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Information about the NMR metabolomics landscape of overall, and common cancers is still limited. Based on a cohort of 83,290 participants from the UK Biobank, we used multivariate Cox regression to assess the associations between each of the 168 metabolites with the risks of overall cancer and 20 specific types of cancer. Then, we applied LASSO to identify important metabolites for overall cancer risk and obtained their associations using multivariate cox regression. We further conducted mediation analysis to evaluate the mediated role of metabolites in the effects of traditional factors on overall cancer risk. Finally, we included the 13 identified metabolites as predictors in prediction models, and compared the accuracies of our traditional models. We found that there were commonalities among the metabolic profiles of overall and specific types of cancer: the top 20 frequently identified metabolites for 20 specific types of cancer were all associated with overall cancer; most of the specific types of cancer had common identified metabolites. Meanwhile, the associations between the same metabolite with different types of cancer can vary based on the site of origin. We identified 13 metabolic biomarkers associated with overall cancer, and found that they mediated the effects of traditional factors. The accuracies of prediction models improved when we added 13 identified metabolites in models. This study is helpful to understand the metabolic mechanisms of overall and a wide range of cancers, and our results also indicate that NMR metabolites are potential biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of UHPC‐NC (normal concrete) structure in the negative moment zone was proposed to improve the bearing capacity of the connection structure in the negative moment zone of prefabricated prestressed concrete (PC) beam bridges. First, the distribution characteristics of the crack, cracking load, ultimate moment, and ductility coefficient of the new structure were obtained by the 1:4 scale model tests. The feasibility of the connection structure is verified. Then, the value ranges of critical structural parameters affecting the bearing capacity of the connection structure based on the plane section assumption analysis, including the reasonable thickness of the UHPC layer, the reinforcement ratio of the longitudinal tensile reinforcement, and the diameter of the reinforcement, are obtained. At the same time, based on the verification of the finite element model, the influence of crucial research parameters on the bending capacity of the connection structure is obtained by using the finite element method. Finally, a theoretical method for the bending moment capacity of the connection structure of the UHPC‐NC structure is proposed, considering the high ductility characteristics of UHPC materials. The average relative error between the calculation results and the finite element method is within 7.2%, which verifies the reliability of the calculation method in this paper and provides a reference for its design and engineering application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane smut caused by Sporisorium scitamineum seriously impairs sugarcane production and quality. Sexual mating/filamentation is a critical step of S. scitamineum pathogenesis, yet the regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we identified the SsAGA, SsODC, and SsSAMDC genes, which are involved in polyamine biosynthesis in S. scitamineum. Deletion of SsODC led to complete loss of filamentous growth after sexual mating, and deletion of SsAGA or SsSAMDC caused reduced filamentation. Double deletion of SsODC and SsSAMDC resulted in auxotrophy for putrescine (PUT) and spermidine (SPD) when grown on minimal medium (MM), indicating that these two genes encode enzymes that are critical for PUT and SPD biosynthesis. We further showed that low PUT concentrations promoted S. scitamineum filamentation, while high PUT concentrations suppressed filamentation. Disrupted fungal polyamine biosynthesis also resulted in a loss of pathogenicity and reduced fungal biomass within infected plants at the early infection stage. SPD formed a gradient from the diseased part to nonsymptom parts of the cane stem, suggesting that SPD is probably favourable for fungal virulence. Mutants of the cAMP–PKA (SsGPA3–SsUAC1–SsADR1) signalling pathway displayed up‐regulation of the SsODC gene and elevated intracellular levels of PUT. SsODC directly interacted with SsGPA3, and sporidia of the ss1uac1ΔodcΔ mutant displayed abundant pseudohyphae. Furthermore, we found that elevated PUT levels caused accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), probably by suppressing transcription of ROS‐scavenging enzymes, while SPD played the opposite role. Overall, our work proves that polyamines play important roles in the pathogenic development of sugarcane smut fungus, probably by collaboratively regulating intracellular redox homeostasis with the cAMP–PKA