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The role of peer feedback in academic writing has garnered increasing attention from educators and research supervisors in recent years. Nevertheless, limited information exists about the perceptions and experiences of international doctoral students concerning the learning outcomes derived from giving and receiving feedback on research synopsis writing. This case study employs a variety of data sources, including research synopsis drafts, written peer evaluations, and semistructured interviews, to explore how 11 junior and seven senior doctoral candidates at Chinese universities benefit from receiving and providing feedback on their peers' research synopses, respectively. Through the analysis of the interview data, four emergent themes related to student learning were generated through the exchange of peer feedback: (1) enhancing research synopsis writing awareness, (2) progressing in synopsis writing drafts, (3) improving research skills with peer feedback, and (4) fostering reflective and critical learning. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the potential educational opportunities that arise from exchanging peer evaluations in scholarly work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) is a widely used treatment for a variety of hematopoietic disorders, and also provides a valuable platform for investigating the development of donor‐derived immune cells in recipients post‐HSCT. The immune system remodels from the donor to the recipient during allo‐HSCT. However, little is known about the cell profile alterations as donor homeostasis rebalances to recipient homeostasis following HSCT. Here, multi‐omics technology is applied at both the single cell and bulk sample levels, as well as spectrum flow cytometry and fluorescent transgenic mouse models, to dissect the dynamics of the rebalanced homeostatic immune system in recipients after allo‐HSCT. The data reveal that all immune subpopulations observed in donors are successfully restored in recipients, though with varying levels of abundance. The remodeling of immune homeostasis exhibits different patterns in HLA‐matched and haploidentical HSCT, highlighting distinct biases in T cell reconstitution from the central and peripheral pathways. Furthermore, ZNF683 is critical for maintaining the persistence and quiescence of CD8 T‐cell in haploidentical HSCT. The research can serve as a foundation for developing novel strategies to induce immune tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The objective of this study was to identify independent prognostic factors of viral encephalitis (VE) after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) and establish a prognostic model to identify post‐transplant VE patients with a greater likelihood of mortality. Among 5380 patients in our centre from 2014 to 2022, 211 patients who developed VE after allo‐HSCT were reviewed in this retrospective study. Prognostic factors were selected, and a prognostic model was constructed using Cox regression analysis. The model was subsequently validated and estimated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), a calibration plot and decision curve analysis (DCA). Glasgow Coma Scale score <9, lesions >3 lobes on magnetic resonance imaging and severe thrombocytopenia were identified as independent prognostic risk factors for VE patients who underwent allo‐HSCT. The prognostic model GTM (GTM is an abbreviation for a model composed of three risk factors: GCS score <9, severe thrombocytopenia [platelet count <20 000 per microliter], and lesions >3 lobes on MRI) was established according to the regression coefficients. The validated internal AUC was 0.862 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.773–0.950), and the external AUC was 0.815 (95% CI, 0.708–0.922), indicating strong discriminatory ability. Furthermore, we constructed calibration plots that demonstrated good consistency between the predicted outcomes and the observed outcomes. DCA exhibited high accuracy in this system, leading to potential benefits for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cortical bone loss is intricately associated with ageing and coincides with iron accumulation. The precise role of ferroptosis, characterized by iron overload and lipid peroxidation, in senescent osteocytes remains elusive. We found that ferroptosis was a crucial mode of osteocyte death in cortical bone during ageing. Using a single‐cell transcriptome analysis, we identified activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) as a critical driver of osteocyte ferroptosis. Elevated ATF3 expression in senescent osteocytes promotes iron uptake by upregulating transferrin receptor 1 while simultaneously inhibiting solute carrier family 7‐member 11‐mediated cystine import. This process leads to an iron overload and lipid peroxidation, culminating in ferroptosis. Importantly, ATF3 inhibition in aged mice effectively alleviated ferroptosis in the cortical bone and mitigated cortical bone mass loss. Taken together, our findings establish a pivotal role of ferroptosis in cortical bone loss in older adults, providing promising prevention and treatment strategies for osteoporosis and fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The application of rifaximin, a non‐absorbable antibiotic, in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) has been well established; however, its effect on other complications in cirrhotic patients with previous gastroesophageal variceal bleeding (GEVB) remains unclear. Therefore, we performed a pilot randomized controlled trial aiming to evaluate the impact of rifaximin on cirrhosis‐related complications and changes in gastric microbiota. Methods: Eighty cirrhotic patients who received prophylactic endoscopic treatment for variceal rebleeding were randomly assigned to the control or rifaximin treatment group (rifaximin 400 mg twice daily for 8 weeks). Primary outcome was the total liver‐related score, consisting of changes in cirrhosis‐related complications including rebleeding, ascites, HE and portal vein thrombosis (PVT). The 16S rDNA sequencing analysis was conducted with gastric lavage fluid samples for the analysis of gastric microbiota. Results: During the 8‐week follow‐up, the total liver‐related score decreased significantly upon rifaximin therapy (−0.35 ± 0.14 vs 0.05 ± 0.14, p = 0.0465) as well as serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.019) and interleukin‐8 (p = 0.025) compared with the control group. The rate of PVT recanalization was significantly higher in the rifaximin group (p = 0.012). Prominent difference in gastric microbiota between the two groups was observed, and the rifaximin group had a higher abundance of several taxa which were dysregulated in the progression of cirrhosis. CRP was correlated with several taxa including Alphaproteobacteria, Rhizobiales and Collinsella. Conclusions: Rifaximin may improve cirrhosis‐related complications, including PVT, in patients with previous GEVB through anti‐inflammatory and microbiota‐modulating functions. Trial registration number: NCT02991612. