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Integral imaging (InIm) 3D displays provide realistic 3D images with comfortable viewing experiences. However, existing approaches struggle to achieve high spatial resolution reproduction without relying on temporal or spatial multiplexing methods, which increases system complexity. Although precise control approaches for voxel formation have been explored to address this challenge, the existing methods lack systematic analysis theories for identifying the key factors affecting spatial resolution. In this study, a novel analysis framework is proposed that uses a point spread function (PSF) to characterize voxel formation. An analytical model based on the obtained PSF is established to achieve an aliasing‐free display. This framework identifies optimization directions for improving the spatial resolution, specifically by reducing the Gaussian blur caused by wavefront aberration in the lens unit. A targeted optimization of a compound lens array is conducted to achieve precise control of voxel formation. In these experiments, an InIm 3D display system prototype that substantially outperforms conventional InIm 3D displays is developed. The prototype achieves a 74.6% reduction in the system PSF and a 29.85% reduction in voxel size, enabling aliasing‐free voxels and a 2.82 times higher resolution in the InIm 3D display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Concise assembly of spirooxindoles is of great significance but a challenging task in modern organic synthesis. Described herein is an unusual base‐promoted [4+2] spiroannulation of rarely used isatin‐derived β‐silylcarbinols with o‐halogen aromatic ketones, which enables rapid and modular synthesis of six‐membered carbocyclic spirooxindoles in high yields with excellent functional group tolerance (> 50 examples). Mechanistic experiments revealed that this reaction involved a Peterson olefination, Michael addition and intramolecular C(sp3) arylation cascade. The variegated synthetic derivatization of target products and successful construction of bioactive molecules further illustrate the synthetic potential in spirooxindole‐related drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the potential impacts of climate change on precipitation and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the Peruvian Central Andes, a region with complex terrain, two future convection‐permitting regional climate simulations and one historical one are conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. All simulations adopt consistent model configurations and two nested domains with grid spacings of 15 and 3 km covering the entire South America and the Peruvian Central Andes, respectively. The historical run, spanning 2014–2019, is driven by ERA5 reanalysis, and the future simulations, covering the period 2070–2080, are driven by a bias‐corrected global dataset derived from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) ensemble under the SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5 emission scenarios. Results show geographically dependent changes in annual precipitation, with a consistent rise in the frequency of intense hourly precipitation across all regions examined. The western Amazon Basin shows a decrease in annual precipitation, while increases exist in parts of the Peruvian west coast and the east slope of the Andes under both future scenarios. In the warming scenarios, there is an overall increase in the frequency, precipitation intensity, and size of MCSs east of the Andes, with MCS precipitation volume increasing by up to ∼22.2%. Despite consistently enhanced synoptic‐scale low‐level jets in future scenarios, changes in low‐level dynamic convergence are inhomogeneous and predominantly influence annual precipitation changes. The increased convective available potential energy (CAPE), convective inhibition (CIN), and precipitable water (PW) in a warming climate suppress weak convection, while fostering a more unstable and moisture‐rich atmosphere, facilitating more intense convection and the formation and intensification of heavy precipitation‐producing MCSs. The study highlights the value of convection‐permitting climate simulations in projecting future severe weather hazards and informing climate adaptation strategies, especially in regions characterized by complex terrain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chirality and luminescence are important for both chemistry and biology, which are highly influenced by aggregation. In this work, a pair of metalated tetraphenylethylene(TPE)‐based organic cage enantiomers are reported, which feature a quadrangular prismatic cage structure. These homochiral cages exhibit concentration‐dependent chiral behaviors alongside a propensity for thermodynamic aggregation. Aggregation caused quench effect is found for these cages accompanying the increasing of the concentrations. When a poor solvent is added to produce a kinetical aggregation, the aggregation‐annihilation circular dichroism and aggregation‐induced emission behaviors are observed for these enantiomeric cages. By comparing these observations with the photophysical behaviors of a pair of structurally similar organic molecular enantiomers, the unique photophysical properties observed are intricately linked to the metal‐integrated TPE‐functionalized cage structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with two planetary boundary layer schemes, ACM2 and MYNN, convection‐permitting model (CPM) regional climate simulations were conducted for a 6‐year period, including a one‐year spin‐up period, at a 15‐km grid spacing covering entire South America and a nested convection‐permitting 3‐km grid spacing covering the Peruvian central Andes region. These two CPM simulations along with a 4‐km simulation covering South America produced by National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), three gridded precipitation products, and rain gauge data in Peru and Brazil, are used to document the characteristics of precipitation and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the Peruvian central Andes region. Results show that all km‐scale simulations generally capture the spatiotemporal patterns of precipitation and MCSs at both seasonal and diurnal scales, although biases exist in aspects such as precipitation intensity and MCS frequency, size, propagation speed, and associated precipitation intensity. The 3‐km simulation using MYNN scheme generally outperforms the other simulations in capturing seasonal and diurnal precipitation over the mountain, while both it and the 4‐km simulation demonstrate superior performance in the western Amazon Basin, based on the comparison to the gridded precipitation products and gauge data. Dynamic factors, primarily low‐level jet and terrain‐induced uplift, are the key drivers for precipitation and MCS genesis along the east slope of the Andes, while thermodynamic factors control the precipitation and MCS activity in the western Amazon Basin and over elevated mountainous regions. The study suggests model improvements and better model configurations for future regional climate projections. Plain Language Summary: We ran high‐resolution model simulations at a 3‐km grid spacing with ACM2 and MYNN planetary boundary layer schemes for a 6‐year period, including a 1‐year spin‐up, to investigate precipitation and storm patterns in the Peruvian central Andes region. Other data sets including a 4‐km simulation produced by National Center for Atmospheric Research, three gridded precipitation products, and rain gauge data in Peru and Brazil were collected for comparison and evaluation. We found that all km‐scale simulations capture overall patterns of precipitation and storms at both seasonal and sub‐daily time scales, although some discrepancies exist in precipitation intensity and storm details. Compared to the gridded precipitation products and gauge data, the 3‐km simulation using MYNN scheme generally outperforms the other simulations in capturing seasonal and diurnal precipitation over the mountain, while both it and the 4‐km simulation demonstrate superior performance in the western Amazon Basin. Low‐level wind and terrain‐induced uplift are the key drivers for precipitation and storm genesis along the Andes' eastern slopes, while factors associated with vertical structures of temperature and humidity control the precipitation and storm activity in the western Amazon Basin and mountain regions. The study suggests model improvements and better model configurations for future regional climate projections. Key Points: Characteristics of precipitation and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the Peruvian Central Andes are investigated based on convection‐permitting simulationsWRF3km_MYNN outperforms in simulating mountain precipitation; both it and WRF4km_SAAG show superior performance in western AmazonDynamic factors dominate precipitation and MCSs on the Andean east slope, while thermodynamic factors are dominant in western Amazon Basin [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The repair and regeneration of cartilage is a challenge for scientists and clinical surgery. Achieving cell adhesion and regeneration, anti‐inflammatory, lubrication, targeted drug delivery and controlled release simultaneously in cartilage treatment are the goals of researchers. Polymer composites and hybrids have the potential to realize above functions in cartilage tissue engineering. This review refers to cartilage injuries, current clinical techniques, and their benefits and limitations, focusing on the most relevant and state of art of advanced polymers for cartilage tissue engineering. The frontier applications of multifunctional polymer composites and hybrids in cartilage tissue engineering are discussed in depth, including polymer scaffold, polymer bio‐lubricant, and zwitterionic polymer for drug delivery and sustained drug release. A summary of comprehensive properties