signalling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interval type‐2 fuzzy Markov jump systems (IT2FMJSs) have received much attention because they can well describe complex nonlinear systems with uncertainties and stochastic system mode switching. However, the transition probabilities of fuzzy MJSs (FMJSs) have been assumed to be completely known, limiting real‐world applications of existing results. Different from the previous studies, transition probabilities between system modes switching are partially unknown, and packet dropouts of data transmission are uncertain in this study. Compared with the previous studies, the main advantages of this work are as follows: (1) To analyze stochastic stability and reduce conservatism of existing approaches, a novel Lyapunov function that depends on both system mode and fuzzy basis function is constructed; (2) the existence of a mode‐dependent and fuzzy‐basis‐dependent state feedback controller is revealed; (3) stochastic stability of closed‐loop system with a desired H∞$$ {H}_{\infty } $$ performance is established, and the problem of incomplete transition probabilities and uncertain packet dropouts has been completely addressed. An illustrative example of a robot arm is used to demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed control strategy. By virtue of the proposed strategy, the effects of incomplete transition probabilities and uncertain packet dropouts on IT2FMJSs have been completely alleviated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to large chiroptical activity and high tunability, dynamic chiral superstructures of plasmonic nanoparticles have attracted great attention. A useful strategy has been developed to obtain strong plasmonic chiroptical responses (plasmonic circular dichroism, PCD) by adding small chiral thiols on achiral side‐by‐side assemblies of gold nanorods (AuNRs). Despite the critical role of chiral thiols, the impact of achiral surface ligands is yet to be revealed. Herein, the effects of achiral surface ligands are systematically investigated from the viewpoints of counter ion, hydrocarbon chain length, and head group of surfactants. A well‐packed ligand shell is found to be beneficial for the chirality transfer and amplification from adsorbed chiral thiols to rod assemblies. The PCD temperature amplification effect is observed by using different surfactant ligands and reflects the energy cost of rod‐twisting in the assemblies. This study deepens the understanding of chiral plasmonic assemblies driven by small chiral molecules and provides rational design to fabricate such assembly structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Whilst statistical knowledge is essential for dental students' academic or professional careers, only a few studies have measured the attitudes of these students towards statistics courses. This study aimed to investigate the attitudes of a cohort of dental students towards a formal statistical course and explore the factors that are potentially related to these attitudes. Methods: A survey was performed amongst dental students of 2017 entry at Fujian Medical University, China. The questionnaire covers three aspects: demographic characteristics, educational background and attitudes towards formal statistics courses. Results: A total of 103 dental students enrolled for the survey, and the response rate was 100.0%. 44.7% of dental students had positive attitudes towards formal statistics courses with an overall average of 25.7 (SD = 2.2, out of 30). Students' computer skills, expectations of course achievement, attention in class and learning atmosphere of the class were significantly associated with the attitudes towards formal statistics courses. Moreover, students with positive attitudes experienced a greater improvement in the statistical cognition and application ability of statistical methods after the course than those with negative/neutral attitudes. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between students' attitudes and achievement in the examination. Conclusion: These results suggest that attitudes are critical to the learning effectiveness in formal statistics courses amongst undergraduate dental students. All the educators involved should monitor the students' attitudes in the teaching process and make effective interventions to improve students' attitudes towards formal statistics courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the association of preoperative lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio (LMR) and overall survival (OS) in patients with oral cancer and develop a dynamic nomogram for individualized survival prediction. Method: The prognostic value of LMR was evaluated in a large‐scale cohort with 651 postoperative patients with oral cancer between January 2010 and December 2017. Propensity score‐matched (PSM) analysis and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis were performed to further verify the prognostic value of LMR. A dynamic nomogram was then developed based on the LMR and clinicopathological features, and its predictive