Search

1. Primary consumers play important roles in the cycling of nutrients in headwater streams, storing assimilated nutrients in growing tissue and recycling them through excretion. Although environmental conditions in most headwater streams and their surrounding terrestrial ecosystems vary considerably over the course of a year, relatively little is known about the effects of seasonality on consumer nutrient recycling these streams. In this study, we measured nitrogen accumulated through growth and excreted by the grazing snail Elimia clavaeformis (Pleuroceridae) over the course of 12 months in Walker Branch, identifying close connections between in-stream nitrogen processing and seasonal changes in the surrounding forest. 2. Nitrogen processing rates were positively correlated with ecosystem respiration, which was driven by leaf phenology on streamside trees. Snail nitrogen assimilation, growth and excretion were relatively high in spring before leaf emergence, low in summer when canopy shade was extensive and high again in autumn after leaf-fall. During the time that snails grazed primarily on epilithon (winter, spring and summer), growth and excretion rates followed changes in light and epilithon biomass. In autumn, when snails primarily grazed fallen leaves, leaf-associated microbes provided large subsidies of nitrogen for the snails. Nitrogen accumulation in snail biomass was greater in the 2 months following leaf-fall than at any other time of the year. 3. Snails were less important as nitrogen sinks than as sources of recycled nitrogen in Walker Branch. Over the course of the year, snails excreted approximately 12 times more nitrogen than they accumulated in biomass. Nitrogen accrued during growth in spring was subsequently lost in summer when primary production declined and snails underwent tissue loss. Catabolic losses represented >40% of the nitrogen excreted by the snails in summer. Net nitrogen growth efficiency (growth/assimilation), which varied with food availability, was only 8% for the entire year. Neither growth nor excretion was positively correlated with nitrogen concentrations in grazing substrata. 4. Snails achieved high standing crops and were significant contributors to nitrogen spiralling in Walker Branch. On an areal basis, nitrogen in snail biomass (mgN m-2) was two to five times greater than that in epilithon biomass, depending on the season. Snails assimilated and excreted up to 50% of the nitrogen initially taken up by autotrophs and leaf microbes, and they were likely to have additional effects on nitrogen spiraling through egestion and the cropping of assimilative biomass. Primary consumers like Elimia are important catalysts of nutrient movement through headwater streams, decreasing residence times and facilitating fluxes to downstream waters [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary 1. While the balance of light and nutrients is known to influence the food quality of herbivores by altering algal phosphorus and nitrogen content, the combined effects of light and nutrients on fatty acid synthesis in freshwater periphyton are relatively unknown. In this study, we manipulated light and phosphorus concentration in large, flow-through experimental streams to examine their effects on both elemental stoichiometry and fatty acid content in periphyton. 2. Two levels of phosphorus (4 and 80 μg L−1) and three of light (17, 40, 110 μmol photons m−2 s−1) were applied in a factorial design in two separate experiments. Diatoms dominated periphyton communities in both experiments, comprising >95% of algal biovolume. Periphyton growth in the streams was simultaneously affected by both resources, even at low rates of supply. 3. Periphyton C/P and C/N ratios increased with light augmentation and decreased with phosphorus enrichment, and consistent with the light : nutrient hypothesis (LNH). Light effects were strongest in streams with low phosphorus concentrations. 4. Periphyton fatty acids reflected the dominance of diatoms : palmitic (16 : 0), palmitoleic (16 : 1ω7) and eicosapentanoic (20 : 5ω3) were the principal saturated (SAFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), respectively. Linoleic (18 : 2ω6) and linolenic (18 : 3ω3) acids, characteristic of chlorophytes and cyanophytes, were rare, comprising <2% of total fatty acids. 5. Periphyton fatty acid profiles were highly sensitive to light and phosphorus. The proportion of fatty acids comprised by SAFA and MUFA increased with light augmentation and decreased with phosphorus enrichment, whereas PUFA decreased with light and increased with phosphorus. Light effects on fatty acid composition were strongest in phosphorus-poor streams. PUFA declined with increasing light/phosphorus ratios in the streams, whereas 'energy' fatty acids (16 : 0 and 16 : 1) increased. The ratio of SAFA/PUFA was strongly and positively correlated with C/P and C/N ratios. SAFA and MUFA, normalised to dry mass, increased two- to threefold with increasing light, while PUFA normalised to dry mass was not significantly affected by light. 