‐QTOF‐MS, and multivariate data analysis were used to investigate SSL variations of lipid main classes, subclasses, and species. Results: The results indicated that sphinganine, triradylglycerols (TG), and phytosphingosine were important in adolescent acne development. The average fatty acids (FAs) chain length in patients with acne showed significantly shortened trend from mild to moderate adolescent acne. Additionally, the relative average content of TG, diglyceride (DG), FA, ceramides (Cers), and the level of unsaturated FAs significantly increased from mild to moderate adolescent acne. Interestingly, our results demonstrated that the phytosphingosine and sphinganine showed an increasing trend in mild acne groups, but decreasing trend in lesional skin of moderate group. Conclusions: Lipidomics analysis suggested that the variation of TG, phytosphingosine, and sphinganine was closely related to the occurrence severity of acne in adolescent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regional differences in skin characteristics are well known. Significant differences in skin physiology between the forehead and cheek have also been reported. However, there are few studies based on lipidomics at the molecular level. Additionally, there is no study focusing on the lipid profile variations of skin surface lipid (SSL) in forehead and cheek. Purpose: This study analyzed the differences in facial SSL between forehead and cheek of men aged 18‐25 years to explain the distinct physiological parameters between forehead and cheek resulting in different skin status. Methods: Facial SSL was identified by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time of flight‐mass spectrometry (UPLC‐QTOF‐MS). Multivariate data analysis was used to investigate the SSL difference in forehead and cheek. Results: Significant differences in facial SSL composition were detected between the forehead and cheek. Multivariate data analysis suggested that 21 entities contributed most significantly toward the discrimination and phosphatidylserines (PS) constituted the majority of differentiating lipid species. Subsequent analysis showed a marked increase in the amounts of unsaturated and saturated free fatty acids (FFAs), and a significant increase in average FFAs chain length in the forehead as compared to that in the cheek. Conclusions: Phosphatidylserines exposure might be one of the most important reasons for the increased amount of forehead SSL secretion. The different FFAs chain length and FFAs content lead to altered skin barrier functions in forehead and cheek, consequently resulting in altered trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL) and pH at the two anatomical sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neonatal acne occurs in the first few weeks after birth. Some lesions are more serious and leave scars. Maternal surface skin lipids (SSL) have a strong correlation with SSL of infants. The establishment of prediction rank model based on maternal SSL is essential to the prevention and treatment of neonatal acne. Method: Surface skin lipids samples were collected from the mothers (M) of 56 neonatal acne patients and the mothers (HM) of 19 healthy infants. Surface skin lipids from the right forehead were collected using a noninvasive method. UPLC‐QTOF‐MS was applied to detect SSL. Partial least squares discriminant analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were performed to screen and validate potential lipids. Random forest (RF) and ROC analysis were used to establish a prediction model and evaluate its accuracy. Results: Sixteen altered potential lipids belonging to fatty acids, sphingomyelins, and glycerides were associated with M. M had less lipids than HM. Spearman's correlation of 16 lipids revealed 9 with high correlation. They were chosen as characteristic values of the RF prediction model. And the model showed an average accuracy of 98% in the validation set. Conclusion: We have established an RF model for predicting neonatal acne and have shown that high skin barrier‐related lipids were markers for predicting neonatal acne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rate of premature greying, referred to as canities, varies among populations, and effective treatments are lacking. However, few studies at the molecular level have been reported. Objectives: Comparing lipid profiles of individuals with premature canities and healthy volunteers to explore the mechanism of premature canities. Methods: Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐QTOF‐MS) was used to detect lipids in the hair follicle root. Multivariate data analysis was used to show lipid changes in follicle roots. Results: We identified lipids in the hair follicle root that differ between black and white hair and analysed key lipids contributing to white hair development. We divided the samples into three groups: PC‐WH (Premature canities‐White hair), PC‐PH (Premature canities‐Pigmented hair), Control‐PH (Pigmented hair). Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), vitamin D3 (VD3) and cholesterol in Control‐PH were higher than those in PC‐WH. Sphingomyelin (SP), phosphatidic acid (PA), VD3 and diglyceride (DG) were lower in PC‐WH than in PC‐PH. Levels of VD3 were highest in Control‐PH, gradually decreased as the severity of PC‐PH increased and were lowest in PC‐WH. Conclusion: There are 7 main class candidate compounds involved in the generation of white hair. VD3 showed a substantial decrease in white hair and was a potential target for further studies of premature canities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The worldwide prevalence of "sensitive skin" group is estimated at being close to 40%. The main trigger for sensitive skin is the misuse of cosmetics products. Majority of the in vitro studies on cosmetic ingredients developed for topical application to the skin are not able to describe sensory irritation, such as stinging, burning, itching, and tingling. Besides, most of the in vivo tests often encounter problems such as limited number of subjects and usage scenarios deviate from reality. Objective: A gradient boosting algorithm is adopted in our context to integrate multisource of information including skin types, sensory response, and cosmetics ingredients to predict sensory irritation. Method: In this study, online comments were preprocessed to construct a multi‐dimensional structured data including skin types, sensory response, and cosmetics ingredients. A gradient boosting regression model was developed where sensory response was predicted based on the abovementioned structured input. The predictions were validated by in vivo test and were shown favorably when comparing with the state‐of‐the‐art results from related works. Result: 46 007 samples were collected after data cleaning and were used in model developing. Results showed that the model was capable to predict the sensory response of 16 skin types to different ingredients (R = 0.71, P < 10−10). In addition, this model was validated using data from in vivo studies and presented a value of 75% on specificity, 88.9% on sensitivity, and 82.4% on accuracy. Conclusion: Our approach that is based on a variant of the gradient boosting algorithm provided an adequate solution for understanding the sensory irritation of cosmetic ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The current knowledge about potential risk factors for atopic dermatitis (AD) is primarily based on the structure and function of the stratum corneum, which is characterized by osmotic defects and abnormal antibacterial function. There are no studies on the difference between facial lipids in infants with AD and healthy infants. Aims: We sought to explore significantly different lipid markers for infants with AD presenting with lesions and healthy infants aged 0‐2 years to guide treatment strategies. Methods: Twenty‐eight patient infants with AD and 32 healthy infants were recruited. Each infant received its surface skin lipids (SSL) on the right cheek. The components of skin lipids were measured by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupoletime‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS) to explore significantly different lipid markers by analyzing the detection results using orthogonal partial least squares analysis(OPLS‐DA). Results: There were clear distinctions in the components of SSL between the two groups. Twenty‐nine significantly different lipid markers (P ≤.05) were found. Conclusion: This study confirmed that there were significant differences in the components of the SSL between AD infants with lesions and healthy infants, but also found lipid types, lipid contents, and lipid structures as AD‐related risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Benzo(a)pyrene, a major environmental pollutant, is known to accelerate skin aging through oxidative stress, increase the production of inflammatory mediators, and cause skin cancer. Lentinan, prepared from Lentinus edodes (Shiitake mushroom), has been reported to exhibit anti‐coagulant, anti‐viral, anti‐cancer, anti‐tumor, and anti‐coagulant effects. However, the effect of lentinan on human keratinocytes treated with benzo(a)pyrene is unknown. Aims: The aim of this study was to explore whether lentinan inhibits benzo(a)pyrene‐induced oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine production in human keratinocytes. Methods: We investigated the effect of lentinan on benzo(a)pyrene‐induced oxidative stress indicators (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) in human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). We also assessed the production of inflammatory factors interleukin‐8 and chemokine ligand‐2 induced by benzo(a)pyrene exposure at both mRNA and protein levels. Results: Lentinan inhibited oxidative stress induced by benzo(a)pyrene, as shown by the concentration‐dependent reduction in reactive oxygen species in HaCaT cells. In addition, malondialdehyde levels were reduced to 53% of those of cells treated with benzo(a)pyrene without lentinan. The activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were approximately 18‐ and 2.7‐fold higher in benzo(a)pyrene‐treated cells with lentinan than in those without lentinan. Moreover, lentinan significantly reduced interleukin‐8 and chemokine ligand‐2 mRNA and protein levels. Conclusions: These findings suggest that lentinan has two biological activities that are potentially useful for managing inflammatory skin diseases or disorders related to oxidative stress induced by benzo(a)pyrene. Therefore, cosmetics containing L edodes have promising dermatological applications, with potential utility in protecting the skin against environmental pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The microbiological basis of diaper dermatitis has not been clearly elucidated; however, a better understanding of microbial colonization may be vital for developing appropriate therapies. Methods: Using 16S‐rRNA gene sequencing technology, we characterized and compared the bacterial communities obtained from the buttock skin sites of children with diaper dermatitis and from healthy controls. Bacterial diversity in the buttock lesion area and subsequent recovery after emollient treatment have been discussed herein. Results: In buttock skin of children with or without diaper dermatitis, Staphylococcus and Anaerococcus were predominant in the total skin microbiome. Compared with the healthy group, the overall skin bacterial richness and diversity were higher in children with diaper dermatitis, with the abundance of Proteobacteria being significantly higher. In the diaper dermatitis group, the richness of Enterococcus, Erwinia and Pseudomonas was significantly higher, and the levels of Clostridium and Actinomyces were significantly lower than those in healthy children. Richness of Staphylococcus aureus was significantly higher in the diaper dermatitis group, whereas that of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bifidobacterium longum was lower. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus, the dominant species found in buttock skin, were observed to recover earlier after the disease had improved through emollient treatment. Conclusion: Staphylococcus epidermidis, as skin probiotic bacterium, and B longum, Clostridium butyricum and Lactobacillus ruminis, which are intestinal probiotic bacteria, are significantly decreased in diaper dermatitis lesions. These changes in the buttock skin microflora indicate an imbalance in the microflora and suggest that the intestinal microflora may be undergoing dynamic changes. The results of this study suggest that probiotic bacterial supplementation may be useful in the treatment and prevention of diaper dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sensitive skin refers to skin that tends to be highly responsive to stimuli such as physical, chemical, and psychological. Psychological factors play an important role in the pathology of sensitive skin. Objective: This study investigated lipid difference between sensitive skin caused by psychological stress and normal skin, followed by construction of a support vector machine (SVM). Methods: A noninvasive method was used to collect lipid samples from the skin surface. Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS) technique and partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) was used to screen for differential lipids. A correlation analysis was performed on differential lipids, and a support vector model was established based on the differential lipids. Results: Twelve differential lipids were obtained, and the most differentiating species were triacylglycerols (TGs), followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), diacylglycerols (DGs), and 6‐hydroxysphingosine levels. Triglyceride, SFA, and MUFA species showed a high correlation, and the support vector machine (SVM) differentiation model based on differential lipids had a 100% accuracy rate. Conclusion: Psychological stress may cause damage to the permeability and antimicrobial barriers of the skin, thereby resulting in sensitive skin. Differentiation models based on SVMs have good prospects for distinguishing sensitive skin caused by psychological stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Healthy skin harbors numerous microbes known to maintain its health and prevent attacks from external pathogens. The influence of chemical preservatives commonly used in cosmetic products on facial resident flora remains poorly characterized. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of five such preservatives on in vitro cultivated skin‐resident bacteria. Methods: Both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria were isolated on blood agar, tryptic soy agar, and nutrient agar; Gram‐negative bacteria were then selected on Hank's balanced salt solution containing antibiotics and Reasoner's 2A. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of methylisothiazolinone (MTI), iodopropynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC), ethylhexylglycerin (EHG), methylparaben (MP), and phenoxyethanol (PE) were estimated for nine facial resident bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus using serial broth dilution in vitro. Results: The maximum test concentrations coincided with the upper limits set by the "Cosmetic Safety and Technical Specification" (2015 edition, China). Nine facial resident bacteria were isolated from 14 healthy adults: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus capitis, Kocuria, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas parafulva, Pseudomonas oleovorans, and Roseomonas cervicalis. MTI and IPBC displayed the strongest effect on all tested strains (MICs ≤0.01%), followed by EHG and MP (MICs ≤0.3%), and finally PE with the weakest effect (MIC ≤1%). Conclusion: The five chemical preservatives assayed inhibited survival of the nine facial resident bacteria isolates, when tested at the maximum allowed limit. The corresponding MICs will provide a reference for the effective utilization of these compounds in product formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Traditional skincare involves the subjective classification of skin into 4 categories (oily, dry, mixed, and neutral) prior to skin treatment. Following the development of noninvasive methods in skin and skin imaging technology, scientists have developed efficacy‐based skincare products based on the physiological characteristics of skin under different conditions. Currently, the emergence of skinomics and systems biology has facilitated the development of precision skincare. In this article, the evolution of skincare based on the physiological states of the skin (from traditional skincare and efficacy‐based skincare to precision skincare) is described. In doing so, we highlight