performance and clinical utility were evaluated. Results: A high LMR was significantly associated with better OS of patients with oral cancer (HR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.44–0.98). The similar association was also observed in the PSM and IPTW analyses. Moreover, compared with TNM staging system, the dynamic nomogram based on the LMR exhibited more excellent predictive performance (0.72 versus 0.64, p <.001), with calibration curves (1,000 bootstrap resamples) suggesting good match between the actual and predicted probabilities. Decision curve analyses (DCAs) showed a more significant positive net benefit in the practical ranges of threshold probabilities using the dynamic nomogram. Conclusion: Preoperative LMR may serve as an easily accessible and non‐invasive prognostic biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients with oral cancer. A dynamic nomogram based on the LMR may show more convenience in survival prediction for patients with oral cancer. Further future studies are warranted to confirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer (EC) are still not well understood. Our goal was to investigate the composition of the endometrial microbiota and the association with inflammatory cytokines in EC. Endometrial microbiota profiles of women with EC (n = 25) and benign uterine lesions (BUL, n = 25) were assessed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing. The expression levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), and interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) mRNA and protein in the endometrial tissues of the two groups were determined by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. There were significant differences in alpha diversity based on the observed operational taxonomic units (P =.002), Pielou evenness (P =.001), and Shannon index (P <.001) between EC and BUL groups. Significant differences were also found in Bray‐Curtis (P =.001) and unweighted UniFrac (P =.001) beta diversity measures between the two groups. At the genus level, Micrococcus was more abundant in the EC group. Pseudoramibacter_Eubacterium, Rhodobacter, Vogesella, Bilophila, Rheinheimera, and Megamonas were enriched in the BUL group. There were no differences in IL‐8 and IL‐17 protein levels between the two groups, except IL‐6 protein levels. However, the mRNA expression levels of IL‐6, IL‐8, and IL‐17 were significantly different. Moreover, the relative abundances of Micrococcus was positively correlated with IL‐6, and IL‐17 mRNA levels. In conclusion, our results suggested that dysbiosis of endometrial microbiota and the inflammatory cytokines were associated with Micrococcus in EC patients, which might be useful for exploration of the mechanism between the endometrial microbiota and inflammatory responses in future studies. What's new? The pathogenesis of endometrial cancer most commonly involves excess estrogen, but evidence suggests that the microbiome may also be a risk factor. The composition of the endometrial microbial community in endometrial cancer remains poorly understood. This study found significant differences in microbial diversity between patients with endometrial cancer and benign uterine lesions. Additionally, the results revealed an association between inflammatory cytokines and the endometrial microbiota, and in particular, the genre Micrococcus, in endometrial cancer patients. Altogether, these results pave the way for investigating the role of endometrial microbiota dysbiosis and inflammatory cytokines in endometrial cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) dysregulation leads to malignant progression of lung cancer. Our study profiled differentially expressed lncRNA and mRNA in tumor and normal tissues of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Further, analysis of the gene expression profiles of LUAD tissues (n = 533) and normal tissues (n = 59) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). A total of 138 lncRNAs were differentially expressed between LUAD tissues and normal tissues (false discovery rate [FDR] q < 0.05, fold change (FC) ≥ 2), a number of which are key regulators of multiple cancer and biological processes in humans. For example, lncRNA A2M‐AS1 displayed the highest correlation with the co‐expressed mRNAs, indicating that it might play a key role in regulating differential gene expression in LUAD. The data from the current study of the comprehensive lncRNA expression profile in LUAD tissues provided useful information to guide the identification of potential LUAD biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to analyze the association between exosomal microRNA (miR)‐766‐3p expression levels in serum and the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The serum global exosomal miRNA expression of ESCC patients was measured by microRNA microarray. Quantitative real‐time PCR was used to analyze the expression levels of candidate miRNAs in both serum and tissues from ESCC patients. Wilcoxon tests were applied to evaluate clinical