6. Similarities in the responses of fatty acids and elemental stoichiometry to light and phosphorus treatments suggested that they were influenced by a common mechanism. Both components of food quality appeared to be sensitive to light-regulated rates of carbon fixation which, when coupled with insufficient supplies of phosphorus, caused diatom cells to store surplus carbon in SAFA, MUFA and other carbon-rich compounds that diluted both essential fatty acids and mineral nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light and nutrients play pivotal roles in determining the growth of autotrophs, yet the potential for synergistic interactions between the two resources in algal communities is poorly understood, especially in stream ecosystems. In this study, light and phosphorus were manipulated in large experimental streams to examine resource colimitation and synergy in stream periphyton. Whole-stream metabolism was simultaneously limited by light and phosphorus. Increasing the supply of either light or phosphorus resulted in significant increases in primary production and the transformation of the streams from heterotrophy to autotrophy. Resource-driven changes in periphyton community structure occurred in concert with changes in production. Algal assemblages in highly shaded streams were composed primarily of small diatoms such as Achnanthidium minutissima, whereas larger diatoms such as Melosira varians predominated at higher irradiances. Phosphorus enrichment had relatively little effect on assemblage structure, but it did substantially diminish the abundance of Meridion circulare, a diatom whose mucilaginous colonies were conspicuously abundant in phosphorus-poor, high-light streams. Bacterial biomass declined relative to algal biomass with increases in primary productivity, regardless of whether the increases were caused by light or phosphorus. Synergistic effects on primary production appeared to occur because the availability of one resource facilitated the utilization of the other. Light increased the abundance of large diatoms, which are known to convert high concentrations of nutrients into primary production more effectively than smaller taxa. Phosphorus enrichment led to the replacement of Meridion circulare by non-mucilaginous taxa in phosphorus-enriched streams, and we hypothesize that this change enabled more efficient use of light in photosynthesis. Higher ratios of chlorophyll a : biomass in phosphorus-enriched streams may have also led to more efficient photon capture and higher photosynthetic rates. Synthesis. Our results underscore the potential for resource colimitation, even in habitats where a single resource is as strongly limiting as is light in shaded streams. The capacity of autotrophic communities to respond to more than one limiting resource suggests that prevailing single-resource models of ecosystem productivity are overly simplistic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. There is much concern that filter-feeding Asian carp will invade the Laurentian Great Lakes and deplete crucial plankton resources. We developed bioenergetic models, using parameters from Asian carp and other fish species, to explore the possibility that planktonic food resources are insufficient to support the growth of silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp ( H. nobilis) in the Great Lakes. 2. The models estimated basic metabolic requirements of silver and bighead carp under various body sizes, swimming speeds and reproductive stages. These requirements were then related to planktonic food resources and environmental temperature to predict when and where silver and bighead carp may survive in the Great Lakes, and how far they may travel. 3. Parameter values for respiration functions were derived experimentally in a coordinated study of silver and bighead carp, while consumption parameters were obtained from the literature on silver carp. Other model parameters lacking for Asian carp, such as those for egestion and excretion, were obtained from the literature on other fish species. 4. We found that full-sized bighead carp required 61.0 kJ d−1 just to maintain their body mass at 20 °C, approximately equivalent to feeding in a region with 255 μg L−1 macrozooplankton (dry) or 10.43 μg L−1 chlorophyll a. Silver carp energy requirements were slightly higher. 5. When applied to various habitats in the Great Lakes, our results suggest that silver and bighead carp will be unable to colonise most open-water regions because of limited plankton availability. However, in some circumstances, carp metabolism at lower temperatures may be low enough to permit positive growth even at very low rations. Positive growth is even more likely in productive embayments and wetlands, and the modelled swimming costs in some of these habitats suggest that carp could travel >1 km d−1 without losing biomass. 