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Background and Aim Methods Results Conclusion The rising prevalence of IBD globally has raised concerns about antibiotic exposure. This study's meta‐analysis examines antibiotic exposure, frequency, year before diagnosis, regional differences, and IBD incidence.The literature review used PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases up to June 2024 to explore the link between antibiotic exposure and IBD risk. Stratified analysis was conducted by years of antibiotic exposure before IBD diagnosis, frequency, and region. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were combined using a random effects model.Eighteen case–control studies and five cohort studies were included (n = 99, 104 IBD patients and n = 2 273 336 controls). The findings indicate that antibiotic exposure significantly has a positive association with the risk of developing IBD (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.28–2.16). Antibiotic exposure of ≥3 years (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.12–1.98), 2 years (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.37–1.55), and ≤1 year (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.17–2.04) prior to the diagnosis of IBD is associated with a higher risk of developing IBD. Cumulative exposure of ≥3 dispensations (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.49–2.74) and two dispensations (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.03–1.78) also had a positive association with IBD risk, while one dispensation did not (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.72–1.26). No significant association was found in developing countries (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 0.71–5.19), but developed countries showed a significant positive association with the risk (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.27–1.96).The meta‐analysis suggests that antibiotic use has a positive association with the risk of IBD, and limiting unnecessary antibiotic use may be one way to reduce the risk of developing IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Postoperative patients with temporomandibular joint internal derangement (ID) often have problems such as limited mouth opening and pain. Exercise therapy can be advantageous for improving the recovery of patients following surgery. However, there is continuing discussion on the precise aspects of the exercise program, including the optimal timing, length, intensity, and use of assistive equipment. Hence, this study aimed to incorporate pre‐existing exercise treatment regimens and investigate their impact. Methods: Publications that detailed the clinical treatment of patients with temporomandibular joint ID who received postoperative exercise therapy interventions were included. Nine databases were searched until October 1st, 2023. The JBI critical appraisal tools were used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Results: Five studies were finally included for subsequent analysis; two were randomised controlled studies, and three were quasi‐experimental. Exercises suitable for such patients encompass vertical, transverse, and horizontal stretching, among which vertical stretch can be divided into active and passive movements. The start time ranged from the first to the fifth week after surgery, with a duration of 1–6 months. Although the data in the studies could not be integrated and further analysed, preliminary results showed that maximum mouth opening and pain in patients improved significantly. The therapeutic effect of combining three exercise methods was best and was related to patient compliance. Conclusion: Exercise therapy positively affects postoperative rehabilitation in patients with temporomandibular joint ID. It is proposed that targeted, comprehensive studies be conducted to provide a basis for designing more sophisticated exercise therapy regimens and further confirm its curative effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We herein disclose a direct and practical photocatalytic three‐component α‐trifluoroalkyl‐β‐heteroarylation of various unactivated alkenes with trifluoroacetates and quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones. The reaction takes place via a photoinduced LMCT process, allowing efficient synthesis of a variety of 3‐fluoroalkylated quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐one derivatives in moderate to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four porous corundum‐spinel aggregates were prepared from magnesia and α‐Al2O3 micropowder via the Kirkendall effect. Effects of the particle size of magnesia (PSM, 0–74 μm, 0–15 μm, and 0–44 μm) and firing temperature (1100–1600°C) on the phase compositions, microstructures, pore characteristics of the prepared porous aggregates were investigated. As the firing temperature increased, the PSM influenced the reaction rate of magnesia and alumina, and the sintering process, leading to remarkable changes in the phase compositions, porosity, and microstructure with a negligible impact on the pore size distribution. As the PSM decreased from 0–74 μm to 0–15 μm, the apparent porosity initially increased and then decreased. Relatively compact cyclic spinels formed around the Kirkendall pores in aggregates with 0–74 μm and 0–44 μm magnesia added after fired at 1600°C, as the expansion of spinel formation was inhibited by the high strength of the alumina matrix. Finally, the optimized product is an aggregate with 0–44 μm magnesia added, which exhibits a high total porosity of 32.4%, a low bulk density of 2.69 g/cm3, and a thermal conductivity of 2.178 W/(m·K) at 1000°C, as well as a high compressive strength of 302.5 MPa and a small median pore size of.46 μm. This work provides a promising technique for preparing porous‐corundum‐based aggregates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil and water conservation and protection are of great importance to China, as the source of the Pearl and Xiang Rivers, and the main rare earth mining area, the ecology of Dongjiang River Basin, is very fragile. In this paper, the Chinese soil loss equation and the Geodetector method are used to analyze the spatial and temporal patterns and the impact factors of soil erosion in this area from 2016 to 2020. The results show that (1) Soil erosion intensity in the Dongjiang River Basin from 2016 to 2020 is mainly mild, with the soil erosion intensity in the Dongjiang River Basin in 2016 being the largest in five years. (2) The erosion modulus shows an increasing trend with the increase of slope. In terms of vegetation, when the vegetation cover is <30%, the soil erosion modulus is the largest, which is easy to induce soil erosion. When the vegetation cover is >60%, the soil erosion modulus is the smallest, which effectively slows down the occurrence of soil erosion. Rainfall is proportional to the soil erosion modulus and soil erosion. (3) The results