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study utilized latent profile analysis to investigate care needs subgroups among older adults with urinary incontinence. Methods: The "Elderly Urinary Incontinence Care Needs Inventory" surveyed 510 participants in two Guangzhou City hospitals from July 2022 to June 2023. Latent profile analysis created a classification model, and variance and correlation analysis assessed influencing factors. Results: A total of 510 older adults with urinary incontinence participated. The standardized total care needs score was 78.77 ± 5.03, with variations across dimensions: social participation needs scored (71.16 ± 10.32), daily life care needs (78.80 ± 5.51), medical care needs (77.33 ± 12.17), psychological comfort needs (76.97 ± 6.51) and health education needs scored highest (82.67 ± 6.77). Three distinct profiles emerged: "medium," "high SPN‐PCN" and "high DLCN‐MCN‐HEN". The majority belonged to the "high SPN‐PCN" profile. Significant correlations were found with age, education, leaks and frequency of micturitions. Conclusion: Research findings showed the existence of three distinct categories, with a notable majority of participants belonging to the "high SPN‐PCN" group. The significance of having these classes identified lies in the move away from a one‐size‐fits‐all approach to a more nuanced understanding of care needs. Customized nursing interventions can be devised based on specific factors, such as age, education level, urinary incontinence‐related symptoms and potential category. For instance, for the "high SPN‐PCN" group, our nursing strategy can encompass heightened psychological support and expanded opportunities for social engagement.Furthermore, in the training and education of healthcare professionals, recognizing and meeting the needs of each potential category of older adults might require more attention. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 758–765. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Acute liver failure is a multisystem disorder with a high mortality and frequent need for emergency liver transplantation. Following massive innate immune system activation, soluble markers of macrophage activation are released during liver damage and their association with disease severity and prognosis requires exploration. Methods: Patients ALF from the United States Acute Liver Failure Study Group (USALFSG, n = 224) and King's College Hospital (n = 40) together with healthy controls (HC, n = 50) were recruited. Serum from early (Days 1–3) and late (>Day 3) time points were analysed for MAMs by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay correlated to markers of illness severity and 21‐day spontaneous survival. Surface expression phenotyping was performed via Flow Cytometry on CD14+ monocytes. Results: All MAMs serum concentrations were significantly higher in ALF compared to controls (p <.0001). sCD206 concentration was higher in early and late stages of the disease in patients with bacteraemia (p =.002) and infection in general (p =.006). In MELD‐adjusted multivariate modelling, sCD206 and sCD163 were independently associated with mortality. CD14+ monocyte expression of CD206 (p <.001) was higher in patients with ALF compared with controls and correlated with SOFA score (p =.018). sCD206 was independently validated as a predictor of infection in an external cohort. Conclusions: sCD206 is increased in serum of ALF patients with infections and poor outcome and is upregulated on CD14+ monocytes. Later measurements of sCD163 and sCD206 during the evolution of ALF have potential as mechanistic predictors of mortality. sCD206 should be explored as a biomarker of sepsis and mortality in ALF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Maxillary canines are often impacted, which can result in tooth disorders and adversely affect occlusal and facial development. The case report describes complete bilateral impaction of maxillary canines and significant root resorption of a central incisor. The multidisciplinary approach is the optimal strategy for addressing impacted maxillary canines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: There is an urgent need for an oral, efficient and safe regimen for high‐risk APL under the pandemic of COVID‐19. We retrospectively analysed 60 high‐risk APL patients. For induction therapy (IT), in addition to all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and oral arsenic (RIF), 22 patients received oral etoposide (VP16) as cytotoxic chemotherapy (CC), and 38 patients received intravenous CC as historical control group. The median dose of oral VP16 was 1000 mg [interquartile rage (IQR), 650–1250]. One patient died during IT in the control group, 59 evaluable patients (100%) achieved complete haematological remission (CHR) after IT and complete molecular remission (CMR) after consolidation therapy. The median time to CHR and CMR was 36 days (33.8–44) versus 35 days (32–42; p = 0.75) and 3 months (0.8–3.5) versus 3.3 months (2.4–3.7; p = 0.58) in the oral VP16 group and in the control group. Two (9.1%) and 3 (7.9%) patients experienced molecular relapse in different group respectively. The 2‐year estimated overall survival and event‐free survival were 100% versus 94.7% (p = 0.37) and 90.9% versus 89.5% (p = 0.97) respectively. A completely oral, efficient and safe induction regimen including oral VP16 as cytoreductive chemotherapy combined with ATRA and RIF is more convenient to administer for patients with high‐risk APL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Central nervous system leukemia (CNSL) remains a serious complication in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and an ambiguous prognostic factor for those receiving allo‐geneic hematopoiesis stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT). It is unknown whether using more sensitive tools, such as multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC), to detect blasts in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) would have an impact on outcome. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical outcomes of 1472 AML patients with or without cytology or MFC positivity in the CSF before transplantation. Abnormal CSF (CSF+) was detected via conventional cytology and MFC in 44 patients at any time after diagnosis. A control group of 175 CSF‐normal (CSF−) patients was generated via propensity score matching (PSM) analyses according to sex, age at transplant, and white blood cell count at diagnosis. Results: Compared to those in the CSF‐negative group, the conventional cytology positive and MFC+ groups had comparable 8‐year nonrelapse mortality (NRM) (4%, 4%, and 6%, p = 0.82), higher cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) (14%, 31%, and 32%, p = 0.007), lower leukemia‐free survival (LFS) (79%, 63%, and 64%, p = 0.024), and overall survival (OS) (83%, 63%, and 68%, p = 0.021), with no significant differences between the conventional cytology positive and MFC+ groups. Furthermore, multivariate analysis confirmed that CSF involvement was an independent factor affecting OS and LFS. Conclusion: Our results indicate that pretransplant CSF abnormalities are adverse factors independently affecting OS and LFS after allotransplantation in AML patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are considered a promising solution to the safety problems of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) using liquid electrolytes. However, the high crystallinity and low ionic conductivity hinder the practical application of SPEs. Herein, we design a