characteristics and their association with serum levels of exosomal miR‐766‐3p. A Cox regression model was used to identify prognostic factors. The effects of miR‐766‐3p expression on cell migration and invasion were examined using Transwell assays, and CCK‐8 assays were carried out to measure cell proliferation. The TNM stage was associated with high serum exosomal miR‐766‐3p levels of ESCC patients (P =.030). Higher serum exosomal miR‐766‐3p expression levels were associated with poor prognosis (for overall survival, hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval (CI)], 2.21 [1.00, 4.87]; for disease‐free survival, HR [95% CI], 2.15 [1.01, 4.59]). However, we found no association between the expression of miR‐766‐3p in tissue and ESCC prognosis. In vitro results showed that miR‐766‐3p promotes cell migration and invasion, but not cell proliferation. By using dual‐luciferase reporter assay, HOXA13 was confirmed as a direct target gene of miR‐766‐3p. The ESCC patients with highly expressed serum exosomal miR‐766‐3p had a significantly worse survival. Therefore, serum exosomal miR‐766‐3p could serve as a prognostic marker for the assessment of ESCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the distributed load frequency control (DLFC) scheme, the compromised areas by attackers may endanger the stable and reliable operation of the entire power system. A credibility‐based secure DLFC strategy is in this work proposed to sustain the stable operation of the power system under false data injection attacks. In this secure DLFC method, the gradient‐variation‐based credibility metrics are defined to detect potential attacked measurements. Then, the communication isolation decisions are made based on the adaptive thresholds. To compensate the impact of the communication isolation of misbehaving areas, predictions of future measurements by using the average gradient variation of stored healthy data are feeded back to the area controller. Simulation results of a four‐area power system show the proposed secure DLFC can identify and cut off the communication of the misbehaving areas and still maintain the stability of the power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new distributed filtering approach is proposed for the load frequency control of uncertain non‐linear power systems with cyber‐physical attacks. Specifically, the non‐linear power system is firstly modelled under interval type‐2 Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy framework and the uncertainty therein is captured by designing corresponding membership functions. Both denial of service cyber attack and physical sensor attack are considered and modelled as independent Bernoulli process. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, less conservative sufficient conditions have been derived to guarantee the robustly mean‐square asymptotic stability with an average H∞ performance standard γ for the dynamic filtering error system. Moreover, artful matrix transformation techniques have been adopted to decouple the intertwined matrix variables in designing the distributed filter gains. In simulations, a three‐area non‐linear power system with internal uncertainties is used to validate the robustness of the proposed distributed filtering strategy to system parametric uncertainties and cyber‐physical attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate whether human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with primary lung cancer among the Fujian population. Methods: HPV infection was detected in 140 pairs of lung cancer tissues and matched paracancerous tissues by examining the 21 clinically relevant HPV types using a combination of viral highly conserved L1 region PCR amplification and specific probe reverse hybridization. Paired χ2 test was used to analyze differences in detection rates of HPV between lung cancer and paracancerous tissues. Differences in detection rates of HPV in lung cancer tissues were analyzed using χ2 test or the exact probability method. The rank sum test was used to analyze differences in the distributions of routine indices of blood and pulmonary function in lung cancer tissues between the HPV negative and positive groups. Results: HPV infection was detected in 13 of the 140 tumor specimens and in 16 of the paired normal lung tissues. There was no significant correlation between HPV infection and lung cancer (P > 0.05). The diagnosed HPV infection rates did not differ significantly among lung cancer tissues with different stratification (P > 0.05). However, the platelet count, platelet pressure, residual gas volume, functional residual volume, and residual gas volume/lung total distribution may differ between HPV‐negative and HPV‐positive lung cancer tissues (0.000625 < P < 0.05). Conclusions: We concluded that HPV infection may not be associated with the risk of primary lung cancer in the Fujian population. However, HPV infection may affect platelet and residual lung function in primary lung cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the present study