of Geodetector indicate that the single factor sizes are land use > vegetation > slope > precipitation, and interaction factors all show a nonlinear enhancement. (4) The proper allocation of land use types, the prohibition of steep slopes for cultivation, and the restoration of forestry can effectively prevent and control soil erosion in the area. Core Ideas: Chinese soil loss equation enabled us to quantify soil erosion patterns.Geodetector unravels the underlying mechanisms responsible for spatial heterogeneity.The investigation highlighted the significant impact of intense rainfall events on steep slopes.Our analysis illustrates the shifting landscape of soil erosion within the Dongjiang River Basin.Our research sheds light on the key drivers behind this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of YTHDF2 in gastric cancer (GC) is controversial. Due to the limitations of technical difficulty and experimental period, research on completely knocking out YTHDF2 is rare. Therefore, further investigations are still needed to clarify the YTHDF2's clinical significance and biological function in GC. To carry out the investigation, an analysis was performed on the expression levels of YTHDF2 in both publicly available databases and samples obtained from patients with gastric cancer. Based on the complete knockout of YTHDF2 using the CRISPR‐Cas9 system, in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of YTHDF2 on tumor formation, radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy resistance in GC. Our investigation revealed an increase in YTHDF2 levels in GC tissues, which was found to be associated with a negative prognosis. Under hypoxic conditions, high expression of YTHDF2 enhanced the invasion of gastric cancer cells, and high expression of YTHDF2 was associated with HIF‐1a. YTHDF2 facilitated gastric cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the results of the present study demonstrated that YTHDF2 mediated the expression of CyclinD1 and stability of CyclinD1 mRNA. CyclinD1 knockdown inhibited YTHDF2‐mediated GC cell proliferation whereas CyclinD1 overexpression ameliorated YTHDF2 knockdown‐induced inhibition of GC progression. Furthermore, YTHDF2 also promoted resistance to DDP and CTX chemotherapy, along with radiotherapy treatment for GC cells. The findings suggested that YTHDF2 expression accelerated GC progression through a potential mechanism involving CyclinD1 expression, and enhanced chemoradiotherapy resistance. This indicated that YTHDF2 could be a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for individuals diagnosed with GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER), characterized by a four‐electron transfer kinetic process, represents a significant bottleneck in improving the efficiency of hydrogen production from water electrolysis. Consequently, extensive research efforts have been directed towards identifying single‐atom electrocatalysts with exceptional OER performance. Despite the comprehensive understanding of the OER mechanism, its application to other valuable synthetic reactions has been limited. Herein, we leverage the MOOH intermediate, a key species in the Mn−N−C single‐atom catalyst (Mn‐SA@NC), which can be cyclically delivered in the OER. We exploit this intermediate' s capability to facilitate electrophilic transfer with silane, enabling efficient silane oxidation under electrochemical conditions. The SAC electrocatalytic system exhibits remarkable performance with catalyst loadings as low as 600 ppm and an exceptional turnover number of 9132. Furthermore, the catalytic method demonstrates stability under a 10 mmol flow chemistry setup. By serving as an OER electrocatalyst, the Mn‐SA@NC drives the entire reaction, establishing a practical Mn SAC‐catalyzed organic electrosynthesis system. This synthesis approach not only presents a promising avenue for the utilization of electrocatalytic OER but also highlights the potential of SACs as an attractive platform for organic electrosynthesis investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuning the anionic site of catalyst supports can impact reaction pathways by creating active sites on the support or influencing metal‐support interactions when using supported metal nanoparticles. This study focuses on CO2 hydrogenation over supported Cu nanoparticles, revealing a 3‐fold increase in methanol yield when replacing oxygen anions with hydrides in the perovskite support (Cu/BaTiO2.8H0.2 yields ~146 mg/h/gCu vs. Cu/BaTiO3 yields ~50 mg/h/gCu). The contrast suggests that significant roles are played by the support hydrides in the reaction. Temperature programmed reaction and isotopic labelling studies indicate that BaTiO2.8H0.2 surface hydride species follow a Mars van Krevelen mechanism in CO2 hydrogenation, promoting methanol production. High‐pressure steady‐state isotopic transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA) studies suggest that Cu/BaTiO2.8H0.2 possesses both a higher density and more active and selective sites for methanol production compared to Cu/BaTiO3. An operando high‐pressure diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS)‐SSITKA study shows that formate species are the major surface intermediates over both catalysts, and the subsequent hydrogenation steps of formate are likely rate‐limiting. However, the catalytic reactivity of Cu/BaTiO2.8H0.2 towards the formate species is much higher than Cu/BaTiO3, likely due to the altered electronic structure of interface Cu sites by the hydrides in the support as validated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In recent years, a series of clinical guidelines on neonatal hypoglycemia have been developed in different countries and regions. This systematic review was aimed at providing evidence for clinical decision‐making and providing ideas for future research by comparatively analyzing the contents of various guidelines. Methods: A multilateral approach was used, including comprehensive literature searches and online research. The retrieved studies were screened by two independent reviewers according to our inclusion criteria. The two reviewers independently extracted the descriptive data. Four appraisers assessed the guidelines using the AGREE‐II instrument. Results: Ten clinical guidelines on neonatal hypoglycemia were included, with a mean score of 45.28%–83.45% in six domains. The guidelines are relatively consistent in their recommendations on clinical symptoms of neonatal hypoglycemia, but different in risk factors, preventive measures, thresholds for clinical management of hypoglycemia, target glucose ranges for its control, and pharmacotherapy. Conclusion: By summarising the recommendations in the guidelines on neonatal hypoglycemia, we found that blood glucose values were not the only observational indicator, and other indicators (e.g., ketone bodies, lactate) related to glucose metabolism should also be considered for a comprehensive assessment. There