composite solid polymer electrolyte with a dual fast Li+ conducting pathway in bulk and interface by incorporating highly Li+ conductive ceramic Li6.4Ga0.2La3Zr2O12 (LGLZO) in polyethylene oxide (PEO)/Li–bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) system. Compared to Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZTO), LGLZO provides better Li+ conductivity; therefore, a fast Li+ conducting pathway will form in the bulk of LGLZO nanofillers. Besides, LGLZO nanofiller accelerates the dissociation of LiTFSI and benefits the transfer of free Li+ through the SPEs near the LGLZO surface, forming another interface fast Li+ conducting pathway in the SPEs. Benefits from the dual fast Li+ pathway design, the composite electrolyte membrane with 15 wt % LGLZO nanoparticles presents a high ionic conductivity of 8.0×10−4 S cm−1 at 60 °C. The Li−Li symmetric cells with optimized content LGLZO show good cycling stability (no short circuit even after 1000 h), and the all–solid Li/LiFePO4 batteries exhibit excellent cycling performance (remained 154 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 0.2 C under 60 °C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Eight new guaiane‐type sesquiterpenoid trimers, artemsieverolactones A—H, possessing unprecedented scaffolds via biocatalyzed [4+2] Diels−Alder cycloaddition reactions were identified from Artemisia sieversiana. Their structures were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic data, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses, and ECD calculations. In terms of structure, artemsieverolactones A—H are first examples of sesquiterpenoid trimers from guaiane‐type sesquiterpenoid through four different [4+2] Diels−Alder cycloaddition models. Antihepatic fibrosis assay suggested that five compounds exhibited activity against HSC‐LX2 with IC50 values ranging from 37.8 to 117.1 μmol/L. The most active artemsieverolactone B (2) displayed significant inhibitory activity against HSC‐LX2 with IC50 value of 37.8 μmol/L, which was 3 times more active than the positive drug silybin (IC50, 139.7 μmol/L). Preliminary mechanism study revealed that artemsieverolactone B could inhibit the deposition of human collagen type I (Col I), human hyaluronic acid (HA), and human laminin (HL) with IC50 values of 40.4 μmol/L (Col I), 55.1 μmol/L (HL), 47.3 μmol/L (HA), which was 2 to 3‐fold more potent than silybin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We investigated the safety and efficacy of haploidentical stem cell transplantation (SCT) in pediatric patients with X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). Methods: A retrospective analysis of transplantation data from 29 cases of ALD, treated between December 2014 and April 2022, was conducted. Neurologic function scores (NFS) were assessed. The conditioning regimen was busulfan 9.6 mg/kg, cyclophosphamide 200 mg/kg, and fludarabine 90 mg/m2 (BFC). Graft‐versus‐host disease prophylaxis consisted of anti‐human thymocyte globulin, cyclosporine A, mycophenolate mofetil, and short course of methotrexate. Results: Among the 29 cases, 14 cases (NFS = 0) were asymptomatic, and 15 (NFS ≥ 1) were symptomatic. The median age at SCT was 8 years (range: 4–16 years); the median follow‐up time was 1058 days (range: 398–3092 days); 28 cases were father donors and 1 case was a grandfather donor. Hematopoietic reconstitution was successful in all patients, and all of them achieved complete donor chimerism at the time of engraftment. The leading cause of death was still primary disease progression (n = 4). Survival free of major functional disabilities was 100% in asymptomatic patients versus 66.67% in the symptomatic group (p =.018). Conclusion: BFC regimen used in haploidentical SCT was administered safely without major transplant‐related complications even in symptomatic patients, and neurological symptoms were stabilized after SCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species diversity can be underestimated due to a lack of regional studies and limitations in research methods. China is widely recognized as one of the primary hotspots for the biodiversity of freshwater mussels as it harbours a wealth of endemic species. Pseudocuneopsis was recently established to belong to the Unioninae subfamily within Unionidae and is endemic to China. Recent research has expanded the diversity and range of distribution of this genus. However, sufficient data is required to precisely determine the phylogenetic relationships within Pseudocuneopsis. This study conducted an integrative taxonomy using morphological, COI barcode, and complete maternal mitogenome data to clarify the taxonomy of Pseudocuneopsis. Both morphological and COI barcode data supported the validity of all Pseudocuneopsis species. Furthermore, a new species, Pseudocuneopsis yemaoi sp. n. was described from a tributary of the Man River in Hubei, China. Mitochondrial phylogenomic analyses showed that P. yemaoi was closely related to P. sichuanensis and resolved phylogenetic relationship as (P. capitata + (P. yangshuoensis + (P. sichuanensis + P. yemaoi))). Our results highlight the significance of utilizing integrative classification methods. Moreover, we propose enhancing the research and preservation measures of minor streams in China, as these streams may house distinctive species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhododendron is the largest genus in Ericaceae and is well known for its diversity and beauty of flowers present in different species, making it a much‐revered lineage of ornamental plants. Many species of Rhododendron are intolerant of high temperatures, which are becoming more common and intense in urban areas under global climate change. Therefore, the discovery and description of genes from heat‐tolerant Rhododendron lineages are essential in the development of new climate‐resilient cultivars. One such species known to be heat tolerant is Rhododendron × pulchrum Sweet. To better understand the genomics of heat tolerance in this species, we assembled a haplotype‐resolved and chromosome‐scale genome for R. × pulchrum, which had a genome size of 509 Mb; a scaffold N50 of 37 251 370 bp; and contained 35 610 genes. In addition, based on the same reannotation pipeline, we conducted pan‐genomic analyses for all seven available chromosome‐scale Rhododendron genomes and found 14 415 gene groups shared across all species and 18 018 gene groups distributed in the other species, including 1879 gene groups found in only a single species. Finally, we analyzed the transcriptomic data from heat‐treated and non‐heat‐treated R. × pulchrum plants to quantify the genes that are most important during heat stress in an effort to inform the development of climate‐resilient cultivars. This study provides insight into the genome diversity in Rhododendron and targets several genes related to agronomic traits that may help in further analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass spectrometry was used to observe the reactions between Y−Co heteronuclear metal carbide cluster anions Y1‐3CoC1,2− and N2 at room temperature. Y2CoC1,2− can produce Co ejection products, in which Y2CoC− also has N2 association products; YCoC2− and Y3CoC− only generate N2 association products, while YCoC− and Y3CoC2− are inert to N2. Detailed reaction pathways were obtained through density