of polymers such as processability, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, cytotoxicity, etc., and their mechanisms are analyzed. Furthermore, some key challenges and outstanding concerns on polymer‐based materials for cartilage tissue engineering are presented followed by future perspectives. Highlights: The state of art of advanced polymers for cartilage tissue engineering.The advanced bionic property and mechanism of polymer composites and hybrids.Polymers for scaffold, biolubricant, drug delivery, sustained drug release.Future perspectives on polymer composites, hybrids‐based cartilage materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate assessment and effective feedback are crucial for cultivating learners' abilities of collaborative problem‐solving and critical thinking in online inquiry‐based discussions. Based on quantitative content analysis (QCA), there has been a methodological evolvement from descriptive statistics to sequential mining and to network analysis for mining coded discourse data. Epistemic network analysis (ENA) has recently gained increasing recognition for modelling and visualizing the temporal characteristics of online discussions. However, due to methodological restraints, some valuable information regarding online discussion dynamics remains unexplained, including the directionality of connections between theoretical indicators and the trajectory of thinking development. Guided by the community of inquiry (CoI) model, this study extended generic ENA by incorporating directional connections and stanza‐based trajectory tracking. By examining the proposed extensions with discussion data of an online learning course, this study first verified that the extensions are comparable with QCA, indicating acceptable assessment validity. Then, the directional ENA revealed that two‐way connections between CoI indicators could vary over time and across groups, reflecting different discussion strategies. Furthermore, trajectory tracking effectively detected and visualized the fine‐grained progression of thinking. At the end, we summarize several research and practical implications of the ENA extensions for assessing the learning process.Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topicAssessment and feedback are crucial for cultivating collaborative problem‐solving and critical thinking in online inquiry‐based discussions.Cognitive presence is an important construct describing the progression of thinking in online inquiry‐based discussions.Epistemic network analysis is gaining increasing recognition for modelling the temporal characteristics of online inquiries.What this paper addsDirectional connections between discourses can reflect different online discussion strategies of groups and individuals.A pair of connected discourses coded with the community of inquiry model can have different meanings depending on their temporal order.A trajectory tracking approach can uncover the fine‐grained progression of thinking in online inquiry‐based discussions.Implications for practice and/or policyBesides the occurrences of individual discourses, examining the meanings of directional co‐occurrences of discourses in online discussions is worthwhile.Groups and individuals can employ different discussion strategies and follow diverse paths to thought development.Developmental assessment is crucial for understanding how participants achieve specific outcomes and providing adaptive feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Emerging research has investigated the potential impact of several modifiable risk factors on the risks of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the findings did not yield consistent results. This study aimed to comprehensively explore the genetic causality between modifiable risk factors and the susceptibility of RA risk using the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. Methods: Genetic instruments for modifiable risk factors were selected from several genome‐wide association studies at the genome‐wide significance level (p < 5 × 10−8), respectively. Summary‐level data for RA were sourced from a comprehensive meta‐analysis. The causal estimates linking modifiable risk factors to RA risk were assessed using MR analysis with inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR‐Egger, weighted, and weighted median methods. Results: After Bonferroni correction for multiple tests, we found the presence of causality between educational attainment and RA, where there were protective effects of educational attainment (college completion) (odds ratio [OR] = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.36, 0.69, p = 2.87E‐05) and educational attainment (years of education) (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.90, 0.96, p = 4.18E‐06) on the lower RA risks. Nevertheless, smoking initiation was observed to be associated with increased RA risks (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.09, 1.47, p =.002). Moreover, there was no indication of horizontal pleiotropy of genetic variants during causal inference between modifiable risk factors and RA. Conclusions: Our study reveals the genetic causal impacts of educational attainment and smoking on RA risks, suggesting that the early monitoring and recognition of modifiable risk factors would be beneficial for the preventive counseling/treatment strategies for RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While the integration of robot‐based learning in early childhood education has gained increasing attention in recent years, there is still a lack of evidence regarding the impact of AI robots on young children's learning. Objectives: The study explored the effectiveness of two AI education approaches in advancing kindergarteners' computational thinking, sequencing, self‐regulation and theory of mind skills. Methods: An experiment was conducted with 90 kindergarteners (ages 5–6) randomly assigned to either a direct instruction (DI), cooperative play (CP) or control group. Results: Results show that (1) children in all three groups had significant improvements on computational thinking, sequencing and self‐regulation; (2) both early AI education approaches (CP and DI) significantly enhance young children's computational thinking, sequencing, self‐regulation and theory of mind skills; (3) the DI group had significant higher improvement than the CP group on computational thinking; (4) the CP group exhibited greater enhancements in theory of mind skills than the DI group. Conclusion: These findings jointly demonstrate that each AI educational approach has unique strengths, underscoring the significance of designing new pedagogies to expand children's skills. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic?: Artificial intelligence (AI) has become an integral part of the modern world.The integration of robot‐based learning in early childhood education has gained increasing attention in recent years. What this paper adds?: The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of an AI robot for promoting computational thinking, sequencing, self‐regulation and theory of mind skills of kindergarten children.The study explored the effectiveness of two AI education approaches in advancing kindergarteners' computational thinking, sequencing, self‐regulation and theory of mind skills. Implications for practice and/or policy: These findings jointly demonstrate that each AI educational approach has unique strengths, underscoring the significance of designing new pedagogies to expand children's skills.The conclusions drawn from this research carry weighty implications, encouraging educators and research scholars to traverse new pathways for cultivating crucial competencies in young children, leveraging the power of early AI education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Donor‐specific HLA antibody (DSA) has been recognised as an independent risk factor for graft failure in patients undergoing haploidentical haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HID HSCT). Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), as a first‐line strategy for DSA desensitisation, can promptly reduce serum DSA levels. This study aimed to investigate DSA characteristics and identify a biomarker predicting the efficacy of DSA desensitisation in patients proceeding to HID HSCT. We retrospectively enrolled 32 patients with DSA from April 2021 to January 2024, and analysed the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) value of DSA at the different time points of desensitisation treatment. Compared with baseline DSA level before TPE, the median MFI of HLA class I DSA was reduced from 8178.6 to 795.3 (p < 0.001), and HLA class II DSA decreased from 6210.9 to 808.8 (p < 0.001) after TPE. The DSA level in 1:16 diluted pre‐TPE serum correlated well with DSA value in post‐TPE serum (class I, r = 0.85, p < 0.0001; class II, r = 0.94, p < 0.0001), predicting TPE efficacy in 84.4% of patients. Based on the degree of DSA reduction after TPE, patients were divided into complete responders (decreased by >70%), partial responders (decreased by 30 to 70%) and non‐responders (decreased by <30%) and the percentages were 43.8%, 25% and 31.2%, respectively. Non‐responders receiving aggressive immunotherapy had longer overall survival compared to those receiving standard strategies (p < 0.05). The 1:16 diluted pre‐TPE serum may predict the efficacy of TPE and allow for more rational immunotherapy strategy for patients with DSA proceeding to HID HSCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the trajectory tracking control for a perturbed wheeled mobile robot (WMR) with slipping and skidding. The external disturbances and uncertainties caused by the slipping and skidding compose the "total" disturbance. By analyzing the stable state of the controlled system, the WMR reference model driven by a favorable disturbance is constructed. This article proposes an enhanced extended state observer (EESO) to