was to assess the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression profile of oral cancer and clarify the biological functions and clinical value of a novel lncRNA ENST00000470447.1. Method: Microarray assay was used to explore lncRNA expression profiles in three paired oral cancer and adjacent normal tissue samples. The expression of targeted lncRNA (ENST00000545372.1, ENST00000470447.1, and ENST00000412353.1) was validated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Then we evaluated the biological and clinical roles of ENST00000470447.1 in oral cancer by in vitro assays and multivariable Cox regression analysis. Results: LncRNAs were aberrantly expressed in oral cancer tissues. The expression levels of ENST00000470447.1 and ENST00000412353.1 in oral cancer tissues were significantly lower than those in matched adjacent noncancerous tissues (P < .001). in vitro assays indicated that overexpression of ENST00000470447.1 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of Tca‐8113 cells, whereas promoted the apoptosis of Tca‐8113 cells. Furthermore, ENST00000470447.1 expression was significantly correlated with tumor differentiation (P = .030). Cox regression analyses demonstrated that high ENST00000470447.1 expression was associated with better disease‐free survival for patients with oral cancer (hazard ratio: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.06‐0.95; P = .041). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that ENST00000470447.1 can be served as a potential novel marker for recurrence and metastasis prediction of patients with oral cancer, which may provide a potential therapeutic target for oral cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To develop and validate practical prognostic indexes (PIs) for predicting the prognosis and response to postoperative adjuvant therapy in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: A large cohort of 1071 OSCC patients were randomized to either training set (N = 708) or validation set (N = 363). Three types of PIs were developed according to the nomogram scores, β coefficients and excess hazard ratios, respectively. Restricted cubic spline was used to demonstrate the relationship between PIs and the risks of death. Results: First, a nomogram was developed incorporating age at diagnosis, smoking status, clinical stage, tumor differentiation, lymph node status, comorbidity, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio levels. Then, three PIs were established with high survival predictive ability, and were superior to AJCC staging system (all P < .05). The risks of death were escalated continuously with the increasing number of PIs. Interestingly, adjuvant chemoradiotherapy was positively associated with poor overall survival in patients with low PIs, but exerted a beneficial effect on patients with high PIs. Conclusion: Combined nomogram with further established PIs not only predicts the survival probability of OSCC patients, but also continuously quantifies the risk of death. High PIs could predict a beneficial response to adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, whereas low PIs indicate an unfavorable response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Limited evidence exists on the roles of serum copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in oral cancer risk. We aimed to preliminarily explore the association between serum Cu and Zn levels and oral cancer risk with relatively large‐scale samples. Methods: Serum Cu and Zn levels of 344 oral cancer patients and 1,122 matched healthy controls in this case–control study were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Results: Restricted cubic spline revealed the U‐shaped relationship between serum Cu or Zn levels and the risk of oral cancer. Serum deficient or elevated levels of Cu were significantly associated with the risk of oral cancer: The ORs were 1.38 (95% CI: 1.01–1.89) and 2.82 (95% CI: 1.60–4.98), respectively. The positive association of serum low or high levels of Zn with oral cancer risk was also observed: The ORs were 2.72 (95% CI: 1.60–4.62) and 12.41 (95% CI: 9.09–16.93), respectively. Additionally, there were multiplicative interactions between the aforementioned trace elements and smoking. Conclusions: This preliminary study suggests that both serum excess and deficient levels of Cu or Zn were significant correlation with oral cancer risk, which may provide a new insight on the roles of serum Cu and Zn in oral cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Genetic variations of NF‐κB and its inhibitor IκB genes and their biological mechanism in oral cancer were not well recognized. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations of polymorphisms in NFKB1 and NFKBIA with oral cancer susceptibility, and further explore their potential mechanism in vitro. First, the polymorphisms of NFKB1 and NFKBIA were genotyped through iPLEX Sequenom MassARRAY platform in a case–control study with 425 oral cancer patients and 485 healthy controls. Then, the function was explored by a luciferase reporter assay and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. The results indicated that NFKB1 rs28362491 Del/Del and rs72696119 G/G genotypes were associated with the risk of oral cancer, with a strong linkage disequilibrium (D′ = 0.991, r2 = 0.971). Moreover, DG haplotype of NFKB1 also showed a significant increased risk (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.02–1.53, P = 0.030). Dual‐luciferase reporter assays further revealed that the plasmids with DG or IG or DC haplotype transfected with Tca‐8113 cells or CAL‐27 cells had a lower luciferase expression than that with IC haplotype. EMSA demonstrated that 4‐bp ATTG deletion in the promoter of NFKB1 abolished the binding site of transcription factor. Our preliminary findings suggest that the haplotype of rs28362491 and rs72696119 in NFKB1 could act as a novel genetic marker to predict oral cancer risk in the southeast of China, but much more extensive researches still need to be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful toolbox for gene editing. However, the low delivery efficiency is still a big hurdle impeding its applications. Herein, we report a strategy to deliver Cas9‐sgPlk‐1 plasmids (CP) by a multifunctional vehicle for tumor therapy. We condensed CPs on TAT peptide‐modified Au nanoparticles (AuNPs/CP, ACP) via electrostatic interactions, and coated lipids (DOTAP, DOPE, cholesterol, PEG2000‐DSPE) on the ACP to form lipid‐encapsulated, AuNPs‐condensed CP (LACP). LACP can enter tumor cells and release CP into the cytosol by laser‐triggered thermo‐effects of the AuNPs; the CP can enter nuclei by TAT guidance, enabling effective knock‐outs of target gene (Plk‐1) of tumor (melanoma) and inhibition of the tumor both in vitro and in vivo. This AuNPs‐condensed, lipid‐encapsulated, and laser‐controlled delivery system provides a versatile method for high efficiency CRISPR/Cas9 delivery and targeted gene editing for treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapy resistance remains a large obstacle to successful clinical cancer therapy, mainly due to little accumulation and low sensitivity of drugs and the effective clinical strategy still lacks. Herein, a novel yet simple strategy to combat cancer drug resistance using the plasmonic feature-based photothermal properties is reported. Rather than directly killing cancer cells using nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia, for the first time, localized plasmonic heating of gold nanorod at a mild laser power density can modulate the drug-resistance related genes. This photothermal effect triggers higher expression of heat shock factor (HSF-1) trimers and depresses the expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and mutant p53. In turn, both drug accumulation in the breast cancer resistant cells (MCF-7/ADR) and their sensitiveness to drugs can be greatly enhanced. Considering the universality and feasibility of this strategy, it points out a new unique way to challenge drug resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With great advances in wet chemical synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs), plasmonic NPs with various sizes and morphologies are easily available nowadays and demonstrate great potentials in optical, electronic, and biomedical applications. Plasmonic circular dichroism (CD), relating to circular dichroism responses at localized surface plasmon resonance of metal nanostructures, has emerged as a research direction of plasmonics with promising prospects in enantioselective catalysis, chiral separation, and ultrasensitive detections. Herein, plasmonic CD responses of gold nanoparticle based nanostructures are summarized. Two kinds of plasmonic CD phenomena are investigated: structural CD and induced CD. Structural CD is the response from chiral assemblies composed of plasmonic NPs with strong dipole–dipole interactions. Induced CD is the response of nonchiral plasmonic NPs with chiral molecules attached at surface. The weak CD is the result of Coulomb interaction between chiral molecules and plasmonic NPs. Efforts on how to achieve strong CD signals for these two configurations by using chiral molecules and Au nanoparticles are reported. The fabrication of chiral nanostructures, tuning and amplification of CD responses, CD‐based biosensors, chiral catalysis, and future perspectives are presented. The importance of the shape anisotropy of gold nanorods in the generation and amplification of CD signals is especially highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On page 4229, X. Wu, C. Chen, and co‐workers discuss a simple strategy to combat cancer drug resistance using plasmonic‐based photothermal properties. A localized mild photothermal stimulus can modulate the drug‐resistance‐related genes and thus enhance drug sensitivity and accumulation in resistant breast cancer cells. The integrated nanoplatform combining photothermal therapy with chemotherapy promises to inhibit a wide range of resistances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]