functional theory calculations, which reasonably explain the experimental phenomena. Co is superior to Y as the electrophilic reaction site in the clusters and is the preferential initial adsorption site for N2. Some crucial steps were identified, including N−N dissociation, CC−N formation, C−CN dissociation, and C−N formation. The energy barriers of these steps are closely related to the coordination mode of N/N2 and C/C2 in clusters. Two indicators, the N−N bond length and the Mayer bond order, were utilized to describe the activation degree of the N−N bond. Analyses on the density of states and the frontier molecular orbitals reveal the electronic structures of key intermediates for N−N dissociation. The reaction mechanisms of N2 activation on Y−Co carbide clusters obtained may lay a preliminary foundation for the further development of catalysts for nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese apricot is an important subtropical deciduous fruit tree in China, widely distributed in different altitude areas. How does it adapt to the different temperature environments in these areas? In this study, we identified a low‐temperature transcription factor PmCBF03 on chromosome 7 through adaptive analysis of populations at different altitudes, which has an early termination single nucleotide polymorphism mutation. There were two different types of variation, PmCBF03A type in high‐altitude areas and PmCBF03T type in low‐altitude areas. PmCBF03A gene increased the survival rate, Fv/Fm values, antioxidant enzyme activity, and expression levels of antioxidant enzyme genes, and reducing electrolyte leakage and accumulation of reactive oxygen species in transgenic Arabidopsis under low temperature and freezing stress. Simultaneously, PmCBF03A gene promoted the dormancy of transgenic Arabidopsis seeds than wild‐type. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that PmCBF03A directly bound to the DRE/CRT element in the promoters of the PmCOR413, PmDAM6 and PmABI5 genes, promoting their transcription and enhanced the cold resistance and dormancy of the overexpressing PmCBF03A lines. While PmCBF03T gene is unable to bind to the promoters of PmDAM6 and PmABI5 genes, leading to early release of dormancy to adapt to the problem of insufficient chilling requirement in low‐altitude areas. Summary statement: The PmCBF03 allele variation is involved in regulating the low‐temperature adaptability of Japanese apricots at different altitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Immune microenvironment plays an important role in the occurrence and development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Studies assessing the prognostic significance of bone marrow (BM) lymphocyte subsets' frequencies at diagnosis in patients with AML were limited. Methods: Fresh BM samples collected from 97 adult AML patients at diagnosis were tested for lymphocyte, T, CD4+T, CD8+T, γδT, NK, and B cell frequencies using multi‐parameter flow cytometry. Results: Low frequencies of lymphocytes, T, CD4+T, and CD8+T cells were associated with significantly lower rates of one‐course complete remission (CR) (all p < 0.05). Moreover, the frequency of CD4+T cells independently predicted one‐course CR achievement (p = 0.021). Low frequencies of T and CD8+T cells were significantly associated with lower relapse‐free survival (RFS) rates (p = 0.032; 0.034), respectively, and a low frequency of CD8+T cells was associated with a significantly lower overall survival (OS) rate (p = 0.028). Combination of frequency of CD8+T cells and ELN risk stratification showed that patients with ELN‐intermediate/adverse risk + high CD8+T cell frequency had a similar RFS rate to those with ELN‐favorable risk + high CD8+T cell frequency and those with ELN‐favorable risk + low CD8+T cell frequency (p = 0.88; 0.76), respectively. The RFS rate of patients with ELN intermediate/adverse risk + low CD8+T cell frequency was significantly lower than that of all aforementioned patients (p = 0.021; 0.0007; 0.028), respectively. Conclusion: The frequencies of BM lymphocyte subsets at diagnosis predicted clinical outcomes and could help improve risk stratification in AML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echocardiographic guidance in left atrial appendage (LAA) closure procedures is increasingly recognized for its potential to enhance patient outcomes in atrial fibrillation (AF). This retrospective study assesses its impact on hospital stay duration, readmission rates and surgical site wound complications in 200 AF patients. Divided equally into an echocardiographically guided group (Group E) and a non‐guided group (Group N), the analysis focused on detailed patient data encompassing hospital stay, 30‐day readmission and wound complications. Findings revealed that Group E experienced a significantly shorter average hospital stay of 3.5 days, compared with 6.5 days in Group N, along with a lower 30‐day readmission rate (5% vs. 18% in Group N). Furthermore, Group E showed a considerable reduction in surgical site wound complications, such as infections and hematomas. The study concludes that echocardiographic guidance in LAA closure procedures markedly improves postoperative wound outcomes, underscoring its potential as a standard practice in cardiac surgeries for AF patients. This approach not only optimizes patient safety and postoperative recovery but also enhances healthcare resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to RUNX1::RUNX1T1 transcript levels, measurable residual disease monitoring using KIT mutant (KITmut) DNA level is reportedly predictive of relapse in t (8; 21) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the usefulness of KITmut transcript levels remains unknown. A total of 202 bone marrow samples collected at diagnosis and during treatment from 52 t (8; 21) AML patients with KITmut (D816V/H/Y or N822K) were tested for KITmut transcript levels using digital polymerase chain reaction. The individual optimal cutoff values of KITmut were identified by performing receiver operating characteristics curve analysis for relapse at each of the following time points: at diagnosis, after achieving complete remission (CR), and after Course 1 and 2 consolidations. The cutoff values were used to divide the patients into the KITmut‐high (KIT_H) group and the KITmut‐low (KIT_L) group. The KIT_H patients showed significantly lower relapse‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) rates than the KIT_L patients after Course 1 consolidation (p = 0.0040 and 0.021, respectively) and Course 2 consolidation (p = 0.018 and 0.011, respectively) but not at diagnosis and CR. The <3‐log reduction in the RUNX1::RUNX1T1 transcript levels after Course 2 consolidation was an independent adverse prognostic factor for RFS and OS. After Course 2 consolidation, the KIT_H patients with >3‐log reduction in the RUNX1::RUNX1T1 transcript levels (11/45; 24.4%) had similar RFS as that of patients with <3‐log reduction in the RUNX1::RUNX1T1 transcript levels. The combination of KITmut and RUNX1::RUNX1T1 transcript levels after Course 2 consolidation may improve risk stratification in t (8; 21) AML patient with KIT mutation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased plasma homocysteine (Hcy) has been identified as one of the important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, the association between plasma Hcy and peripheral artery disease (PAD) is still controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association between plasma Hcy and PAD and the potential modifier factors in Chinese hypertensive adults. A total of 25 300 hypertensive patients aged 18 years or older were included in the analysis in this cross‐sectional study. The outcome was PAD, which defined as an ankle‐brachial index ≤0.90 in either limb. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between plasma Hcy and PAD. The median plasma Hcy was 14.00 (interquartile range: 11.60–17.80) μmol/L. There was a significant positive association between plasma Hcy and PAD (per SD increment; OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.06–1.19). Patients in the upper plasma Hcy tertile (≥16.16 μmol/L) were associated with a 53% increased risk of PAD compared with patients in the lower tertile (<12.33 μmol/L) after adjustment for multiple potential confounders. Subgroup analyses showed the association between Hcy and PAD was robust among various strata. Among Chinese adults with hypertension, plasma Hcy is an independent risk factor for PAD. This finding may improve the risk stratification of PAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three unusual ajmaline‐macroline type bisindole alkaloids, alsmaphylines A–C, together with their postulated biogenetic precursors, were isolated from the stem barks and leaves of Alstonia macrophylla via the building blocks‐based molecular network (BBMN) strategy. Alsmaphyline A represents a rare ajmaline‐macroline type bisindole alkaloid with an S‐shape polycyclic ring system. Alsmaphylines B and C are two novel ajmaline‐macroline type bisindole alkaloids with N‐1−C‐21′ linkages, and the former possesses an unconventional stacked conformation due to the presence of intramolecular noncovalent interactions. The chemical structures including absolute configurations of alsmaphylines A–C were established by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. In addition, a plausible biosynthetic pathway of these bisindole alkaloids as well as their ability to promote the protein synthesis on HT22 cells were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new sesquiterpene‐hydroquinone hybrids, saromacrophorins A–C (1–3) were isolated from the deep‐sea‐derived fungus Sarocladium terricola 494a, along with nine known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive analyses of 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, and ECD calculations. Noteworthily, compound 1 is a rare 5′,6′‐dihydroxymacrophorin and compound 3 is the first example of macrophorin possessing 4′S‐configuration. Compound 4 showed potent anti‐food allergic activity with an IC50 value of 18.9 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Recent evidence indicated the biological basis of complement 1q (C1q)/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐related protein (CTRP) 3, 4, and 14 for affecting brain structure and cognitive function. Thus, we aimed to investigate the association between plasma CTRPs with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: A multicenter, cross‐sectional study recruited patients with AD (n = 137) and cognitively normal (CN) controls (n = 140). After the data collection of demographic characteristics, lifestyle risk factors, and medical history, plasma levels of tau phosphorylated at threonine 217 (pT217), pT181, neurofilament light (NfL), CTRP3, 4, and 14 were examined and compared. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to determine associations of plasma CTPRs with the presence of AD. The correlation analysis was used to explore correlations between plasma CTPRs with scores of Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale, and Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes (CDR‐SB), and levels of plasma pT217, pT181, and NfL. Receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and Delong's test were used to determine the diagnostic power of plasma CTPRs. Results: Plasma levels of CTRP3, 4, and 14 were higher in AD group than those in CN group. After adjusting for conventional risk factors, CTRP3, CTRP4, and CTRP14 were associated with the presence of AD. In AD patients, CTRP3 was negatively correlated with scores of MMSE and MoCA, while positively correlated with ADL score, CDR‐SB score, pT217, and pT181; CTRP4 was positively correlated with CDR‐SB score, pT181, and NfL; CTRP14 was negatively correlated with MMSE score, while positively correlated with CDR‐SB score, pT217, and NfL. An independent addition of CTRP3 and 4 to the basic model combining age, sex, years of education, APOE4 status, BMI, TG, and HDL‐C led to a significant improvement in diagnostic power for AD, respectively. Conclusions: All the findings preliminarily uncovered associations between plasma CTRPs and AD and suggested the potential of CTRPs as a blood‐derived biomarker for AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several observational studies have reported an association between obesity and primary liver cancer (PLC), while the causality behind this association and the comparison of the risk effects of different obesity indicators on PLC remain unclear. In this study, we performed two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to assess the associations of genetically determined liver fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and body mass index (BMI) with the risk of PLC. The summary statistics of exposures were obtained from two genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) based on the UK Biobank (UKB) imaging cohort and the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) cohort. GWAS summary statistics for PLC were obtained from FinnGen consortium R7 release data, including 304 PLC cases and 218 488 controls. Inverse‐variance weighted (IVW) was used as the primary analysis, and a series of sensitivity analyses were performed to further verify the robustness of these findings. IVW analysis highlighted a significant association of genetically determined liver fat (OR per SD increase: 7.14; 95% CI: 5.10‐9.99; P = 2.35E‐30) and VAT (OR per SD increase: 5.70; 95% CI: 1.32‐24.72; P =.020) with PLC but not of BMI with PLC. The findings were further confirmed by a series of MR methods. No evidence of horizontal pleiotropy between these associations existed. Our study suggested that genetically determined liver fat and VAT rather than BMI were associated with an increased risk of PLC, which suggested that visceral fat distribution is more predictive of the clinical risk of PLC than common in vitro measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) in patients <3 years of age remains controversial. Data on haploidentical donor (HID) transplants in this age group is limited. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the prognosis of 97 patients with acute leukemia aged <3 years who underwent HID transplantation at our institute. Results: With a median follow‐up of 45 months, the 3‐year disease‐free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and 3‐year cumulative incidence rate of treatment‐related mortality were 69.