6. The simulation (and firmly hypothetical) results from this modelling study suggest when and where Asian carp could become established in the Great Lakes. Given the potential consequences to Great Lakes ecosystems if these filter feeders do prove capable of establishing reproducing populations, efforts to keep Asian carp out of the Great Lakes must not be lessened. However, we do encourage the use of bioenergetic modelling in a holistic approach to assessing the risk of Asian carp invasion in the Great Lakes region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The light : nutrient hypothesis (LNH) states that algal nutrient content is determined by the balance of light and dissolved nutrients available to algae during growth. Light and phosphorus gradients in both laboratory and natural streams were used to examine the relevance of the LNH to stream periphyton. Controlled gradients of light (12–426 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP, 3–344 μg L−1) were applied experimentally to large flow-through laboratory streams, and natural variability in canopy cover and discharge from a wastewater treatment facility created gradients of light (0.4–35 mol photons m−2 day−1) and DRP (10–1766 μg L−1) in a natural stream. 2. Periphyton phosphorus content was strongly influenced by the light and DRP gradients, ranging from 1.8 to 10.7 μg mg AFDM−1 in the laboratory streams and from 2.3 to 36.9 μg mg AFDM−1 in the natural stream. Phosphorus content decreased with increasing light and increased with increasing water column phosphorus. The simultaneous effects of light and phosphorus were consistent with the LNH that the balance between light and nutrients determines algal nutrient content. 3. In experiments in the laboratory streams, periphyton phosphorus increased hyperbolically with increasing DRP. Uptake then began levelling off around 50 μg L−1. 4. The relationship between periphyton phosphorus and the light : phosphorus ratio was highly nonlinear in both the laboratory and natural streams, with phosphorus content declining sharply with initial increases in the light : phosphorus ratio, then leveling off at higher values of the ratio. 5. Although light and DRP both affected periphyton phosphorus content, the effects of DRP were much stronger than those of light in both the laboratory and natural streams. DRP explained substantially more of the overall variability in periphyton phosphorus than did light, and light effects were evident only at lower phosphorus concentrations (≤25 μg L−1) in the laboratory streams. These results suggest that light has a significant negative effect on the food quality of grazers in streams only under a limited set of conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The light nutrient hypothesis posits that herbivore growth is increasingly constrained by low food quality as the ratio of light to nutrients increases in aquatic ecosystems. We tested predictions of this hypothesis by examining the effects of large seasonal cycles in light and nutrients on the mineral content of periphyton and the growth rate of a dominant herbivore (the snail Elimia clavaeformis) in two oligotrophic streams. Streambed irradiances in White Oak Creek and Walker Branch (eastern Tennessee, USA) varied dramatically on a seasonal basis due to leaf phenology in the surrounding deciduous forests and seasonal changes in sun angle. Concentrations of dissolved nutrients varied inversely with light, causing light: nitrate and light: phosphate to range almost 100-fold over the course of any individual year. Periphyton nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were much lower than the concentrations of these elements in snails, and they bottomed out in early spring when streambed irradiances were highest. Snail growth, however, peaked in early spring when light: nutrient ratios were highest and periphyton nutrient concentrations were lowest. Growth was linearly related to primary production (accounting for up to 85% of growth variance in individual years), which in turn was driven by seasonal variation in light. Conceptual models of herbivore growth indicate that growth should initially increase as increasing light levels stimulate primary production, but then level off, and then decrease as the negative effects of decreasing algal nutrient content override the positive effects of increased food production. Our results showed no, evidence of an inflection point where increasing ratios of light to nutrients negatively affected growth. Snail growth in these intensively grazed streams is probably unaffected by periphyton nutrient content because exploitative competition for food reduces growth rates to levels where the