is still a lack of consensus on thresholds for the clinical management of hypoglycemia and target glucose ranges for its control, and the recommendations on its pharmacotherapy are rather simple and sketchy. In the future, more high‐quality studies are required to further improve the early identification of neonatal hypoglycemia and intervention strategies against it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine modeling and fast prediction of regional wind field in the middle and upper atmosphere has always been a difficult problem. We designed a neural operator method to solve this problem. We combine the idea of data assimilation with deep learning method to design a regional wind field operator suitable for near space. The annual Root mean square error of the zonal wind and meridional wind of the operator model at the height of 30 km are 0.903 and 0.881, respectively, which is three times that of ConvLSTM. Moreover, we validate the sparse spatio‐temporal modeling method of regional wind field operator at 20/30/40/50 km altitude. The result shows that the model is mesh‐free, and can get high‐precision modeling of different spatio‐temporal resolutions, multiple regions and arbitrary positions at one time, which lays an foundation for fine regional modeling and rapid utilization of near space. Plain Language Summary: The complex variation mechanism of regional wind fields in near space leads to the difficulty of high‐precision modeling and fast prediction, which seriously affects the design and flight of near space vehicles. In this study, a regional wind field neural operator method has been proposed, which can achieve the fine modeling of the regional wind field in the middle and upper atmosphere. The new method is highly flexible, and can get high‐precision modeling and rapid prediction in different spatial‐temporal resolutions, multiple regions and arbitrary positions. Key Points: The neural operator is first used to study high‐precision spatio‐temporal modeling and rapid prediction of regional wind fields in near spaceThe Root mean square error accuracy of regional wind field operator model is three times that of ConvLSTMThe novel method is suitable for sparse spatio‐temporal modeling at any location with different data resolutions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To extend the practicability of ceramics in immobilizing nuclear waste with fluctuant composition, structural design should be abandoned. The simulated tetravalent actinide waste An4+ (Ce4+) was directly doped into prepared Gd2Zr2O7, and the waste forms were synthesized by high‐temperature solid‐state reaction. It has been shown that the maximum loading of CeO2 in Gd2Zr2O7 lies between 20 and 30 wt.%, and Ce elements are uniformly distributed in the matrix. Existing in Ce3+ and Ce4+, cerium ions automatically occupied both the Gd and Zr sites in Gd2Zr2O7 according to valence equilibrium. This occupation causes the change of r(A3+)/r(B4+) and eventually leads to the structure transition from pyrochlore to fluorite. In addition, the normalized leaching rate of the sample with 60 wt.% of dopant was about 2.5 × 10−7 g m−2 d−1 on the 35th day. In this study, a free occupation of simulated waste ions in ceramics was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two types of photo/thermal dual and programmable staged responsive shape memory PAEK are fabricated. On one side, photosensitive cinnamic acid (CA) is grafted onto shape memory poly(aryl ether ketone) (PAEK) chains to obtain PEAK‐CA with photo/thermal response. On the other hand, PAEK/CA composites are prepared via a facile physical blending as comparison. Both PAEK‐CA and PAEK/CA materials exhibit the excellent heat‐triggered (recovery ratio over 91.8%) and photo‐responsive shape memory effect (recovery ratio over 76.5%). More interestingly, the staged shape fixity and shape recovery behaviors can be realized by combining independent photo/heat responsive shape memory behaviors. Take the PAEK/CA for example, the irradiation with λ of 365 nm can be used for shape fixity, and shape recovery can be triggered by heating. Meanwhile, the fixation of the temporary shape of the sample can also be realized by heating–cooling process, and then the irradiation with λ of 365 nm is used for shape recovery. These photo/thermal dual and staged responsive shape memory PAEK materials could be widely utilized in fields of soft robots, smart actuators, and deformable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the treatment effect of G protein‐coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) agonist G1 combined with hypothermia (HT) on cognitive impairment and anxiety‐like behavior after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats. Methods: Fifty male rats were randomly assigned to one of five groups: Sham group, SAH group, SAH + G1 group, SAH + HT group, and SAH + G1 + HT group. The SAH rat model was established by modified endovascular puncture in all groups except the Sham group. Neurological function after the operation was assessed by Garcia scoring. The degree of rat cerebral edema was determined using dry‐wet weighing method on the 28th day after operation. Moreover, the behavioral test was performed on rats on the 4th and 28th days after operation. Results: Compared with Sham group, the Garcia score of each SAH rat model group decreased significantly on the first day and thereafter increased gradually. However, the recovery rate of each treatment group was higher than the SAH group (no treatment), and the Garcia score of SAH + G1 + HT group was much higher than the SAH group on the seventh day after operation. In addition, each treatment group could obviously reduce the cerebral edema degree of SAH rats, among which rats in SAH + G1 + HT group had lower cerebral edema degree than SAH + G1 group and SAH + HT group. Behavioral test results showed that the combination of GPR30 agonist G1 and HT markedly improved the learning and memory ability of SAH rats, alleviated their anxiety‐ and emotion‐related behavior, and enhanced their social interaction. Conclusion: GPR30 agonist G1 combined with HT reduces cognitive impairment and anxiety‐like behavior in rats with SAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microchip capillary electrophoresis in mixed hydro‐organic solvent combined with laser‐induced fluorescence detection was developed for the separation and detection of physcion and rhein in rhubarb. In contrast to the conventional capillary electrophoresis method, ammonium acetate‐dimethyl sulfoxide was used as the basic buffer system in this method. The effects of background buffer, buffer apparent pH*, buffer concentration, water ratio, sample preparation method, and separation voltage on separation and detection were investigated. Optimized separation and detection conditions were obtained: the buffer consisted of 20 mmol/L of ammonium acetate in hydro‐organic solvent composed dimethyl sulfoxide, formamide, and