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 59.9%–78.7%), 74.2% (95% CI: 65.2%–83.2%), and 3.6% (95% CI: 0.9%–9.7%) in all 97 patients, respectively. The 3‐year DFS and OS rate in patients diagnosed <1 year and patients diagnosed ≥1 year were comparable: 77.8% (95% CI: 62.2%–93.4%) versus 66.3% (95% CI: 55.0%–77.6%, p =.253) and 82.5% (95% CI: 66.3–98.7%) versus 72.8% (95% CI: 61.9%–83.7%, p =.153), respectively. At the last follow‐up, 23 patients had died, and 20 had died of relapse. Multivariate analysis revealed that positive pre‐HSCT flow cytometric minimal residual disease (hazard ratio 5.605, p =.000) and AML‐M7 expression (hazard ratio 2.906, p =.014) were independent adverse prognostic variables for relapse. Conclusions: HID transplantation is potent and safe for infants and young patients with acute leukemia. Relapse is the primary cause of treatment failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Data from 200 children with high‐risk acute myeloid leukaemia who underwent their first haploidentical haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo‐HSCT) between 2015 and 2021 at our institution were analysed. The 4‐year overall survival (OS), event‐free survival (EFS) and cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) were 71.9%, 62.3% and 32.4% respectively. The 100‐day cumulative incidences of grade II–IV and III–IV acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGVHD) were 41.1% and 9.5% respectively. The 4‐year cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD (cGVHD) was 56.1%, and that of moderate‐to‐severe cGVHD was 27.3%. Minimal residual disease (MRD)‐positive (MRD+) status pre‐HSCT was significantly associated with lower survival and a higher risk of relapse. The 4‐year OS, EFS and CIR differed significantly between patients with MRD+ pre‐HSCT (n = 97; 63.4%, 51.4% and 41.0% respectively) and those with MRD‐negative (MRD‐) pre‐HSCT (n = 103; 80.5%, 73.3% and 23.8% respectively). Multivariate analysis also revealed that acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia without Down syndrome (non‐DS‐AMKL) was associated with extremely poor outcomes (hazard ratios and 95% CIs for OS, EFS and CIR: 3.110 (1.430–6.763), 3.145 (1.628–6.074) and 3.250 (1.529–6.910) respectively; p‐values were 0.004, 0.001 and 0.002 respectively). Thus, haplo‐HSCT can be a therapy option for these patients, and MRD status pre‐HSCT significantly affects the outcomes. As patients with non‐DS‐AMKL have extremely poor outcomes, even with haplo‐HSCT, a combination of novel therapies is urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of heterogeneous myeloid clonal disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis. Accumulating evidence has shown that macrophages (MΦs) are important components in the regulation of tumor progression and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, the roles of bone marrow (BM) MΦs in regulating normal and malignant hematopoiesis in different clinical stages of MDS are largely unknown. Age‐paired patients with lower‐risk MDS (N = 15), higher‐risk MDS (N = 15), de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (N = 15), and healthy donors (HDs) (N = 15) were enrolled. Flow cytometry analysis showed increased pro‐inflammatory monocyte subsets and a decreased classically activated (M1) MΦs/alternatively activated (M2) MΦs ratio in the BM of patients with higher‐risk MDS compared to lower‐risk MDS. BM MФs from patients with higher‐risk MDS and AML showed impaired phagocytosis activity but increased migration compared with lower‐risk MDS group. AML BM MΦs showed markedly higher S100A8/A9 levels than lower‐risk MDS BM MΦs. More importantly, coculture experiments suggested that the HSC supporting abilities of BM MΦs from patients with higher‐risk MDS decreased, whereas the malignant cell supporting abilities increased compared with lower‐risk MDS. Gene Ontology enrichment comparing BM MΦs from lower‐risk MDS and higher‐risk MDS for genes was involved in hematopoiesis‐ and immunity‐related pathways. Our results suggest that BM MΦs are involved in ineffective hematopoiesis in patients with MDS, which indicates that repairing aberrant BM MΦs may represent a promising therapeutic approach for patients with MDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is still a matter of controversy whether percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy(PEG) should be used prior to the operation for the purpose of feeding the patient with resectable oesophageal carcinoma (EC). Comparison was made between EC and preoperatively treated PEG and non‐preoperative PEG. An extensive literature review has been conducted to determine the results about PEG and No‐PEG trials. In this paper, we chose 4 papers out of 407 of them through a strict selection process. In this trial, there were 1027 surgical cases of oesophagus carcinoma, 152 with PEG pre‐surgery and 875 without PEG. The total sample size ranged from 14 to 657. Two studies showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of postoperative wound infection among PEG and No‐PEG(OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.38, 2.80 p = 0.96), there was no statistical significance in the likelihood of anastomotic leak among PEG after surgery compared to No‐PEG in 4 trials (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.62–2.07 p = 0.69), and there were no statistical differences between PEG and No‐PEG before operation on anastomotic stricture for esophagectomy(OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.31–1.56 p = 0.38). No wound or anastomosis complications were observed in the PEG group. Thus, PEG preoperatively is an effective and safe procedure without any harmful influence on gastrointestinal structure or anastomosing. It can be applied to patients with oesophagus carcinoma who have a high risk of undernutrition. Nevertheless, because of the limited number of randomized controlled trials in this meta‐analysis, caution should be exercised in their treatment. More high‐quality research involving a large sample is required to confirm the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two‐dimensional (2D) transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as promising catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) that play a crucial role in renewable energy technologies. Breaking the inherent structural paradigm limitations of 2D TMDs is the key to exploring their fascinating physical and chemical properties, which is expected to develop a revolutionary HER catalyst. Herein, we unambiguously present metallic W2S3 instead of energetically favorable WS2 via a unique stoichiometric growth strategy. Benefiting from the excellent conductivity and hydrophilicity of the tetra‐coordinated structure, as well as an appropriate Gibbs free energy value and an enough low energy barrier for water dissociation, the W2S3 as catalyst achieves Pt‐like HER activity and high long‐term stability in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes. For application in proton exchange membrane (PEM) and anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysers, W2S3 as the cathode catalyst yields excellent bifunctionality index (ɳ@1Acm-2,PEM ${_{{\rm{@1 {\rm A} cm}}^{{\rm{ - }}{\rm{2}}} {\rm{, PEM}}} }$ =1.73 V, ɳ@1Acm-2,AEM ${_{{\rm{@1 {\rm A} cm}}^{{\rm{ - }}{\rm{2}}} {\rm{, AEM}}} }$ =1.77 V) and long‐term stability (471 h@PEM with a decay rate of 85.7 μV h−1, 360 h@AEM with a decay rate of 27.1 μV h−1). Our work provides significant insight into the tetra‐coordinated W2S3 and facilitates