reckon the difference between the "total" disturbance and the favorable disturbance. Then, a practical prescribed time tracking method is developed. By introducing a time‐dependent scaling function, the initial value restriction can be relaxed, and the peaking phenomenon caused by the EESO can be tolerated. With the proposed EESO and the prescribed time tracking controller, the estimation error is input‐to‐state stable, and the tracking control of WMR with global prescribed performance is achieved. Simulation results show the advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud computing provide services dynamically according to the contract between service providers and users. However, Inappropriateness of scheduling task on VMs can lead huge resource waste and load unbalance, which becomes a seriously challenging problem. Current Swarm intelligence algorithms like genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) are combination of random initialization and local search algorithm. It avoids inconsistent results for different problem instances. However, existing Swarm intelligence works sometimes search the optima without analysing task scheduling situations comprehensively, global search efficiency is low and convergence is too early. In this paper, we propose SNSK‐IPSO algorithm, which develops as a two‐phases algorithm: enumerating all distributed solutions between VMs and tasks, finding the optimal solution through IPSO. It not only minimizes the execution time, but also improves resource utilization and load balance. Several experiments demonstrate that our novel algorithm outperforms others in terms of achieving load balance, higher resource utilization and lower execution times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue fever is a mosquito‐borne viral disease caused by the dengue virus (DENV). It poses a public health threat globally and, while most people with dengue have mild symptoms or are asymptomatic, approximately 5% of affected individuals develop severe disease and need hospital care. However, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying dengue infection and the interaction between the virus and its host remains limited. In the present study, we performed a quantitative proteomic and N‐glycoproteomic analysis of serum from 19 patients with dengue and 11 healthy people. The results revealed distinct proteomic and N‐glycoproteomic landscapes between the two groups. Notably, we report for the first time the changes in the serum N glycosylation pattern following dengue infection and provide abundant information on glycoproteins, glycosylation sites, and intact N‐glycopeptides using recently developed site‐specific glycoproteomic approaches. Furthermore, a series of key functional pathways in proteomic and N‐glycoproteomic were identified. Collectively, our findings significantly improve understanding of host and DENV interactions and the general pathogenesis and pathology of DENV, laying a foundation for functional studies of glycosylation and glycan structures in dengue infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hairy tofu is a famous Chinese snack that is made from soybeans and rich in various nutrients. In order to further explore the antioxidant peptides of hairy tofu hydrolysates, seven proteases were used to hydrolyze hairy tofu. The results of in vitro radical scavenging activity showed that hairy tofu hydrolysates obtained by pancreatin exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. After Sephadex G‐25 gel filtration and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC), 97 peptides were identified in the most antioxidant fraction using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Among them, nine peptides were synthesized and their antioxidant activities were assessed using a H2O2‐induced oxidative 293T cell model. Finally, four peptides (QCESHK, LAWNEGR, NLQGENEWDQK, and FTEMWR) at concentrations of < 50 μg/ml significantly decreased the malondialdehyde content compared with the model group, displaying in vivo antioxidant activity and low cytotoxicity. Overall, this research provided the choice of using hairy tofu peptides as antioxidant products in the pharmaceutical and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enrofloxacin (ENR) residues in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) often exceed the standard due to excessive use. This study explored the pharmacokinetics of ENR and its metabolite ciprofloxacin (CIP) in yellow catfish following a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight via intramuscular injection (IM), oral gavage (PO), or a 5‐h drug bath at 10 mg/L and 25°C. High‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry was used to determine the ENR and CIP concentrations in various tissues. The highest ENR concentration occurred with IM administration, peaking at 4.124 mg/L in the plasma, 8.359 mg/kg in the kidney, 6.272 mg/kg in the liver, and 5.192 mg/kg in the muscle. However, PO administration resulted in the longest metabolic time, with elimination half‐lives of 56.47 h in plasma, 86.43 h in the kidney, 76.25 h in the liver, and 64.75 h in muscle. Additionally, the area under the concentration–time curve values for IM, PO, and bath administration in yellow catfish plasma were 108.36, 88.96, and 22.08 mg·h/L, respectively. These results indicate the effectiveness of all three administration methods in treating bacterial diseases in yellow catfish. The selection of an appropriate administration method depends on the minimal inhibitory concentration of ENR against pathogenic bacteria. Yellow catfish subjected to PO and IM administration require longer resting periods before they can be marketed than those receiving drug bath administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The recommended treatment for limited‐stage small‐cell lung cancer (LS‐SCLC) is a combination of thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) and etoposide plus cisplatin (EP) chemotherapy, typically administered over 4–6 cycles. Nonetheless, the optimal duration of chemotherapy is still not determined. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of patients with LS‐SCLC who received either 6 cycles or 4–5 cycles of EP chemotherapy combined with TRT. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective analysis, we utilized data from our prior prospective trial to analyze the outcomes of 265 LS‐SCLC patients who received 4–6 courses of EP combined with concurrent accelerated hyperfractionated TRT between 2002 and 2017. Patients were categorized into two groups depending on their number of chemotherapy cycles: 6 or 4–5 cycles. To assess overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS), we employed the Kaplan–Meier method after conducting propensity score matching (PSM). Results: Among the 265 LS‐SCLC patients, 60 (22.6%) received 6 cycles of EP chemotherapy, while 205 (77.4%) underwent 4–5 cycles. Following PSM (53 patients for each group), the patients in the 6 cycles group exhibited a significant improvement in OS and PFS in comparison to those in the 4–5 cycles group [median OS: 29.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.6–53.1 months) vs. 22.7 months (95% CI, 20.8–29.1 months), respectively, p = 0.019; median PFS: 17.9 months (95% CI, 13.7–30.5 months) vs. 12.0 months (95% CI, 9.8–14.2 months), respectively, p = 0.006]. The two‐year and five‐year OS rates were 60.38% and 29.87% in the 6 cycles group, whereas 47.17% and 15.72% in the 4–5 cycles group, respectively. Conclusion: Patients diagnosed with LS‐SCLC who were treated with EP regimen chemotherapy combined with TRT exhibited notably enhanced survival when administered 6 cycles of chemotherapy, as compared to those who underwent only 4–5 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We aimed to investigate the level of undergraduate nursing students' professional identity (PI) during the COVID‐19 pandemic and its potential influences. Methods: This cross‐sectional study included 742 undergraduate nursing students from Chengdu Medical College. Basic demographics, personal characteristics and PI score were collected. Chi‐squared test, one‐way analysis of variance, and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: In the classes of 2019, 2020, and 2021, the PI score was 96.85 ± 18.26, 105.37 ± 17.46, 106.67 ± 22.08 (P <.001). PI score was the independent predictive factor for both "want to be a nurse" and "willingness to serve during COVID‐19 or other pandemics". Conclusions: PI contributes greatly to nursing students' willingness to be a nurse and overcome pandemics. The challenge of culturing PI during COVID‐19 pandemic revealed the necessity of developing individual management strategies for nursing education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chiral sillenite Bi25FeO40 exhibits versatile properties including electro‐optics, magneto‐optics, optical rotation, and photorefraction, showing great potential in multi‐functional magneto‐optical devices. However, the weak magnetism of this crystal leads to a poor magneto‐optical property, which is extremely hindering its practical applications. Combining with the sillenite structure, the formation energy and the magnetic‐optical effect are calculated based on density functional theory. The codoping of strongly magnetic Co and Fe ions is predicted to enable high doping concentrations. The hybridization between Bi 6p orbitals and Fe/Co 3d orbitals significantly enhances the optical transition and thus greatly improves the magneto‐optical properties. The millimeter‐sized Bi26‐x‐yCoxFeyO40 crystals are successfully prepared by hydrothermal methods. The characterizations on structure, TG‐DSC, magnetism, and magneto‐optical effect confirm the theoretical predictions that the Co‐Fe codoped crystals maintain the chiral bismuth ferrite structure with multifunctional properties and high thermal stability. The Co‐Fe codoping significantly enhances the magnetism and magneto‐optical properties of Bi25FeO40 crystal. The magnetization of Bi19.0Co3.5Fe3.5O40 increases by 27 times and the magneto‐optical effect of Bi19.8Co3.0Fe3.2O40 at 720, 777, 1288, 1388, and 1790 nm are greater than Bi:YIG and undoped Bi25FeO40. Bi26‐x‐yCoxFeyO40 crystals with enhanced magneto‐optical properties by Co‐Fe codoping are promising for novel multifunctional magneto‐optical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs and vaccines for coronaviruses, with a focus on the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein. The researchers designed three truncated peptides based on the structural characteristics of the N protein and evaluated their cytotoxicity and antiviral effects. The peptides showed promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity and also demonstrated inhibitory effects against other coronaviruses. The study analyzed the affinity and binding sites of the peptides with the N proteins through surface plasmon resonance and molecular docking analysis. The results suggest that these peptides have potential as antiviral agents and provide insights into the antiviral strategy targeting the N protein. [Extracted from the article]