skinomics and systems biology, with particular emphasis on the importance of skin lipidomics and microbiomes in precision skincare. The emerging trends of precision skincare are anticipated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Lentinus edodes is one of the largest edible fungi. Lentinan, extracted from its fruiting body has clinically significant anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticoagulant effects; however, its preventive effects on skin oxidative damage are unclear. Aims: We aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidation capability of lentinan and its protective and reparative effects on a model of cell oxidative damage. Methods: We evaluated the in vitro antioxidant potential of lentinan by assessing its free‐radical quenching ability using DPPH and ABTS and superoxide anions. Using the HaCaT cell line as the experimental system, we tested the protective and reparative effects of lentinan on a model of H2O2‐induced cellular oxidative damage through assessment of cell survival rate, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Results: Lentinan displayed high antioxidant potential: DDPH and ABTS quenching rates were above 60%; superoxide anions, approximately 18%. Furthermore, lentinan could dose‐dependently prevent the reduction of activity in HaCaT cells by H2O2, reduce MDA formation, and increase SOD activity. Moreover, lentinan showed not only a protective effect against oxidative damage but also reparative effects to a certain extent, in HaCaT cells. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated the ability of lentinan to enhance cellular tolerance to oxidative damage, stress resistance, and to have protective and reparative effects on damaged cells. Therefore, with L. edodes as a source for antiaging substances, cosmetics with homology to foods have great potential clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne is one of the most common skin disorders, and its occurrence is closely related to many factors, including sebum secretion, hormone levels, bacterial infection, and inflammatory reactions. Among these, changes in sebum secretion are believed to be one important factor of acne. Increased sebum secretion can induce acne occurrence, and increasing evidence indicates sebum component changes are also strongly related to acne occurrence. Recently, developments in lipidomics have provided effective lipid analysis methods. These can help elucidate the effects of different types of sebum on acne occurrence and provide a theoretical basis for research on the mechanisms of acne pathogenesis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Introduction The large-leaved Kudingcha from the genus Ilex, which is used as a traditional Chinese tea, contains several characteristic triterpenoid saponins that can be subjected to quality control evaluation. Objective To develop and validate a rapid method incorporating reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (UPLC-ELSD) for the simultaneous determination of the five triterpenoid saponins kudinoside L (1), kudinoside C (2), kudinoside A (3), kudinoside F (4) and kudinoside D (5) in several species of the large-leaved Kudingcha from the genus Ilex and 'Yerba Mate' ( Ilex paraguariensis). Methodology The five compounds were separated using a water-acetonitrile mobile phase with a Waters Acquity BEH C18-column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm). Results Separation took 13 min with detection and quantification limits ranging from 12.5 to 29.8 ng and 41.3 to 98.2 ng, respectively. The method was validated according to the regulatory guidelines with respect to precision, stability, repeatability and recovery. The triterpenoid saponins showed a good regression relationship ( r2 > 0.999) within the test ranges, and the recovery of the method was in the 95-105% range. Conclusion The present method can be used successfully for the quality control of the large-leaved Kudingcha. The different Ilex species showed differences in distribution of the five triterpenoids. Ilex kudingcha, which makes up the major species of the large-leaved Kudingcha, contains the maximum amount of triterpenoid saponins. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill is a member of the Magnoliaceae and is used in traditional medicine. Its extracts have antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens. In present study, the antibacterial properties of Sc. chinensis were tested on S.aureus. An in vitro antibacterial assay showed that Sc. chinensis extracts (SCE) inhibited the growth of test bacteria at a MBC of 18mg mL−1. SCE demonstrated strong antibacterial activity in barley soup system. Treated by SCE, the growth curves of S.aureus exhibited extended lag phases and abbreviated log phases, S. aureus presented with wrinkled and withered surfaces and surrounded by soluble substances probably consisting of leaked intracellular materials. Further, S. aureus released the periplasmic enzyme (AKPase) and increased activities of membrane‐bound Na+/K+/ Ca++‐ATPase. Therefore, SCE can damage S. aureus cell membranes and walls. Moreover, SCE decreased dehydrogenase and total ATPase activities, and intracellular protein contents, even interacted with DNA by groove binding. Practical applications: In a barley soup model food system, SCE possessed a high level of antibacterial activity and significantly reduced total viable bacterial counts. This study laid the theoretical foundation for the application of Schisandra chinensis extract in preventing the growth of foodborne pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]