water mixed at 60/20/20 (v/v/v) ratio. The separation voltage was 1.9 kV. Under these conditions, the physcion, rhein, and other components of rhubarb can be completely separated within 150 s. Under the methodological verification, good linearity (R ≥ 0.9995) for physcion and rhein, and low limits of detection (0.085 μg·mL−1 and 0.077 μg·mL−1, respectively), satisfactory peak area precisions, migration time precisions (1.74%–3.09%), and accuracy (recovery rate 97.8% and 101.4%) were achieved. It is shown that the proposed method is simple, efficient, fast, sensitive, simple instrument, consumes few samples, has low operating cost, and is linear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum oxynitride (AlON) ceramics doped with different sintering aids were synthesized by spark plasma sintering process. The microstructures, mechanical, and optical properties of the ceramics were investigated. The results indicate that the optimal amount of sintering aids is 0.06 wt% La2O3 + 0.16 wt% Y2O3 + 0.30 wt% MgO. The addition of La3+ and Mg2+ decreases the rate of grain boundary migration in ceramics, promotes pore elimination, and inhibits grain growth. The addition of Y3+ facilitates liquid‐phase sintering of AlON ceramics. Moreover, the addition of Mg2+ effectively promotes twin formation in the ceramics, which hinders crack propagation and dislocation motion when the ceramics are loaded. Hence, the AlON ceramic doped with 0.06 wt% La2O3 + 0.16 wt% Y2O3 + 0.30 wt% MgO exhibits a relative density of 99.95%, an average grain size of 9.42 μm, and a twin boundary content of 10.3%, which contributes to its excellent mechanical and optical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs), first identified in HIV a few decades ago, deserved great attention in the last two decades; especially to support the penetration of anticancer drug means. In the drug delivery discipline, they have been involved in various approaches from mixing with hydrophobic drugs to the use of genetically conjugated proteins. The early classification as cationic and amphipathic CPPs has been extended to a few more classes such as hydrophobic and cyclic CPPs so far. Developing potential sequences utilized almost all methods of modern science: choosing high‐efficiency peptides from natural protein sequences, sequence‐based comparison, amino acid substitution, obtaining chemical and/or genetic conjugations, in silico approaches, in vitro analysis, animal experiments, etc. The bottleneck effect in this discipline reveals the complications that modern science faces in drug delivery research. Most CPP‐based drug delivery systems (DDSs) efficiently inhibited tumor volume and weight in mice, but only in rare cases reduced their levels and continued further processes. The integration of chemical synthesis into the development of CPPs made a significant contribution and even reached the clinical stage as a diagnostic tool. But constrained efforts still face serious problems in overcoming biobarriers to reach further achievements. In this work, we reviewed the roles of CPPs in anticancer drug delivery, focusing on their amino acid composition and sequences. As the most suitable point, we relied on significant changes in tumor volume in mice resulting from CPPs. We provide a review of individual CPPs and/or their derivatives in a separate subsection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric cancer (GC) is often diagnosed in the advanced stages with a poor prognosis. Thymoquinone (TQ) is known for its antitumor activity; however, the specific mechanism in GC remains unknown. In our study, TQ inhibited GC cell proliferation and induced apoptosis and autophagy in a concentration‐dependent manner. Transmission electron microscopy showed increased autophagosome formation in GC cells treated with TQ. Meanwhile, the LC3B puncta and LC3BII protein levels were significantly increased in GC cells, while p62 expression was significantly decreased. The autophagy inhibitor, Bafilomycin A1 enhanced TQ‐inhibited proliferation and TQ‐induced apoptosis, suggesting that TQ‐induced autophagy has a protective effect on GC cells. Furthermore, TQ decreased the phosphorylation levels of phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate 3 kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). The PI3K agonist partially rescued TQ‐induced autophagy and apoptosis. Finally, in vivo experiments showed that TQ could inhibit tumor growth and promote apoptosis and autophagy. This study provides new insights into the specific mechanism for the anti‐GC effect of TQ. TQ inhibits the proliferation of GC cells and induces apoptosis and protective autophagy by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. The results suggest that the combination of TQ and autophagy inhibitors might be a potential chemotherapeutic strategy for GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme events have become more frequent in the Northern Hemisphere mid‐latitudes in recent decades, hugely impacting the ecosystem and society. The quasi‐resonance amplification (QRA) of planetary waves is considered one of the dynamic mechanisms leading to extreme weather. However, the specific impact of resonant waves caused by QRA on surface heat extremes is still an open issue. Here we show that the QRA of planetary waves leading to heat extremes is closely related to double jets, accompanied by the enhancement of atmospheric blocking and the weakening of planetary wave escaping into the stratosphere. Our results illustrate the important role of mid‐latitude planetary waves with zonal wavenumber m = 6–8 caused by QRA in the increasingly frequent heat waves in recent years, as it can increase the coverage area and occurrence frequency of heat extremes in mid‐latitudes and show a significant impact on preferred regions, especially in Eurasia. Plain Language Summary: In the summer of 2022, the Northern Hemisphere mid‐latitudes were affected by widespread, intense heat waves that developed more quickly than climatologists had expected, hugely impacting the ecosystem and society. Understanding the extent and causes of extreme heat can help local authorities better prepare for the extreme weather that may occur in the near future. Planetary wave, also known as Rossby wave, manifested as a large‐scale oscillation of the midlatitude atmospheric flow, usually forms a snaking shape over the Earth, leading to persistent surface weather systems and often resulting in extreme events. Existing studies have shown that, planetary wave is one of the important dynamic mechanism behind heat waves. At certain frequencies and wavelengths (short‐wavelength), this circumglobal waves disturbance can be significantly amplified through resonance, resulting in heat extremes. Our work indicates that resonant wave plays an increasingly important role in heat events over Northern Hemisphere mid‐latitudes. The long‐term changes in resonant wave trend deserve continuous