A method was established for the simultaneous determination of furosine, furanone, and four furfural compounds (5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, furyl methyl ketone, and methyl furfural) in complementary rice, flour, and noodles for infants and young children by high performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. The sample was extracted using oxalic acid aqueous solution as a solvent, and the protein was removed using trichloroacetic acid. Then the six Maillard reaction products were separated by an Eclipse XDB‐C18 column with a gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min using acetonitrile‐0.1% trifluoroacetic acid solution as the mobile phase, detected by a diode array detector and quantified by external standard method. The linear ranges of the six Maillard reaction products were 250–20000 μg/100 g with the correlation coefficients greater than 0.999, and the limits of quantification ranged from 250 to 1000 μg/100 g (S/N ≥ 10). The recoveries of the six Maillard reaction products ranged from 71.2% to 100% with a relative standard deviation of 0.9%–4.9%. The real sample analysis results showed that 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural was detected in two cookie samples, the contents of which were 335 μg/100 g and 436 μg/100 g, respectively. There are no studies on the detection of the six Maillard reaction products in rice, flour, and noodles in the previous reports. The established method provided reference for the quantification of expiration date in complementary rice, flour, and noodles for infants and young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Text-independent speaker verification (TI-SV) is a crucial task in speaker recognition, as it involves verifying an individual's claimed identity from speech of arbitrary content without any human intervention. The target for TI-SV is to design a discriminative network to learn deep speaker embedding for speaker idiosyncrasy. In this paper, we propose a deep speaker embedding learning approach of a hybrid deep neural network (DNN) for TI-SV in FM broadcasting. Not only acoustic features are utilized, but also phoneme features are introduced as prior knowledge to collectively learn deep speaker embedding. The hybrid DNN consists of a convolutional neural network architecture for generating acoustic features and a multilayer perceptron architecture for extracting phoneme features sequentially, which represent significant pronunciation attributes. The extracted acoustic and phoneme features are concatenated to form deep embedding descriptors for speaker identity. The hybrid DNN demonstrates not only the complementarity between acoustic and phoneme features but also the temporality of phoneme features in a sequence. Our experiments show that the hybrid DNN outperforms existing methods and delivers a remarkable performance in FM broadcasting TI-SV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is long been suggested that one‐carbon metabolism (OCM) is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas the potential mechanisms remain poorly understood. Taking advantage of chemical biology, that mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT2) directly regulated the translation of ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10 (ADAM10), a therapeutic target for AD is reported. That the small‐molecule kenpaullone (KEN) promoted ADAM10 translation via the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) and improved cognitive functions in APP/PS1 mice is found. SHMT2, which is identified as a target gene of KEN and the 5′UTR‐interacting RNA binding protein (RBP), mediated KEN‐induced ADAM10 translation in vitro and in vivo. SHMT2 controls AD signaling pathways through binding to a large number of RNAs and enhances the 5′UTR activity of ADAM10 by direct interaction with GAGGG motif, whereas this motif affected ribosomal scanning of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) in the 5′UTR. Together, KEN exhibits therapeutic potential for AD by linking OCM with RNA processing, in which the metabolic enzyme SHMT2 "moonlighted" as RBP by binding to GAGGG motif and promoting the 5′UTR‐dependent ADAM10 translation initiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Inflammation has emerged as a prominent risk factor for cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). However, the specific association between various inflammatory biomarkers and the development of CSVD remains unclear. Serine proteinase inhibitor A3 (SERPINA3), Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9), Tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein‐1 (MCP‐1) are several inflammatory biomarkers that are potentially involved in the development of CSVD. In this present study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between candidate molecules and CSVD features. Method: The concentration of each biomarker was measured in 79 acute ischemic stroke patients admitted within 72 h after symptom onset. The associations between blood levels of inflammatory markers and CSVD score were investigated, as well as each CSVD feature, including white matter hyperintensities (WMH), lacunes, and enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS). Results: The mean age was 69.0 ± 11.8 years, and 65.8% of participants were male. Higher SERPINA3 level (>78.90 ng/mL) was significantly associated with larger WMH volume and higher scores on Fazekas's scale in all three models. Multiple regression analyses revealed the linear association between absolute WMH burden and SERPINA3 level, especially in model 3 (β = 0.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.04–0.24;p =0.008). Restricted cubic spline regression demonstrated a dose–response relationship between SERPINA3 level and larger WMH volume (p nonlineariy = 0.0366 and 0.0378 in model 2 and mode 3, respectively). Using a receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curve, plasma SERPINA3 level of 64.15 ng/mL distinguished WMH >7.8 mL with the highest sensitivity and specificity (75.92% and 60%, respectively, area under curve [AUC] = 0.668, p = 0.0102). No statistically significant relationship has been found between other candidate biomarkers and CSVD features. Conclusion: In summary, among four inflammatory biomarkers that we investigated, SERPINA3 level at baseline was associated with WMH severity, which revealed a novel biomarker for CSVD and validated its relationship with inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water vapor transport associated with latent heat flux (LE) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is critical for the atmospheric hydrological cycle, radiation balance, and cloud formation. The spatiotemporal variability of LE and water vapor mixing ratio (rv) are poorly understood due to the scale‐dependent and nonlinear atmospheric transport responses to land surface heterogeneity. Here, airborne in situ measurements with the wavelet technique are utilized to investigate scale‐dependent relationships among LE, vertical velocity (w) variance (σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$), and rv variance (σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$) over a heterogeneous surface during the Chequamegon Heterogeneous Ecosystem Energy‐balance Study Enabled by a High‐density Extensive Array of Detectors 2019 (CHEESEHEAD19) field campaign. Our findings reveal distinct scale distributions of LE, σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$, and σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$ at 100 m height, with a majority scale range of 120 m–4 km in LE, 32 m–2 km in σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$, and 200 m–8 km in σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$. The scales are classified into three scale ranges, the turbulent scale (8–200 m), large‐eddy scale (200 m–2 km), and mesoscale (2–8 km) to evaluate scale‐resolved LE contributed by σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$ and σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$. The large‐eddy scale in PBL contributes over 70% of the monthly mean total LE with equal parts (50%) of contributions from σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$ and σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$. The monthly temporal variations mainly come from the first two major contributing classified scales in LE, σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$, and σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$. These results confirm the dominant role of the large‐eddy scale in the PBL in the vertical moisture transport from the surface to the PBL, while the mesoscale is shown to contribute an additional ∼20%. This analysis complements published scale‐dependent