demand for nitrogen and phosphorus is small enough to be satisfied by even low levels of these nutrients in periphyton. Competition for limited food resources in habitats where herbivore densities are uncontrolled by predation or other mortality factors should strongly influence the potential for herbivores to be limited by mineral deficits in their food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some expected changes in climate resulting from human greenhouse gas emissions are clear and well documented, but others may be harder to predict because they involve extreme weather events or heretofore unusual combinations of weather patterns. One recent example of unusual weather that may become more frequent with climate change occurred in early spring 2007 when a large Arctic air mass moved into the eastern United States following a very warm late winter. In this paper, we document effects of this freeze event on Walker Branch, a well-studied stream ecosystem in eastern Tennessee. The 2007 spring freeze killed newly grown leaf tissues in the forest canopy, dramatically increasing the amount of light reaching the stream. Light levels at the stream surface were sustained at levels considerably above those normal for the late spring and summer months due to the incomplete recovery of canopy leaf area. Increased light levels caused a cascade of ecological effects in the stream beginning with considerably higher (two–three times) rates of gross primary production (GPP) during the late spring and summer months when normally low light levels severely limit stream GPP. Higher rates of stream GPP in turn resulted in higher rates of nitrate (NO3−) uptake by the autotrophic community and lower NO3− concentrations in stream water. Higher rates of stream GPP in summer also resulted in higher growth rates of a dominant herbivore, the snail Elimia clavaeformis. Typically, during summer months net NO3− uptake and snail growth rates are zero to negative; however, in 2007 uptake and growth were maintained at moderate levels. These results show how changes in forest vegetation phenology can have dramatic effects on stream productivity at multiple trophic levels and on nutrient cycling as a result of tight coupling of forest and stream ecosystems. Thus, climate change-induced changes in canopy structure and phenology may lead to large effects on stream ecosystems in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This study investigated the combined effects of light and phosphorus on the growth and phosphorus content of periphyton. To investigate the potential for colimitation of algal growth by these two resources, diatom-dominated periphyton communities in large flow-through laboratory streams were exposed under controlled conditions to simultaneous gradients of light and phosphorus. 2. Periphyton growth rate was predictably light-limited by the subsaturating irradiances (12–88 μmol photons m−2 s−1) used in this experiment. However, phosphorus concentration also limited growth rate: growth increased hyperbolically with increasing soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), reaching a threshold of growth saturation between 22 and 82 μg L−1. 3. Periphyton phosphorus content was strongly and nonlinearly related with SRP, reaching a maximum at 82 μg L−1 SRP. Contrary to the Light : Nutrient Hypothesis, periphyton phosphorus content did not decrease with increasing light, even at the lowest concentrations of SRP. Periphyton phosphorus was highly correlated with periphyton growth rate (Spearman's ρ = 0.63, P < 0.005). 4. Multiple regression analysis reinforced evidence of simultaneous light and phosphorus limitation. Both light and periphyton phosphorus content were significant variables in multiple regressions with growth parameters as dependent variables. Light alone accounted for 67% of the variance in periphyton biomass, and the addition of periphyton phosphorus as an additional independent variable increased the total amount of variance explained to 81%. 5. Our results did not support the hypothesis that extra phosphorus is required for photoacclimation to low light levels. Rather, the effect of additional phosphorus may have been to accommodate increased requirements for P-rich ribosomal RNA when growth was stimulated by increased light. The potential colimitation of periphyton growth by phosphorus and light at subsaturating irradiances has important implications in both theoretical and applied aquatic ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Streambed light regimes change dramatically when riparian trees gain leaves in spring and lose them in autumn. This study examined the effect of these changes on periphyton photosynthetic characteristics, primary production, and light utilisation efficiency in two eastern Tennessee streams. 