attention, because an improved understanding of planetary waves behind extreme events can help assess future wave activity's potential social and economic effects. Key Points: The influence of resonant waves on heat extremes in the Northern Hemisphere mid‐latitude summer is increasing, especially in EurasiThe occurrence of resonant waves is closely related to double jets, accompanied by the enhancement of atmospheric blockingThe occurrence of resonant waves is accompanied by the weakening of the upward‐propagating planetary waves [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology is regarded as one of the important technologies for future 6G mobile communication networks. However, RIS can only passively reflect signals, rather than actively process received signals like the traditional relay. Therefore, a hybrid decode‐and‐forward (DF) relay and RIS‐assisted multiple‐input single‐output (MISO) multiuser downlink communication system is considered to combine the advantages of both. Then the beamforming at the base station (BS), the DF relay, and the phase vector of the RIS elements is jointly designed, aiming at achieving max‐min signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR). Due to the non‐convexity caused by coupling between the beamforming vectors, the optimization problem is split into three semidefinite relaxation (SDR) sub‐problems, and then the alternate optimization method is adopted to solve the non‐convex problem. The numerical results verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed optimization algorithm in improving system performance compared with other benchmark schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presence of the Suginome reagent (PhMe2Si-Bpin), a large panel of electron-withdrawing alkenes was successfully converted into the hydrosilylated product in good to excellent yields. This direct electrochemical hydrosilylation does not require exogenous oxidants and catalysts. Preliminary mechanistic study supported the involvement of a silyl radical, which reacted on the alkene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐coherence visible and near‐visible laser sources are centrally important to the operation of advanced position/navigation/timing systems as well as classical/quantum sensing systems. However, the complexity and size of these bench‐top lasers are an impediment to their transition beyond the laboratory. Here, a system‐on‐chip that emits high‐coherence near‐visible lightwaves is demonstrated. The devices rely upon a new approach wherein wavelength conversion and coherence increase by self‐injection locking are combined within a single nonlinear resonator. This simplified approach is demonstrated in a hybridly‐integrated device and provides a short‐term linewidth of around 4.7 kHz (10 kHz before filtering). On‐chip converted optical power over 2 mW is also obtained. Moreover, measurements show that heterogeneous integration can result in a conversion efficiency higher than 25% with an output power over 11 mW. Because the approach uses mature III–V pump lasers in combination with thin‐film lithium niobate, it can be scaled for low‐cost manufacturing of high‐coherence visible emitters. Also, the coherence generation process can be transferred to other frequency conversion processes, including optical parametric oscillation, sum/difference frequency generation, and third‐harmonic generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have become a rising star in recent years. Interface plays an important role in the development of the PeLEDs performance. In this work, we demonstrate that the interface engineering with quaternary ammonium ionic liquid that could be used to improve the efficiency of the blue PeLEDs. We find the interface engineering can balance hole and electron injection. In addition, quaternary ammonium cation promotes the growth and nucleation of the blue perovskite emitter, improving its film morphology and reducing the occurrence of defects. The use of the ionic liquid interfacial layer is also helpful to inhibit the ion migration in the perovskite under forward bias operation. In conclusion, by exploring the quaternary ammonium ionic liquid interfacial layer, the luminous efficiency can be greatly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aging is accompanied by muscle loss. In older adults with cancer sarcopenia (OACS), systemic inflammation, reduced food intake, and reduced physical activity led to a poor prognosis. This study was to investigate the prognostic ability of the inflammatory Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), which combines patient's inflammation, diet status, and physical activity status to predict overall survival of OACS. Methods: This prospective multi‐center study enrolled 637 OACS, with an average age of 72.78 ± 5.98 years, of which 408 (64.1%) were males. We constructed the Inflammatory Functional Prognostic Index (IFPI) of OACS based on inflammatory GNRI scores, reduced food intake, and reduced physical activity. According to the IFPI, OACS was divided into high‐, moderate‐, and low‐risk groups. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses analyzed the prognostic ability of the clinical parameters. Results: Compared with OACS with a high GNRI score, the 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of OACS with a low GNRI score was 1.816 (1.076–3.063), 1.678 (1.118–2.518), and 1.627 (1.101–2.407), respectively. This result was consistent with that of the calibration curve. The subgroup analysis showed that the low GNRI score had a significant positive relation with patients with gastrointestinal cancer (Pinteraction < 0.001). Notably, the survival analysis of IFPI showed that the mortality risk of moderate‐ and high‐risk patients was 1.722‐and 2.509‐fold higher, respectively, than that of low‐risk patients. Conclusion: The GNRI score was a short‐term and long‐term inflammatory prognostic indicator for OACS. The IFPI score could improve patient survival prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Immune checkpoint blockade therapy with anti‐programmed cell death (PD)‐1 antibodies provides therapeutic effect for many patients of various cancers but remains inadequate in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The present study aims to assess the efficacy of oncolytic adenovirus (OncoAd) in enhancing the anti‐PD‐1 treatment of CRC. Methods: The estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts algorithm was used for estimating the infiltrated immune cells in melanoma and CRC tissues. The efficacy of OncoAd with anti‐PD‐1 monotherapy was performed in a CT26 CRC mouse model in vivo. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood and tumor tissues determined the difference anti‐tumor immune efficacy of OncoAd with anti‐PD‐1 monotherapy. Results: The Cancer Genome Atlas database indicated that CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells were significantly elevated in melanoma compared to CRC cohorts. Moreover, intratumor injection of oncolytic adenovirus enhanced T cell infiltration and decreased Treg percentages in the CT26 CRC colorectal cancer mouse model. Combinatorial OncoAd with anti‐PD‐1 antibody treatment markedly enhanced the anti‐tumor efficacy of anti‐PD‐1 by significantly decreasing the tumor volume and reducing tumor growth in a CRC mouse model. To the end, OncoAd treatment increased the CD8/Treg ratio, indicating that OncoAd intratumor injection ameliorate the anti‐tumor immune response of anti‐PD‐1 therapy. Conclusion: The present study elucidates that OncoAd promotes intratumor T cell infiltration and improves anti‐PD‐1 immunotherapy, thereby providing a potent combinatorial therapeutic strategy for CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The statistical characteristics of inertia‐gravity waves (IGWs) in the troposphere (2–14 km) and lower stratosphere (18–28 km) are analyzed using daily radiosonde observations over six stations in the Western Pacific from 2013 to 2018. Stokes parameter method is used to extract the characteristic parameters of gravity waves (GWs), which are divided into upward and downward propagating waves, and compared with the results of hodograph analysis. In the stratosphere, due to the filtering effect of the background wind field, the IGWs generated in the troposphere mainly propagate eastward with lower frequency range. The tropospheric IGWs have obvious seasonal variation in spectral amplitude and energy, with the maximum in winter and the minimum in monsoon from 2013 to 2018. The stratospheric IGWs are enhanced during phase transition of the quasi‐biennial oscillation, when the enhanced easterly wind appears in the lowest stratosphere, accompanied by enhanced wave energy in the troposphere. During the quasi‐biennial oscillation disruption in late 2015 and early 2016, the tropospheric wave source excites more intense IGWs propagating upward. After reaching the stratosphere, IGWs with slower phase speed are absorbed by the mean flow, dissipating momentum to the lower stratosphere and generating additional enhanced westward forcing, which may have contributed to the development of the easterly wind within the westerly quasi‐biannual oscillation phase. Key Points: Stokes parameter method shows an obvious discrepancy from hodograph analysis when calculating the vertical wave numberOver the western Pacific, a large amount of eastward‐propagating inertia‐gravity waves (IGWs) still exist in the stratosphere due to prevailing easterly windDuring 15/16D, stratospheric IGWs with lower phase velocity dissipate momentum and produce westward forcing to the mean flow [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Evidence for the association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction before conception and its pregnancy outcomes is inconsistent. Thus, we evaluated the relationship between preconception thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: A total of 50,217 women without prior thyroid disease who became pregnant within 1 year after undertaking a routine TSH test in the Chongqing Municipality of China (2010–2016) were studied. Restricted cubic spline regression and logistic regression were used to estimate the association between preconception TSH levels and pregnancy outcomes. The main outcomes were individual and composite adverse pregnancy outcomes (CAPOs) comprising pregnancy loss, small for gestational age, large for gestational age, and preterm birth. Results: Incidence of CAPO was 24.19%. Increased preconception TSH level was positively associated with CAPO (odds ratio [OR]/SD: 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.07) when TSH was ≥2.1 mIU/L, positively associated with pregnancy loss (OR/SD: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.12) when TSH was <2.1 mIU/L, negatively and positively associated with preterm delivery when TSH levels were <1.3 mIU/L (OR/SD: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83–0.97) and >3.0 mIU/L (OR/SD: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.00–1.17), respectively. Women with subclinical hypothyroidism before conception were at a higher risk for CAPO (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.04–1.22), while those with subclinical hyperthyroidism had a higher risk of preterm delivery (aOR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.01–1.70). Conclusions: Nonlinear associations were indicated between preconception TSH levels and pregnancy outcomes. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction before conception was associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative etching in nanostructured metals and metallic oxides plays a fundamental role in numerous areas of chemical synthesis and materials processing for the semiconductor industry. An in‐depth understanding of the oxidative etching mechanisms is of great significance to design various fascinating nanomaterials for practical application. In situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has the merits of high temporal and spatial resolutions in real‐time, and thus it can provide solid evidence directly for the dynamic evaluation of oxidative etching in nanostructured materials that occur in solution. Herein, the recent progress of oxidative etching in nanostructured metals and metallic oxides is overviewed. First, the advancements in liquid cells designs are briefly introduced for in situ TEM observation. Subsequently, in situ liquid cell TEM/STEM advances for the oxide etching mechanisms in different surface chemistry surroundings are systematically described. In addition, both the galvanic replacement and electrochemical etching reactions are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in utilizing the in situ liquid cell TEM technique to visualize a specific dynamic oxidative etching process are proposed. This review will provide deep insights into dynamic changes in oxidative etching processes of nanostructured materials and assist in formulating design rules for developing high‐end advanced devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, boron nitride (BN) sheets, as two‐dimensional thermal conductive fillers, were integrated into shape memory poly(aryl ether ketone) (PAEK) matrix to improve the response speed of actuators. The thermal conductivity of composites was found to be positively correlated with the content of BN sheets. Significantly, a highest in‐plane thermal conductivity of 2.66 W m−1 K−1 was obtained, which resulted in the increase of the recovery speed of the PAEK/BN actuators from 18 to 6 s. Besides, the integration of BN sheets improved the shape memory effect of PAEK matrix, including the higher shape recovery ratio (up to 99.9%) and fixity ratio (over 97%). In addition, through the assembling of four components with designed BN contents, we achieved the interesting staged shape recovery behaviors for PAEK/BN composite actuators, which