LE variations, which lack detailed scale‐dependent vertical velocity and moisture information. Plain Language Summary: The vertical water vapor transport in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), and the associated latent heat flux (LE), are critical for the atmospheric hydrological cycle, radiation balance, and cloud formation. However, the vertical moisture transport varies nonlinearly at multiple scales due to the land surface heterogeneity across multiple properties. This study investigates the scale‐resolved impact of water vapor and vertical velocity on LE, using data collected aboard an atmospheric research aircraft flying low above the surface in summer over northern Wisconsin during the CHEESEHEAD19 campaign. This study finds that LE and water vapor variance is largest at the large‐eddy scale in PBL and at the mesoscale. In contrast, vertical velocity variance is primarily present in turbulent and large‐eddy scales in PBL. This study confirms the significant role of the large‐eddy scale in PBL in contributing to the majority of the vertical moisture transport from the surface to the PBL top. These findings provide better insight into the factors influencing LE at different scales. Key Points: The scale‐dependent distribution of latent heat flux, vertical velocity variance, and water vapor variance at 100 m over a heterogeneous surface is describedIn the large‐eddy scale, 70% of total latent heat flux is contributed by 50% of total vertical velocity variance and 50% of total water vapor varianceThe large‐eddy scale contributes most of the vertical moisture transport from the surface to the Planetary Boundary Layer [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with early cognitive impairment in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients and to describe short‐term recovery trajectories among ICH patients with early cognitive impairment. Methods: We prospectively enrolled ICH patients without baseline dementia in our institutions. Cognitive function was assessed using mini‐mental state examination (MMSE), and functional outcome was evaluated at discharge, 3, and 6 months after symptoms onset using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). We used multinomial logistic regression models to investigate potential risk factors and generalized linear models to analyze the functional outcome data. Results: Out of 181 patients with ICH, 167 were included in the final analysis. Early cognitive impairment occurred in 60.48% of patients with ICH. Age (odds ratio [OR] per 1‐year increase, 1.037; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.003–1.071; p = 0.034), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (OR per 1‐point increase, 1.146; 95% CI, 1.065–1.233; p < 0.001) and lobar ICH location (OR, 4.774; 95% CI, 1.810–12.593; p = 0.002) were associated with early cognitive impairment in ICH patients. Patients with ≥10 years of education were less likely to experience early cognitive impairment (OR, 0.323; 95% CI, 0.133–0.783; p = 0.012). Participants with early cognitive impairment had a higher risk of poor outcome (OR, 4.315; 95% CI, 1.503–12.393; p = 0.005) than those without. Furthermore, there was a significantly faster functional recovery rate for those without early cognitive impairment compared with those with at 3 and 6 months (p < 0.05). Interpretation: Early cognitive impairment was prevalent and associated with poor outcomes in ICH patients, which decelerated short‐term functional recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of self-assembled small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in lung cancer treatment. The study found that the siRNA treatment effectively lowered EGFR protein and mRNA levels in tumors, leading to tumor apoptosis. Importantly, the treatment showed minimal toxicity in normal tissues. The study also evaluated the off-target effects of the siRNA treatment and found that the transcriptome alterations primarily resulted from direct EGFR target silencing in tumor cells. Overall, the research provides promising results for the use of self-assembled siRNA delivery systems in cancer treatment. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: Information on seed persistence and seedling emergence from the soil seed bank is critical for understanding species coexistence and predicting community dynamics. However, quantifying seed persistence in the soil is challenging; thus, its association with other life‐history traits is poorly known on a broad scale.Using germination phenology for 349 species in a 42‐yr experiment, we quantified the persistence–emergence correlations and their associations with intrinsic regeneration traits using Bayesian phylogenetic multilevel models.We showed no trade‐off between seed persistence and seedling emergence. Physically dormant seeds were more persistent but exhibited lower emergence than nondormant seeds. Monocarpic species had both higher persistence and emergence than polycarpic species. Seed mass posed a marginal proxy for persistence, while emergence almost doubled from the smallest to the largest seeds.This study challenges the traditional assumption and is the first demonstration of noncorrelation between persistence and emergence, probably owing to the complexity of regenerative strategies. Species with short persistence and low emergence would be the most vulnerable for in situ conservation. Our analyses of this unique, long‐term dataset provide a strong incentive for further experimental studies and a rich data resource for future syntheses. See also the Commentary on this article by Meitzel, 241: 521–522. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous grafts facilitate constructive remodeling of blood vessels. Incorporating multiple biomimetic cues to porous grafts can promote vascular regeneration. However, the fabrication of such medical devices remains challenging. Here, beta‐sheet rich silk nanofibers (BSN) are added to poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solution and aggregated under a cylindric electric field to form circumferentially and axially oriented tubular structures, to simulate the endothelial and media layers of blood vessels. PVA in the aligned tubes is then crystallized through repeat freezing–thawing process to offer mechanical performances. Through tuning the ratio of BSN and PVA, the composite tubes with dual anisotropic microstructures exhibit better mechanical properties than pure PVA vascular grafts. Significantly improved cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and alignment are achieved. Both endothelial and smooth muscle cells show improved biological activity on the grafts due to the regulatory roles of the aligned structures. In vivo studies reveal the formation of endothelial layers within four weeks of implantation, ensuring long‐term patency. The endothelial and smooth muscle double layers are regenerated after eight months postimplantation, forming hierarchical microstructures and compositions similar to native vessels. The porous composite grafts with multiple aligned structures guide vascular remodeling to regenerate blood vessels, demonstrating potential for clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cognitive impairment frequently occurs in patients with brain metastases (BM) after whole‐brain radiotherapy (WBRT). It is crucial to explore the underlying mechanisms of cognitive impairment in BM patients receiving WBRT. Purpose: To detect brain microstructural alterations in patients after WBRT by neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), and evaluate the performance of microstructural alterations in predicting cognitive impairment. Study Type: Prospective. Population: Twenty‐six patients (seven female; mean age, 60.9 years). Field Strength/Sequence: 3‐T, multi‐shell diffusion‐weighted single‐shot echo‐planar sequence. Three‐dimensional magnetization‐prepared rapid acquisition with gradient echo sequence. Assessment: Mini‐mental state examination (MMSE) evaluations were conducted prior to, following, 1 and 3 months after WBRT. The diffusion data were collected twice, 1 week before and 1 week after WBRT. NODDI analysis was conducted to assess microstructural alterations in whole brain (orientation dispersion index, neurite density index, volume fraction of isotropic water molecules). Reliable change indices (RCI) of MMSE were used to measure cognitive decline. The performance of support vector machine models based on NODDI parameters and clinical features (prednisone usage, tumor volume, etc.) in predicting MMSE‐RCI was evaluated. Statistical Tests: Paired t‐test to assess alterations of NODDI measures and MMSE during follow‐up. Statistical significance level of P‐value <0.05. Results: Significantly decreased MMSE score was found at 3 months after WBRT. After WBRT, corpus callosum, medial prefrontal cortex, limbic lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, putamen, globus pallidus lentiform, and thalamus demonstrated damage in NODDI parameters. The predicted MMSE‐RCI based on NODDI features was significantly associated with the measured MMSE‐RCI at 1 month (R = 0.573; P = 0.003) and 3 months (R = 0.687; P < 0.0001) after WBRT. Data Conclusion: Microstructural alterations in several brain regions including the middle prefrontal and limbic cortexes were observed in patients with BM following WBRT, which may contribute to subsequent cognitive decline. Evidence Level: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The short‐tandem‐repeats (STR) profiles of MGc80‐3 and HeLa partially overlap, raising suspicion of contamination in the MGc80‐3 cell line. However, there has not been any relevant study demonstrating whether MGc80‐3 was fully replaced by HeLa cells, just mixed with HeLa cells (co‐existing), or was a somatic hybrid with HeLa cells. In addition to STR profiling, various approaches, including single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyping, polymerase chain reaction, screening