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BACKGROUND: Biogenic amines (BA) are hazardous components in Huangjiu (HJ). To ensure the quality of Dangshen Huangjiu (DSHJ), an orthogonal experiment L9 (33) was proposed to optimize the process by the main brewing factors (pre‐fermentation temperature, pre‐ and post‐fermentation time) that may affect BA and functional factors in DSHJ. DSHJ was produced with low BA content and high functional factors. Gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry combined with a multivariate statistical method (GC‐IMS‐MSM) was used to analyze the volatile components in the brewing process of DSHJ. RESULTS: The optimum brewing process parameters of DSHJ were as follows: pre‐fermentation temperature, 28 °C; pre‐fermentation time, 9 days; post‐fermentation time, 18 days. The average content of BA in DSHJ was 33.12 mg L−1, and the sensory score, total phenol content and DPPH free radical scavenging rate of DSHJ were significantly higher than those of HJ. A total of 14 esters, 7 acids, 7 alcohols, 1 ketone, 5 aldehydes and 1 pyrazine in DSHJ and HJ were identified by GC‐IMS. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in DSHJ and HJ in the soaking rice and saccharification stage. 11 components, such as ethyl acetate, and 12 components, such as acetic acid, were the different components of HJ and DSHJ in pre‐fermentation and post‐fermentation stages, respectively. In the post‐fermentation stage, the contents of 8 components in DSHJ such as ethyl acetate were higher than in HJ. CONCLUSION: The preparation process parameters of DSHJ optimized by orthogonal experiments can ensure that DSHJ has the advantages of low BA content, high total phenol content and good antioxidant activity. Sensory score and GC‐IMS‐MSM analysis found that DSHJ prepared using the optimal process had the characteristics of good taste and rich aroma. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, we confirmed that the 95% ethanol‐extracted fraction of Codonopsis Radix, which contains several triterpenoids and sterols, possesses pharmacological activities. However, due to the low content and diverse types of triterpenoids and sterols, their similar structures, lack of ultraviolet absorption, and difficulty in obtaining controls, few studies have so far assessed their contents in Codonopsis Radix. We accordingly constructed an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry technique for the simultaneous quantitative determination of 14 terpenoids and sterols. Separation was performed on the Waters Acquity UPLC HSS T3 C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) with 0.1% formic acid (A) and 0.1% formic acid in methanol (B) as mobile phase under gradient elution. The determination coefficients for each of the matrix calibration curves were ≥0.9925. The average recovery ranged from 81.25% to 118.05%, with relative standard deviations of <4%. The contents of 14 components in 23 batches were quantified and further analyzed through chemometrics. Linear discriminant analysis can distinguish sample varieties. The quantitative analysis method can accurately determine the contents of 14 components and thereby provide the chemical basis for the quality control of Codonopsis Radix. It also could be a valuable approach for the classification of different Codonopsis Radix varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate and sensitive analysis of rheumatoid arthritis(RA) trace biomarkers is essential for early warning and diagnosis of RA, while anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti‐CCP‐ab) is a specific one. In this study, a simple label‐free electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of anti‐CCP‐ab was constructed with nitrogen‐doped graphene (N−G) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The proposed non‐enzyme immunosensor had exhibited high specificity, selectivity, and stability in the linear calibration curve range from 0.125∼2000 pg mL‐1 and has been successfully used in the detection of anti‐CCP‐ab in human serum, providing a new idea for the early diagnosis of RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]