enabled programmable and smart manipulations. These fabricated PAEK/BN composite actuators with rapid response and staged deformation behaviors possessed the wide utilization potential in smart devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report the petrography and mineralogy of a brecciated eucrite Northwest Africa (NWA) 8021, which shows a locally layered texture with one layer containing graphic clasts and Si,Ti‐rich regions. The graphic clasts contain rod‐like grains of silica phases, augite, K‐feldspar, and Ca‐phosphate minerals included in anorthite. Some of the clasts contain relatively coarse grains of quartz, K‐feldspar, and augite, which are chemically different from the rod‐like phases, indicating different origins. All of the augite grains in the graphic clasts have rare earth element (REE) concentrations higher than those in typical eucrites. The bulk Na2O+K2O contents of the graphic clasts are higher than typical eucrites. All of these chemical features indicate that the graphic clasts were probably derived from an evolved parent rock. Low‐degree partial melting of the eucritic crust (<10%) is required to generate a melt equilibrated with the REE‐rich rod‐like pyroxene from the graphic clasts. The Si,Ti‐rich regions contain high abundances of silica phases (~52 vol%) and ilmenite (~9 vol%), probably derived from an evolved Si,Ti‐rich rock (dacite). The evolved components observed in NWA 8021 are different from other evolved components observed in howardites and indicate more diverse evolution in the eucrite parent body than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preliminary explorations have been conducted on the SO2 emission trading system (ETS) in China, but existing studies have paid little attention to the system's emission reduction effect and the effect mechanism. Based on panel data of Chinese cities, this paper empirically examines the influence and mechanism of the SO2 ETS on urban SO2 emission. In addition, considering the role of government in local environmental governance, this paper also examines synergies between government environmental regulations and the SO2 ETS. The SO2 ETS significantly suppresses urban SO2 emission, but under more extreme levels of urban SO2 pollution, this emission reduction effect gradually weakens until it is no longer significant. The implementation of more stringent environmental regulations by local governments strengthens the emission reduction effect. The analysis of intermediary effects shows that the SO2 ETS promotes the reduction of urban SO2 emission by stimulating green technological innovation, promoting industrial structure adjustment, and channeling investment towards green assets, with the latter intermediary effect being stronger than the former two. This paper affirms the important role of ETSs in the development of the green economy and provides an empirical basis for countries to introduce market mechanisms to solve environmental challenges and leverage the role of government environmental regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed knowledge of the lithospheric structure is essential for a better understanding of the tectonic evolution of the Xing'an‐Mongolian Orogenic Belt (XMOB). We constrained the lithospheric structure across the XMOB by receiver function imaging and shear wave splitting analysis from a dense seismic array. The lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) is coherently imaged in different tectonic blocks. The mid‐lithospheric discontinuity is also identified at ∼75–100 km depth over the deeper LAB (∼110–130 km) beneath the western side of the North‐South Gravity Lineament (NSGL), roughly at the same depth as the LAB beneath the eastern side of the NSGL. The distinct variations in both the lithospheric structure and fast shear‐wave polarization direction across the NSGL are likely caused by different tectonic processes in the two sides, indicating that the NSGL might represent the western boundary influenced by the subduction of the (Paleo‐)Pacific Plate. Lithosphere thinning in the XMOB is evidenced to have been limited mainly to the east of the NSGL. Plain Language Summary: The Xing'an‐Mongolian Orogenic Belt (XMOB) is a key area to study the tectonic evolution of northeast Asia, as it has retained the records for the processes of both the closure of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean and the Mongol‐Okhotsk Ocean and the subduction of the (Paleo‐)Pacific plate. Detailed study of the lithospheric structure is a direct way to unravel the lithospheric dynamic processes in the region. In this study, we present a comprehensive image of the lithospheric structure across the XMOB. The result shows the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary with distinct depth variations in different tectonic units of the study area. We also identify a mid‐lithospheric discontinuity at ∼75–100 km depth in the west of the North‐South Gravity Lineament (NSGL). The large variations in lithospheric thickness, seismic anisotropy and crustal structure between the two sides of the NSGL indicate that it might represent a lithospheric boundary in the study region. The eastern side of the NSGL is characterized by a thinned lithosphere of less than 100 km and dominant NW‐SE fast shear wave polarization direction, which reflects considerable lithospheric deformation probably related to the Mesozoic‐Cenozoic subduction of the (Paleo‐)Pacific plate. An integration of our results and geological observations suggests that the area in the west of the NSGL may not have been affected by the (Paleo‐)Pacific subduction. Key Points: The lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) across the Xing'an‐Mongolian Orogenic Belt is coherently imaged with distinct depth variationsThe mid‐lithospheric discontinuity is identified over the deeper LAB beneath the western side of the North‐South Gravity Lineament (NSGL)The NSGL represents the western boundary influenced by the subduction of the (Paleo‐)Pacific Plate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A suspected epizootic ulcerative syndrome with a 50–70% morbidity rate broke out in farmed albino‐type (AT) Northern Snakeheads Channa argus at Jinming farm, Chao‐Yang Town, southwest China. To investigate the pathogen, diseased fish were sampled and laboratory examinations were conducted. Three specific staining methods (Grocott's hexamine silver, glycogen–periodic acid–Schiff, and modified Gram's stain) were also applied for a clear observation of fungi in tissues. Histopathological changes were studied to reveal the pathogenic mechanism. Results showed that Aphanomyces invadans was the causative agent of the disease in AT fish, judging from the fungus‐like hyphae, fungal granulomas, and 99% similarity of PCR products to A. invadans (MN814020.1). Among the three fungal staining methods, Grocott's hexamine silver was the best; this method dyed the fungal hyphae black, while the surrounding