2. Photosynthesis–irradiance responses were measured at intervals covering leaf emergence and abscission in spring and autumn. Photosynthetic efficiency (αchl ) increased with declining streambed irradiances during spring leaf emergence, but returned to pre-emergence values after autumn leaf fall. The onset of photosaturation (I k ) displayed the opposite pattern, decreasing during leaf emergence and increasing after leaf fall. Both αchl and I k were closely associated (P < 0.01) with daily integrated streambed irradiance, as were periphyton carotenoids. Internal shading by photoprotective carotenoids is hypothesised to account for lower αchl when streambed irradiances are high. 3. An in situ shading experiment confirmed that the temporal changes observed in periphyton photosynthetic characteristics and carotenoids were primarily the result of changing light levels and not other environmental factors (e.g. nutrients, temperature). 4. Daily chlorophyll-specific primary production (PP chl ) was calculated with P –I models and recorded streambed irradiances. In both streams, PP chl was the highest in early spring when trees were leafless, and then declined markedly as leaves emerged, reaching a minimum in summer. PP chl increased after leaf abscission, but was still lower than it was in early spring, when the sun was higher and daylength was longer. A hyperbolic tangent equation fit to PP chl and daily integrated irradiance (r 2 =0. 85) suggested that primary production was light saturated at 4–8 mol m–2... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the effects of leaf emergence at multiple levels in two headwater streams in eastern Tennessee. Light; Temperature and discharge; Nutrients; Periphyton biomass and pigments; Primary producers; Herbivores.

Summary 1 This laboratory study examined the effect of a gradient of UV-B radiation (280–320 nm) on photosynthesis and food quality of periphyton, the trophic base of many freshwater benthic communities. Four irradiances of UV-B (0, 0.6, 1.2, and 2.3 W m-2) were delivered by UV-B lamps (313 nm peak irradiance) over a 13-day period in the first experiment and over a 4-h period in the second experiment. These irradiances were roughly equivalent to 0, 1, 2, and 4 times the ambient biologically effective (DNA) midsummer, midday UV-B irradiance in Tennessee. 2 Rates of photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments were significantly reduced by irradiances greater than ambient during the 13-day experiment, suggesting that food supply rates to grazers would be depressed by increases in current UV-B levels. Effects on community structure were minor, but mean diatom cell size decreased at higher UV-B irradiances. 3 Irradiated periphyton was fed in surplus to juvenile snails (Physella gyrina) in the first experiment as a bioassay for food quality. Snail growth was the same on all four diets, suggesting that UV-B did not affect food quality. Nitrogen and phosphorus content of the periphyton were not affected by UV-B, either. 4 Photosynthesis by low-biomass periphyton in the second experiment was significantly depressed by irradiances above ambient after only 4 h. Photosynthesis by the high biomass periphyton was not significantly affected by UV-B, suggesting that self-shading reduced UV-B effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrient-diffusing substrates were used to investigate nutrient limitation of attached algal assemblages in a shaded stream and an unshaded stream in northern California. Water front both streams contained low levels of nitrogen (<14 μg · L[SUP-1] and very low N:P ratios (<2). After 31 days of colonization and growth, attached algal biomass on nitrate-diffusing substrates was significantly greater than on control substrates in the unshaded stream. Nitrate-diffusing substrates also supported larger numbers of grazing insects in the unshaded stream. The prostrate diatoms. Achnanthes lanceolata Bech. and Cocconeis placentula Ehr. displayed the most consistent positive responses to nitrate enrichment. Nutrient enrichment did not increase the accrual of algal biomass in the shaded stream, but algal biomass was significantly greater at sites located under openings in the tree canopy, implicating light as a limiting factor in this stream. Several Navicula and Nitzschia species, and one unidentified Gomphonema species, were positively associated with higher light levels in the shaded stream. Shade appears to be the primary factor limiting algal growth in small northern California streams, but when its effect is reduced by logging, the inherently low levels of nitrogen in these streams can become limiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the response of periphyton and grazing snails (Elimia clavaeformis) to summer shade in a Tennessee forest. Effects of light limitation and grazing; Shade adaptation; Snail growth versus irradiance; Snail growth; Lipid accumulation; Photosynthesis-irradiance curves.