for human papillomaviruses type 18 (HPV‐18) fragment, chromosome karyotyping, pathological examination of xenografts, tissue‐specific‐90‐gene expression signature and high‐throughput RNA sequencing were used to determine the nature of MGc80‐3. Our study found that the abnormal STR profile, partially overlapping with that of HeLa cells (64.62% to 71.64%), could not verify MGc80‐3 as a HeLa cell line. However, the STR 13.3 repeat allele in the D13S317 locus that seemed to be unique to HeLa cells was detected in MGc80‐3. Almost all the MGc80‐3 cells exhibited HPV‐18 fragments in the genome as well as certain HeLa marker chromosomes, such as M7 and M12. The molecular assay of the 90‐gene expression signature still considered MGc80‐3 as a stomach cancer using an algorithmic analysis. The expression pattern of multiple genes in MGc80‐3 was quite different from that in HeLa cells, which showed that certain characteristics belonged to gastric cancer cell lines. High throughput RNA sequencing showed the distinct patterns of gene expression in MGc80‐3. In conclusion, MGc80‐3 cell line is a somatic hybrid with HeLa cells rather than a pure gastric cancer cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: MicroRNAs (miRs) are involved in endogenous neurogenesis, enhancing of which has been regarded as a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke treatment; however, whether miR‐199a‐5p mediates postischemic neurogenesis remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the proneurogenesis effects of miR‐199a‐5p and its possible mechanism after ischemic stroke. Methods: Neural stem cells (NSCs) were transfected using Lipofectamine 3000 reagent, and the differentiation of NSCs was evaluated by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify the target gene of miR‐199a‐5p. MiR‐199a‐5p agomir/antagomir were injected intracerebroventricularly. The sensorimotor functions were evaluated by neurobehavioral tests, infarct volume was measured by toluidine blue staining, neurogenesis was detected by immunofluorescence assay, and the protein levels of neuronal nuclei (NeuN), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), caveolin‐1 (Cav‐1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured by Western blotting. Results: MiR‐199a‐5p mimic enhanced neuronal differentiation and inhibited astrocyte differentiation of NSCs, while a miR‐199a‐5p inhibitor induced the opposite effects, which can be reversed by Cav‐1 siRNA. Cav‐1 was through the dual‐luciferase reporter assay confirmed as a target gene of miR‐199a‐5p. miR‐199a‐5p agomir in rat stroke models manifested multiple benefits, such as improving neurological deficits, reducing infarct volume, promoting neurogenesis, inhibiting Cav‐1, and increasing VEGF and BDNF, which was reversed by the miR‐199a‐5p antagomir. Conclusion: MiR‐199a‐5p may target and inhibit Cav‐1 to enhance neurogenesis and thus promote functional recovery after cerebral ischemia. These findings indicate that miR‐199a‐5p is a promising target for the treatment of ischemic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: There are no reports of application of inotuzumab ozogamicin (InO) for the treatment of MRD in r/r B‐ALL. We firstly report the efficacy of InO for a patient experienced morphological relapse after HSCT and molecular relapse after CART therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estrogen receptor α (ERα) serves as an essential therapeutic predictor for breast cancer (BC) patients and is regulated by epigenetic modification. Abnormal methylation of cytosine phosphoric acid guanine islands in the estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene promoter could silence or decrease ERα expression. In ERα‐negative BC, we previously found snail family transcriptional repressor 2 (SNAI2), a zinc‐finger transcriptional factor, recruited lysine‐specific demethylase 1 to the promoter to transcriptionally suppress ERα expression by demethylating histone H3 lysine 4 dimethylation (H3K4me2). However, the role of SNAI2 in ERα‐positive BC remains elusive. In this study, we observed a positive correlation between SNAI2 and ESR1 methylation, and SNAI2 promoted ESR1 methylation by recruiting DNA methyltransferase 3 beta (DNMT3B) rather than DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) in ERα‐positive BC cells. Subsequent enrichment analysis illustrated that ESR1 methylation is strongly correlated with cell adhesion and junction. Knocking down DNMT3B could partially reverse SNAI2 overexpression‐induced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, high DNMT3B expression predicted poor relapse‐free survival and overall survival in ERα‐positive BC patients. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the novel mechanisms of the ESR1 methylation mediated with the SNAI2/DNMT3B complex and enhanced awareness of ESR1 methylation's role in promoting epithelial–mesenchymal transition in BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the reduction in anthropogenic emissions due to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) lockdown in China and its impact on air quality have been reported extensively, its impact on ambient carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations is still yet to be assessed. In this study, the impact of emission reductions on spatiotemporal changes of CO2 concentrations during the COVID‐19 pandemic was quantified in the Yangtze River Delta region (YRD), using high‐resolution dynamic emission inventory and the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with the Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (WRF‐VPRM). The simulated CO2 concentrations from dynamic emission inventory shows a better agreement with surface observations compared with the Open‐source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2 and Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research emission, providing confidence in the quantification of CO2 concentrations variations. Our results show that emission reductions during the COVID‐19 pandemic lead to a CO2 decrease by 4.6 ppmv (−1.1%) in Shanghai and 3.1 ppmv (−0.7%) in YRD region. For the column‐averaged CO2 concentrations (denoted as XCO2), it also decreases by 0.20 ppmv (−0.05%) in Shanghai and 0.15 ppmv (−0.04%) in YRD region. Furthermore, emission reductions from transportation and industry are major contributors to the decline in CO2 concentrations at the near surface, accounting for 45.8% (41.1%) and 34.9% (41.0%) in Shanghai (YRD). Our study deepens the understanding of the response of CO2 concentrations to different sectors, which is helpful for emission management and climate adaption policies. Plain Language Summary: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and has a profound impact on global climate change. It kept increasing over the last decades. Although previous studies have investigated the sources and sinks of air pollutants, the variations of CO2 concentrations at regional to national scales remains poorly understood owing to a lack of long‐term observations and limited modeling studies. High‐resolution CO2 emission inventory is in high demand in accurate CO2 simulations. This work integrates a high‐resolution dynamic emission inventory with WRF‐VPRM model to quantify the influence of reduced emissions from different sectors on the spatiotemporal changes of CO2 concentrations during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This modeling system can help to understand the response of CO2 concentrations to emissions and serves as a basis for atmospheric inversion of CO2 emissions. Key Points: High‐resolution CO2 dynamic emission inventory greatly improves CO2 simulations compared with Open‐source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2 and Emission Database for Global Atmospheric ResearchAnthropogenic emission reductions cause CO2 concentrations decrease by 4.6 (3.1) ppmv in Shanghai (Yangtze River Delta) during the COVID‐19 pandemicIndustrial and transportation emissions mainly dominate the reduction in CO2 concentrations at the near surface and vertical altitude [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Schizophrenia is regarded as a brain network or connectome disorder that is associated with neurodevelopment. Children with early‐onset schizophrenia (EOS) provide an opportunity to evaluate the neuropathology of schizophrenia at a very early stage without potential confounding factors. But dysfunction in brain networks of schizophrenia is inconsistent. Purpose: To identify abnormal functional connectivity (FC) in EOS patients and relationships with clinical symptoms, we aimed to reveal neuroimaging phenotypes of EOS. Study Type: Prospective, cross‐sectional. Population: Twenty‐six female/22 male patients (age:14.3 ± 3.45 years) with first‐episode EOS, 27 female/22 male age‐ and gender‐matched healthy controls (HC) (age:14.1 ± 4.32). Field Strength/Sequence: 3‐T, resting‐state (rs) gradient‐echo echo‐planar imaging and three‐dimensional magnetization‐prepared rapid gradient‐echo imaging. Assessment: Intelligence quotient (IQ) was measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale‐Fourth edition for Children (WISC‐IV). The clinical symptoms were evaluated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). FC strength (FCS) from rs functional MRI (rsfMRI) was used to investigate functional integrity of global brain regions. In addition, associations between regionally altered FCS and clinical symptoms in EOS patients were examined. Statistical Tests: Two‐sample t‐test controlling for sample size, diagnostic method, brain volume algorithm, and age of the subjects, Bonferroni correction, Pearson's correlation analysis. A P‐value <0.05 with a minimum cluster size of 50 voxels was considered statistically significant. Results: Compared with HC, EOS patients had significantly lower total IQ scores (IQ:91.5 ± 16.1), increased FCS in the bilateral precuneus, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left