muscle was dyed brown. Histopathologically, the affected skin and muscle exhibited remarkable dermatitis, myositis, and fungal granulomas, whereas the other tissues (e.g., gills, liver, spleen, kidneys, and intestines) showed histopathological changes related to osmotic imbalance. In conclusion, the causative agent of disease in AT Northern Snakeheads was A. invadans, which invaded the skin and muscle, causing ulcers in the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxy‐based shape memory polymers (ESMPs) are important types of thermoset shape memory polymers due to their unique thermomechanical properties, which have great potential in applications ranging from smart actuators to deformable structures. The long‐term storage stability is important for ESMPs, especially when pursuing the same batch of materials for alternatives. Stable storage of ESMP preplomyers in the long term and taking it out for curing when needed are of great benefit to engineering applications which highly require the same batch of materials for high production efficiency, such as in deployable space structures, semiconductor, and electronic packaging. However, this important storage stability of ESMP has not been studied so far. Herein, a series of ESMPs with tunable glass transition temperatures (Tgs) ranging from 100 to 170 °C is prepared. The effect of long‐term storage at low temperatures on rheological, thermal, thermomechanical, mechanical, and shape memory properties is systematically investigated. The ESMP after storage shows an improvement of crosslinking density, Tgs, and mechanical strength, while maintaining chemical structures and excellent shape memory properties. This feasible method of low‐temperature storage realizes overall long‐term stability and enhancement of strength in ESMPs, making it more promising for engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of shape memory effects and multi‐functionalities in smart materials is becoming one of the hottest research directions in the field of actuators and robotics. In this study, N‐hydroxyethyl‐3,3‐dimethyl‐6‐nitroindoline spiropyran (SP) is chemically grafted into a polyurethane matrix to prepare ultraviolet light‐actuated shape memory thermoplastic polyurethane, which first integrates three unique properties including shape memory, photochromism, and mechanochromism. The FTIR, WAXD, SAXS, DSC, TGA, and shape memory tests reveal that the shape memory transformation temperature of 4.6 wt% SP‐based shape memory polyurethane is 41.2 °C, and it has the highest shape memory performance, as indicated by shape fixation and shape recovery ratios of 97.4% and 93.7%, respectively. Furthermore, "bionic fingers" with diversely selective actuation properties are fabricated, which exhibit a series of programmable multi‐segment motions to meet potential applications in the field of soft actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very few studies have been reported on the fundamental mechanism analysis the augmentation of heat and mass transfer for the convection and condensation processes in the slit finned tube heat exchanger under dehumidifying conditions. By developing a 3D numerical model for the condensation of the slit finned tube heat exchanger under dehumidifying conditions, the heat and mass transfer characteristics were investigated under different the geometrical and operational parameters. The models neglecting convective mass flux or neglecting the water vapor loss can greatly enlarge the deviations of numerical results with respect to experimental data. The synergy angles are smaller in the windward and leeward sides of slits where the velocity field has a better synergy with both temperature field and the mass field. The slits on the fin not only increase the disturbance of fluid but continuously destroy the developments of thermal and mass concentration boundary layers, greatly enhancing the heat and mass transfer. The latent heat transfer is significantly greater than the sensible heat transfer, which accounts for 71.7% of the total heat transfer rate when inlet velocity is 1 m·s−1 and volume fraction of water vapor is 15%. The increases in the inlet velocity, and the volume fraction of water vapor can enhance the heat and mass transfer coefficient of wet flue gas. Whereas, the increase in inlet velocity can reduce the difference of synergy for the velocity field and the temperature or mass concentration gradient field of different fin tubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell identification and counting in living and coculture systems are crucial in cell interaction studies, but current methods primarily rely on complicated and time‐consuming staining techniques. Here, a label‐free method to precisely recognize, identify, and instantly count cells in situ in coculture systems via combinational machine learning models s presented. A convolutional neural network (CNN) model is first used to generate virtual images of cell nuclei based on unlabeled phase‐contrast images. Coordinates of all the cells are then returned according to the virtual nucleus images using two clustering algorithms. Finally, phase‐contrast images of single cells are cropped based on the coordinates and sent into another CNN model for cell‐type identification. This combinational approach is highly automatic and efficient, which requires few to no manual annotations of images in the training phase. It shows practical performance in different cell culture conditions including cell ratios, densities, and substrate materials, having great potential in real‐time cell tracking and analyzing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti‐icing polyimide (PI) thin films are a promising anti‐icing technology for aircraft. A processing method combining reactive ion etching with cooling and plasma chemical vapour deposition is proposed to fabricate anti‐icing PI thin films with microcolumns (PI‐M). The anti‐icing performance of PI‐M was examined. The apparent contact angle (APCA) was 153° ± 1.4°, and the APCA hysteresis was 8.5° ± 0.5°. The calculated Weber number was high, and a droplet on PI‐M rebounded within 2.56 s, whereas rebounding occurred more slowly on a smooth PI surface (PI‐S). The freezing time of droplets on PI‐M was 70% longer than that on PI‐S. The average ice adhesion force on PI‐M was 42% smaller than that on PI‐S. Repeated measurements of the ice adhesion force on PI‐M demonstrated that it was stable (deviation: ±1 N). The APCA showed that PI‐M is superhydrophobic, which indicates that droplets on PI‐M were in the Cassie state. The droplet bouncing behaviour was explained in terms of horizontal force equilibrium at the interface. The anti‐icing mechanism of PI‐M was modelled using heterogeneous nucleation theory and a contact area model. The results explained the good anti‐icing performance and suggested that PI‐M may have excellent potential for anti‐icing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]