Distinct seasonal patterns in streamwater nutrient and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations are evident in the data record from 7 years of weekly sampling in the West Fork of Walker Branch (WB) and 4 years of weekly sampling in a nearby stream, upper White Oak Creek (WOC), both first-order streams in the Ridge and Valley Province of eastern Tennessee. Concentrations of NO3 and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in both streams showed a repeated pattern of annual maxima in summer and biannual minima in autumn and spring. Concentrations of DOC in WB exhibited distinct autumn maxima. To determine whether temporal variations in catchment hydrological processes could explain the seasonal nutrient and DOC variations in WB, we used an end-member mixing analysis involving Ca and SO4 concentrations to separate stream discharge into three catchment flow paths of differing nutrient concentrations. Stream NO3, SRP, and DOC concentrations were predicted solely on the basis of temporal variation in the importance of these flow paths and measurements of nutrient concentrations for the different flow paths. Ratios of observed/predicted concentrations in stream water near 1.0 suggested that catchment effects alone explained streamwater concentrations, whereas ratios substantially different from 1.0 suggested that in-stream processes were important determinants of streamwater concentrations. Observed/predicted NO3 and SRP concentration ratios showed repeated annual patterns with values closer to 1.0 during winter and summer (generally 0.8-1.2) and minima (<0.6) in spring and autumn, suggesting substantial in-stream net uptake at these times. Observed/predicted DOC concentration ratios were more variable and generally ≥1 but did show consistent autumn maxima (>2.5), indicating substantial in-stream DOC generation at this time. Observed/predicted ratios for all nutrients were generally less variable and were closer to 1.0 at high flow compared to low flow, suggesting that in-stream controls on streamwater chemistry are less important at high discharge than at low discharge. Our results indicate two general modes of control of stream nutrient concentrations: (1) catchment control via seasonal variation in the dominant hydrologic pathway (greater proportion of deep groundwater in summer), which produces lower winter and higher summer concentrations, and (2) in-stream control via high rates of net nutrient uptake during the spring (primarily by autotrophs) and autumn (primarily by heterotrophs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Reading Research Quarterly is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents information on goal formation process in complex organizations, suggesting several foundations upon which a unified theory can be based. The author notes that no universally-accepted theories have evolved to explain the process of goal formation despite a recognized lack by economics and administration students. The author suggests that objectives are a function of a firm's external environment, its internal social system, the motives of individual participants who possess organizational power and their negotiation process. A complex organization rarely possess unlimited goal-setting discretion, as its choices are increasingly influenced by external forces.

Stable isotopes are widely used to infer trophic relationships with little attention paid to temporal variability at the base of the food web. We examined changes in the carbon-stable isotope composition during periphyton development, sampling periphyton that accumulated on ceramic tiles at four stream sites over a 2-month period. Periphyton 13C rose and fell in general concordance with rising and falling biomass at all four sites, resulting in significant correlations between periphyton δ13C and chlorophyll a (Chl a). Mean δ13C values at one site rose from -26% to -20% in 2 weeks, falling back to -24% the next week after a large scouring spate. Periphyton 13C also underwent a smaller, longer-term increase that correlated with a gradual rise in stream temperature. Multiple regression analysis with both Chl a and temperature as independent variables accounted for up to 88% of the temporal variability in δ13C, with Chl a the largest source of variability. Water velocity, measured on each sampling occasion, was unrelated to temporal changes in 13C. Depletion of inorganic carbon within the periphyton matrix is the probable cause of increasing 13C in periphyton as biomass develops. Rising δ13C values during periphyton biomass development suggest the possibility of carbon-limited periphyton growth, even in alkaline waters. The strong link between biomass and periphyton 13C helps explain the large range of δ13C reported for periphyton in streams, where temporal and spatial variability in periphyton biomass are notorious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]