thalamus, and left parahippocampus (paraHIP), and decreased FCS in the right cerebellum posterior lobe and right superior temporal gyrus. The PANSS total score of EOS patients (PANSS total score:74.30 ± 7.23) was found to be positively correlated to FCS in the left paraHIP (r = 0.45). Data Conclusion: Our study revealed that disrupted FC of brain hubs illustrate multiple abnormalities in brain networks in EOS patients. Evidence Level: 1 Technical Efficacy Stage: 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sb2S3 is rapidly developed as light absorber material for solar cells due to its excellent photoelectric properties. However, the use of the organic hole transport layer of Spiro‐OMeTAD and gold (Au) in Sb2S3 solar cells imposes serious problems in stability and cost. In this work, low‐cost molybdenum (Mo) prepared by magnetron sputtering is demonstrated to serve as a back electrode in superstrate structured Sb2S3 solar cells for the first time. And a multifunctional layer of Se is inserted between Sb2S3/Mo interface by evaporation, which plays vital roles as: i) soft loading of high‐energy Mo particles with the help of cottonlike‐Se layer; ii) formation of surficial Sb2Se3 on Sb2S3 layer, and then reducing hole transportation barrier. To further alleviate the roll‐over effect, a pre‐selenide Mo target and consequentially form a MoSe2 is skillfully sputtered, which is expected to manipulate the band alignment and render an enhanced holes extraction. Impressively, the device with an optimized Mo electrode achieves an efficiency of 5.1%, which is one of the highest values among non‐noble metal electrode based Sb2S3 solar cells. This work sheds light on the potential development of low‐cost metal electrodes for superstrate Sb2S3 devices by carefully designing the back contact interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of plasma exchange (PE) with or without prednisone and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during pregnancy. Methods: The clinical characteristics of 14 pregnant women with SLE admitted to our hospital were retrospectively analyzed, including 7 only treated with prednisone and HCQ (non‐PE group) as well as 7 combined PE (PE group). The delivery situations of 14 patients were recorded. Data like erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), urine protein, platelet count, and SLEDAI scores were compared between two groups before treatment and 3, 6, and 12 months after delivery. Results: Three patients in the non‐PE group ended in miscarriage while all patients in the PE group were delivered successfully. Eleven successfully delivered fetuses in the two groups were healthy, and the Apgar scores were over 8. The ESR of the PE group was significantly lower than that of the non‐PE group at 6 and 12 months after delivery, while there was no statistical difference in ESR between the two groups before treatment and 3 months after delivery. The ESR and urine protein were significantly higher in the non‐PE group at months 3, 6, and 12 postpartum. There was a significant decrease in disease activity postpartum in the PE group compared to predelivery disease activity. The change in platelet counts between the two groups significantly increased over time in the PE group, while SLEDAI scores decreased. Conclusions: The combination of PE and oral prednisone and HCQ is possibly a more effective treatment than oral prednisone and HCQ alone for patients with active SLE during pregnancy. This treatment option reduces pregnancy loss and promotes the patients' postpartum condition to a certain extent. Key messages: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complicated autoimmune disease, that leads to an increased probability of pregnancy loss and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The use of a small number of immunosuppressants and biological agents during pregnancy probably puts the fetuses' of SLE at risk for teratogenesis. This dramatically limits drug treatment during pregnancy. Plasmapheresis (PE) can effectively remove pathogenic substances in plasma with high molecular weights, such as autoantibodies, immune complexes, and cryoglobulin. In our study, the combination of PE and oral prednisone and HCQ may be a more effective treatment than oral prednisone and HCQ alone for patients with active SLE during pregnancy. To a certain extent, this treatment option reduces pregnancy loss and promotes the patients' postpartum condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the course of literacy development, children learn to recognize word sounds and meanings in print. Yet, they do so differently across alphabetic and character‐based orthographies such as English and Chinese. To uncover cross‐linguistic influences on children's literacy, we asked young Chinese–English simultaneous bilinguals and English monolinguals (N = 119, ages 5–10) to complete phonological and morphological awareness (MA) literacy tasks. Children completed the tasks in the auditory modality in each of their languages during functional near‐infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging. Cross‐linguistically, comparisons between bilinguals' two languages revealed that the task that was more central to reading in a given orthography, such as phonological awareness (PA) in English and MA in Chinese, elicited less activation in the left inferior frontal and parietal regions. Group comparisons between bilinguals and monolinguals in English, their shared language of academic instruction, revealed that the left inferior frontal was less active during phonology but more active during morphology in bilinguals relative to monolinguals. MA skills are generally considered to have greater language specificity than PA skills. Bilingual literacy training in a skill that is maximally similar across languages, such as PA, may therefore yield greater automaticity for this skill, as reflected in the lower activation in bilinguals relative to monolinguals. This interpretation is supported by negative correlations between proficiency and brain activation. Together, these findings suggest that both the structural characteristics and literacy experiences with a given language can exert specific influences on bilingual and monolingual children's emerging brain networks for learning to read. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In‐hospital electrocardiographic (ECG) monitors are typically configured to alarm for premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) due to the potential association of PVCs with ventricular tachycardia (VT). However, no contemporary hospital‐based studies have examined the association of PVCs with VT. Hence, the benefit of PVC monitoring in hospitalized patients is largely unknown. This secondary analysis used a large PVC alarm data set to determine whether PVCs identified during continuous ECG monitoring were associated with VT, in‐hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA), and/or death in a cohort of adult intensive care unit patients. Six PVC types were examined (i.e., isolated, bigeminy, trigeminy, couplets, R‐on‐T, and run PVCs) and were compared between patients with and without VT, IHCA, and/or death. Of 445 patients, 48 (10.8%) had VT; 11 (2.5%) had IHCA; and 49 (11%) died. Isolated and run PVC counts were higher in the VT group (p = 0.03 both), but group differences were not seen for the other four PVC types. The regression models showed no significant associations between any of the six PVC types and VT or death, although confidence intervals were wide. Due to the small number of cases, we were unable to test for associations between PVCs and IHCA. Our findings suggest that we should question the clinical relevance of activating PVC alarms as a forewarning of VT, and more work should be done with larger sample sizes. A more precise characterization of clinically relevant PVCs that might be associated with VT is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes parameterize unresolved turbulent mixing within the PBL and free troposphere (FT). Previous studies reported that precipitation simulation over the Amazon in South America is quite sensitive to PBL schemes and the exact relationship between the turbulent mixing and precipitation processes is, however, not disentangled. In this study, regional climate simulations over the Amazon in January–February 2019 are examined at process level to understand the precipitation sensitivity to PBL scheme. The focus is on two PBL schemes, the Yonsei University (YSU) scheme, and the asymmetric convective model v2 (ACM2) scheme, which show the largest difference in the simulated precipitation. During daytime, while the FT clouds simulated by YSU dissipate, clouds simulated by ACM2 maintain because of enhanced moisture supply due to the enhanced vertical moisture relay transport process: (a) vertical mixing within PBL transports surface moisture to the PBL top, and (b) FT mixing feeds the moisture into the FT cloud deck. Due to the thick cloud deck over Amazon simulated by ACM2, surface radiative heating is reduced and consequently the convective available potential energy is reduced. As a result, precipitation is weaker from ACM2. Two key parameters dictating the vertical mixing are identified, p, an exponent determining boundary layer mixing and λ, a scale dictating FT mixing. Sensitivity simulations with altered p, λ, and other treatments within YSU and ACM2 confirm the precipitation sensitivity. The FT mixing in the presence of clouds appears most critical to explain the sensitivity between YSU and ACM2. Plain Language Summary: Predictions of weather and climate in terms of clouds and precipitation over the Amazon in South America are quite uncertain. This uncertainty has been largely attributed to errors in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) scheme, which represents turbulent mixing. A lack of understanding of the relationship between turbulence, clouds, and precipitation processes