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The ion sensor of the Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA‐3) experiment detects accelerated ions during pulses of radio emissions from the powerful topside sounder: the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) onboard Mars Express. Accelerated ions (O 2+, O+, and lighter ions) are observed in an energy range up to 800 eV when MARSIS transmits at a frequency close to the plasma frequency. Individual observations consist of almost monoenergetic ion beams aligned with the MARSIS antenna or lying in the plane perpendicular to the antenna. The observed ion beams are often accompanied by a small decrease in the electron flux observed by the electron sensor of Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms 3. Observations indicate that the voltage applied to the antenna causes charging of the spacecraft to several hundreds of volts by the electrons of the ambient plasma. Positively charged ions are accelerated when the spacecraft discharges. Key Points: Accelerated ions are detected by IMA of ASPERA‐3 during sounding phase of MARSIS radarThe energy of accelerated ions is found to be in a range of 20 to 800 eVObservations coincide in time with periods when MARSIS transmits close to the plasma frequency [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proficient fundamental movement skills ( FMS) are believed to form the basis of more complex movement patterns in sports. This study examined the development of the FMS of overhand throwing in children through either an error-reduced ( ER) or error-strewn ( ES) training program. Students ( n = 216), aged 8-12 years ( M = 9.16, SD = 0.96), practiced overhand throwing in either a program that reduced errors during practice ( ER) or one that was ES. ER program reduced errors by incrementally raising the task difficulty, while the ES program had an incremental lowering of task difficulty. Process-oriented assessment of throwing movement form ( Test of Gross Motor Development-2) and product-oriented assessment of throwing accuracy (absolute error) were performed. Changes in performance were examined among children in the upper and lower quartiles of the pretest throwing accuracy scores. ER training participants showed greater gains in movement form and accuracy, and performed throwing more effectively with a concurrent secondary cognitive task. Movement form improved among girls, while throwing accuracy improved among children with low ability. Reduced performance errors in FMS training resulted in greater learning than a program that did not restrict errors. Reduced cognitive processing costs (effective dual-task performance) associated with such approach suggest its potential benefits for children with developmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on Rhinosinusitis. Rhinosinusitis is a significant health problem which seems to mirror the increasing frequency of allergic rhinitis and which results in a large financial burden on society. The last decade has seen the development of a number of guidelines, consensus documents and position papers on the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis. The diagnosis of rhinosinusitis is made by a wide variety of practitioners, including allergologists, otolaryngologists, pulmonologists, primary care physicians and many others.

The electron sensor of the Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms experiment detects accelerated electrons during pulses of radio emissions from the powerful topside sounder: the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) on board the Mars Express spacecraft. Accelerated electrons are observed at energies up to 400 eV at the times when MARSIS transmits at a frequency between the local plasma frequency and its harmonics (up to 4 times the plasma frequency). When the electron density and magnetic field strength are low (∼103 cm −3, ∼ 10 nT), the accelerated electrons are almost monoenergetic electron beams. An increase in density and magnetic field (∼3·103 cm −3, ∼ 50 nT) leads to substantial broadening of the energy spectrum of the accelerated electrons. It is concluded that in the latter case, electrons are accelerated by the variable spacecraft potential resulting from the imbalance of the electron and ion currents to the MARSIS antenna during transmission. Key Points: Accelerated electrons are detected by the electron sensor of ASPERA‐3 during the sounding phase of the Mars Express sounder MARSISThe energy of the accelerated electrons is found to be in the range from 20 to 400 eVObservations coincide in time with periods when MARSIS transmits in frequencies between the local plasma frequency and its fourth harmonic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]