prevents us from improving PBL representation in models to achieve better weather and climate simulations. This study disentangles the turbulence/clouds/precipitation relationship, and identifies the root cause of model errors in PBL schemes using regional climate simulations over the Amazon. Two PBL schemes, the Yonsei University (YSU) scheme, and the asymmetric convective model v2 (ACM2) scheme, are examined, which show the largest difference in the simulated precipitation. The main difference between the two PBL schemes is the dissipation (YSU) or maintenance (ACM2) of clouds during daytime above the boundary layer, which modulates surface heating and consequently precipitation. The maintenance of a thick cloud deck over the Amazon in ACM2, is caused by enhanced vertical transport of moisture from the surface to above the boundary layer. Such an improved understanding of the turbulence/clouds/precipitation relationship allow us to propose potential solutions to improve PBL schemes in weather and climate models. Key Points: Disentangle turbulence/cloud/precipitation processes over Amazon and reveal root cause for sensitivity to planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes using the Weather Research and Forecasting modelFree troposphere (FT) mixing becomes prominent in the presence of clouds, which in turn supports maintenance of the FT clouds that would otherwise dissipateStronger vertical moisture relay transport in asymmetric convective model v2 (ACM2) PBL scheme supports thicker FT clouds, leading to reduced heating and precipitation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a compact 5G band N77 bandpass filter (BPF) with multiple zeros is designed based on GaAs integrated passive device (IPD) process. The BPF consists of lumped capacitors and inductors. Hybrid resonator technology which consists of a combination of shunt and series resonant tanks are proposed to produce six transmission zeros in the stopband and significantly improve the filter selectivity. In addition, a series resonator at the output port of the filter was introduced to produce another transmission zero at the upper stopband and further improve the stopband suppression. Meanwhile, to reduce the area and insertion loss of the filter, a stacked inductor is designed by using IPD technology, which can greatly reduce the area and size of the filter. The minimum insertion loss is 1.782 dB. The size of the entire BPF is 1.3 mm × 0.7 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical interferometers are pillars of modern precision metrology, but their resolution is limited by the wavelength of the light source, which cannot be infinitely reduced. Magically, this limitation can be circumvented by using an entangled multiphoton source because interference produced by an N‐photon amplitude features a reduced de Broglie wavelength λ/N$\lambda /N$. However, the extremely low efficiency in multiphoton state generation and coincidence counts actually negates the potential of using multiphoton states in practical measurements. Here, a novel interferometric technique based on structured nonlinear optics is demonstrated, i.e., parametric upconversion of a structured beam, capable of superresolution measurement in real time. The main principle relies in that the orbital angular momentum (OAM) state and associated intramodal phase within the structured beam are both continuously multiplied in cascading upconversion to mimic the superresolved phase evolution of a multiphoton amplitude. Owing to the use of bright sensing beams and OAM mode projection, up to a 12‐photon de Broglie wavelength with almost perfect visibility is observed in real time and, importantly, by using only a low‐cost detector. The results open the door to real‐time superresolution interferometric metrology and provide a promising way toward multiphoton superiority in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HBV-integrated local genomic alterations reveal multicentric independent occurrences of multifocal HCC As such, the HBV-integrated local haplotype would be specific to each tumour clone and could discriminate between the IM and MO.[2] IM implies that all tumour cells develop from the first cancer cell, thus having at least one shared HBV integration event. Dear Editor, We sampled two different HCC tumours from a patient with HBV infection and found different HBV integration events, suggesting multicentric occurrence (MO) rather than intrahepatic metastasis (IM). So we sequenced one more tumour sample (T2) from another lesion of this patient and finally obtained short and long-read sequencing data from T1 and T2. [Extracted from the article]

The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of an anti‐immunoglobulin E monoclonal antibody (omalizumab) in the treatment of allergic asthma (AS). A total of 34 patients with moderate‐to‐severe bronchial asthma admitted to the Respiratory Department of Tianjin First Central Hospital between September 2019 and September 2021 were enrolled in this study. The patients were treated with omalizumab in addition to conventional inhaled corticosteroids + long‐acting β2 agonist treatment. The therapeutic effects before and after the addition of omalizumab were compared. The lung function indicators (ratio of the forced expiratory volume [FEV] in the first second to the forced vital capacity, FEV in the first second, forced expiratory flow [FEF] at 50% of vital capacity, FEF at 75% of vital capacity, and maximum mid‐expiratory flow), fractionated exhaled nitric oxide values, asthma control test scores, rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire scores, and urticaria control test scores were significantly different after 4 months of the regular administration of omalizumab (p < 0.05) compared with before administration. The use of omalizumab had a significant efficacy in the treatment of patients with AS, and the effects were obvious in the subgroups of patients with a combination of AS and atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, and allergic rhinitis. These results indicate that the treatment is worthy of clinical promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Amyloid beta (Aβ) is an important pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) can reduce the production of toxic Aβ by activating the nonamyloidogenic pathway of amyloid precursor protein (APP). We previously found that apicidin, which is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, can promote the expression of ADAM10 and reduce the production of Aβ in vitro. This study was designed to determine the potential of apicidin treatment to reverse learning and memory impairments in an AD mouse model and the possible correlation of these effects with ADAM10. Methods: Nine‐month‐old APP/PS1 mice and C57 mice received intraperitoneal injections of apicidin or vehicle for 2 months. At 11 months of age, we evaluated the memory performance of mice with Morris water maze (MWM) and context fear conditioning tests. The Aβ levels were assessed in mouse brain using the immunohistochemical method and ELISA. The expression of corresponding protein involved in proteolytic processing of APP and the phosphorylation of tau were assessed by Western blotting. Results: Apicidin reversed the deficits of spatial reference memory and contextual fear memory, attenuated the formation of Aβ‐enriched plaques, and decreased the levels of soluble and insoluble Aβ40/42 in APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, apicidin significantly increased the expression of ADAM10, improved the level of sAPPα, and reduced the production of sAPPβ, but did not affect the levels of phosphorylated tau in APP/PS1 mice. Conclusion: Apicidin significantly improves the AD symptoms of APP/PS1 mice by regulating the expression of ADAM10, which may contribute to decreasing the levels of Aβ rather than decreasing the phosphorylation of tau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through McMurry coupling reaction, three meso‐position functionalized pillar[5]arene derivatives (H‐1, H‐2, and H‐3) have been successfully prepared by embedding aggregation‐induced emission luminogens (AIEgens, diphenyldibenzofulvene (DPDBF) and tetraphenylethylene (TPE)) into the skeleton of supramolecular macrocycles. H‐1, bearing [15]paracyclophane ([15]PCP) and DPDBF moiety, exhibits yellow emission and demonstrates obvious AIE effect. In order to further improve the host‐guest properties of this type of structure, H‐2 and H‐3 are prepared by replacing the [15]PCP moiety with pillar[5]arene backbone, both of which show significant AIE effect and excellent host‐guest complexation properties with pyrazine salt guest G‐1 and 1,4‐dicyanobutane G‐2. Our findings indicate that G‐1 can decrease the fluorescence intensity of the AIE macrocycles, while G‐2 can increase their fluorescence intensity in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a need to establish a novel dataset for the development of better Mura quantitative evaluation method. Our proposed Mura simulation and quantitative evaluation (MSQE) dataset consists of Mura simulation images and the corresponding quantitative evaluation values. For the Mura simulation images, the images are described in CIE 1931 XYZ space instead of traditional RGB space to achieve device‐independent on any display panels. For the quantitative evaluation values, the unique subjective quantitative evaluation value for each simulation image is obtained by subjective experiments conducted by different researchers, different observers, and on different panels, so that the uncertainty can be minimized by statistical analysis. The number of samples are growing with more simulation images and corresponding evaluation values being added into the dataset, so that more actual Mura patterns can be included into the dataset. Our proposed MSQE dataset makes it easier to improve the performance of Mura quantitative evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]