the development of advanced electrocatalysts for sustainable hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late spring coldness has a profound impact on yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum), the reasonable fertilization management significantly improved yield, quality, and cold resistance of plants. Here, 10 predominant wheat varieties cultivated in the Huang‐Huai‐Hai region were selected to investigate the detrimental influence mechanism of late spring coldness on wheat growth and screen three varieties with a strong resistance to coldness. Additionally, under late spring coldness, the three varieties were applied with varying ratios of base to topdressing nitrogen fertilizer to investigate the consequences on the establishment of population structure and subsequent formation of yield and quality. The results showed that late spring coldness exerted severely detrimental effect on wheat organs development, including the increased occurrence of dead tillers, elevated mortality of young spikes, and significant decrease kernels. However, compared to N1 treatment (a nitrogen fertilizer distribution of 100% base+0% jointing+0% booting), the N2 treatment (50% base+50% jointing+0% booting) exhibited favorable outcomes under late spring coldness, such as the decreased basic seedlings and tillers, increased flag leaf area, and leaf area index, contributing to the higher spike number, grain number, and 1000‐kernel weight. Ultimately, the grain yields of Jinan 17, Huaimai 28, and Yan'nong 5158 reached their maximum values, with a 23.5%, 10.6%, and 24.2% increase, respectively, and the membership function analysis confirmed the most favorable effect of N2 treatment. These findings underscore the appropriately increased ration of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer during late spring coldness as a prerequisite for achieving both high yield and good quality of wheat. Core Ideas: Late spring coldness exerted severely detrimental effects on wheat organs development.The delayed proportion of nitrogen enhances the toughness of wheat dough in terms of stability and formation time.Adjusting ration of topdressing nitrogen can improve yield‐related trains of wheat during late spring coldness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc finger protein 384 (ZNF384) rearrangement defined a novel subtype of B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL). The prognostic significance of ZNF384 fusion transcript levels represented measurable residual disease remains to be explored. ZNF384 fusions were screened out in 57 adult B‐ALL patients at diagnosis by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and their transcript levels were serially monitored during treatment. The reduction of ZNF384 fusion transcript levels at the time of achieving complete remission had no significant impact on survival, whereas its ≥2.5‐log reduction were significantly associated with higher relapse free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) rates after course 1 consolidation (p = 0.022 and = 0.0083) and course 2 consolidation (p = 0.0025 and = 0.0008). Compared with chemotherapy alone, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) significantly improved RFS and OS of patients with <2.5‐log reduction after course 1 consolidation (p < 0.0001 and = 0.0002) and course 2 consolidation (p = 0.0003 and = 0.019), whereas exerted no significant effects in patients with ≥2.5‐log reduction (all p > 0.05). ZNF384 fusion transcript levels after course 1 and course 2 consolidation strongly predict relapse and survival and may guide whether receiving allo‐HSCT in adult B‐ALL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of donor‐specific anti‐HLA antibodies (DSA) levels on primary poor graft function (PGF) and graft rejection (GR) after haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haplo‐SCT) with rituximab desensitization. A total of 155 DSA‐positive haplo‐SCT candidates with mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) between 2000 and 10,000 were enrolled in this prospective clinical trial. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves determined the optimal DSA MFI cutoff for identifying high‐risk patients. Patients were categorized into two groups: DSA low‐level group (2000 ≤ DSA MFI < 5000, Group A) and high‐level group (5000 ≤ DSA MFI ≤ 10,000, Group B). The incidence of primary PGF was 6.5% (2.6%–10.3%), while GR incidence was 0.6% (0.0%–1.9%). Group A had significantly lower primary PGF rates than Group B (2.3% [0.0%–5.7%] vs. 12.9% [4.8%–21.0%], p = 0.017). Only one patient in Group B experienced GR. High DSA levels (5000 ≤ MFI ≤ 10,000) were identified as the sole independent risk factor for primary PGF and GR after haplo‐SCT with rituximab desensitization (HR = 7.282, 95% CI 1.517–34.953, p = 0.013). The 4‐year cumulative incidence of relapse, non‐relapse mortality, disease‐free survival, and overall survival were 14.7% (11.6%–17.8%), 16.3% (13.1%–19.4%), 69.0% (65.9%–76.2%), and 70.6% (66.4%–74.8%), respectively. DSA levels have an impact on efficiency of rituximab desensitization, and a DSA MFI threshold is provided for predicting primary PGF and GR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Wuzhi preparations (WZP) are commonly administrated with tacrolimus (TAC) in China to improve the liver function and increase the exposure of TAC. This study aims to investigate the effects of WZP on TAC in pediatric heart transplantation (HTx) patients carrying the CYP3A5*1 allele during the early period after transplantation and also make a comparison with these effects in adult recipients. Methods: A total of 81 recipients with CYP3A5*1 allele were included and divided into the pediatric group (n = 29) and adult group (n = 52). The changes in TAC dose‐corrected trough blood concentrations (C0/D), dose requirement as well as intra‐patient variability(IPV) of C0/D after co‐therapy with WZP were evaluated. Results: The TAC C0/D was significantly increased 1.7 and 1.8 times after co‐administration of WZP in the pediatric and adult groups, respectively. We further analyzed the pediatric patients, found that no statistical difference was observed in TAC C0/D before and after co‐therapy with WZP in children <6 years old. The changes of C0/D increased with the dose of the active ingredient (Schisantherin A) in adult patients, but not in pediatric patients. TAC IPV was reduced by 10.5% in pediatric patients and 4.8% in adult patients when co‐administrated with WZP. Furthermore, after taking WZP, the AST and TB were dramatically lowered in pediatric recipients. Conclusion: Our study is the first attempt to demonstrate the effects of WZP on TAC in pediatric HTx recipients. By comparing these effects to those observed in adult recipients, valuable insights can be gained regarding the efficacy and potential benefits of WZP in the pediatric population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is associated with the risk of postoperative wound infections, prompting investigations into effective prophylactic measures. This meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of various prophylactic interventions in reducing the incidence of wound infections following EMR. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive search across multiple databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies from 2015 to 2022. We included studies that compared the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis and antiseptic measures, with clear data on post‐procedure infection rates. Eight studies met our inclusion criteria, and data were extracted for meta‐analysis. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool and the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. The meta‐analysis included 3765 patients from eight RCTs. Prophylactic antibiotics (cefixime and cefuroxime) showed moderate to high efficacy, with infection rates as low as 0% and 0.76%. Prophylactic endoscopic closure and clipping showed the highest efficacy, with zero reported infections. The standardized surgical site infection prevention bundle had lower effectiveness, with an infection incidence of 3.83%. The risk of bias assessment indicated potential performance bias due to lack of blinding, but overall evidence quality was upheld by proper random sequence generation and diligent outcome data monitoring. The effectiveness of specific prophylactic measures, notably prophylactic antibiotics and mechanical closure techniques, has been shown in significantly reducing the risk of wound infections following colorectal EMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A synthetic strategy based on biogenetic building blocks for the collective and divergent biomimetic synthesis of cleistoperlones A−F, a cinnamoylphloroglucinol collection discovered from Cleistocalyx operculatus, has been developed. These syntheses proceeded successfully in only six to seven steps starting from commercially available 1,3,5‐benzenetriol and involving oxidative activation of stable biogenetic building blocks as a crucial step. Key features of the syntheses include a unique Michael addition/ketalization/1,6‐addition/enol‐keto tautomerism cascade reaction for the construction of the dihydropyrano[3,2‐d]xanthene tetracyclic core of cleistoperlones A and B, and a rare inverse‐electron‐demand hetero‐Diels–Alder cycloaddition for the establishment of benzopyran ring in cleistoperlones D−F. Moreover, cleistoperlone A exhibited significant antiviral activity against acyclovir‐resistant strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1/Blue and HSV‐1/153). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Environmental pollution and the spread of pathogenic microorganisms pose a significant threat to the health of humans and the planet. Thus, understanding and detecting microorganisms is crucial for maintaining a healthy living environment. Nanopore sequencing is a single‐molecule detection method developed in the 1990s that has revolutionized various research fields. It offers several advantages over traditional sequencing methods, including low cost, label‐free, time‐saving detection speed, long sequencing reading, real‐time monitoring, convenient carrying, and other significant advantages. In this review, we summarize the technical principles and characteristics of nanopore sequencing and discuss its applications in amplicon sequencing, metagenome sequencing, and whole‐genome sequencing of environmental microorganisms, as well as its in situ application under some special circumstances. We also analyze the advantages and challenges of nanopore sequencing in microbiology research. Overall, nanopore sequencing has the potential to greatly enhance the detection and understanding of microorganisms in environmental research, but further developments are needed to overcome the current challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Environmental pollution and the spread of pathogenic microorganisms pose a significant threat to the health of humans and the planet. Thus, understanding and detecting microorganisms is crucial for maintaining a healthy living environment. Nanopore sequencing is a single‐molecule detection method developed in the 1990s that has revolutionized various research fields. It offers several advantages over traditional sequencing methods, including low cost, label‐free, time‐saving detection speed, long sequencing reading, real‐time monitoring, convenient carrying, and other significant advantages. In this review, we summarize the technical principles and characteristics of nanopore sequencing and discuss its applications in amplicon sequencing, metagenome sequencing, and whole‐genome sequencing of environmental microorganisms, as well as its in situ application under some special circumstances. We also analyze the advantages and challenges of nanopore sequencing in microbiology research. Overall, nanopore sequencing has the potential to greatly enhance the detection and understanding of microorganisms in environmental research, but further developments are needed to overcome the current challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of mitochondrial homeostasis on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced endothelial cell barrier function and the mechanisms that underlie these effects. Cells were treated with LPS or oligomycin (mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthase inhibitor) and the mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were evaluated. Moreover, the shedding of glycocalyx‐heparan sulphate (HS), the levels of HS‐specific degrading enzyme heparanase (HPA), and the expression of occludin and zonula occludens (ZO‐1) of Tight Junctions (TJ)s, which are mediated by myosin light chain phosphorylation (p‐MLC), were assessed. Examining the changes in mitochondrial homeostasis showed that adding heparinase III, which is an exogenous HPA, can destroy the integrity of glycocalyx. LPS simultaneously increased mitochondrial swelling, mtROS, and ΔΨm. Without oligomycin effects, HS, HPA levels, and p‐MLC were found to be elevated, and the destruction of occludin and ZO‐1 increased. Heparinase III not only damaged the glycocalyx by increasing HS shedding but also increased mitochondrial swelling and mtROS and decreased ΔΨm. Mitochondrial homeostasis is involved in LPS‐induced endothelial cell barrier dysfunction by aggravating HPA and p‐MLC levels. In turn, the integrated glycocalyx protects mitochondrial homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Torreya grandis cv. Merrillii is an important economic tree widely cultivated in hilly subtropical areas in China and some parts of Japan and Korea. Crown and root rot was found on T. grandis in Zhejiang Province of China. Three isolates with similar morphology were isolated from diseased samples, and used for identification and pathogenicity tests. The pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed by fulfilling Koch's postulates. The pathogen was identified as Fusarium commune based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic tree constructed by combining ITS and TEF‐1α gene sequences. This is the first report of F. commune causing crown and root rot on T. grandis in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs) are self‐renewing tumor cells that govern chemoresistance in gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC), whereas their regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Here, the study aims to elucidate the role of ATOH1 in the maintenance of GCSCs. The preclinical model and GAC sample analysis indicate that ATOH1 deficiency is correlated with poor GAC prognosis and chemoresistance. ScRNA‐seq reveals that ATOH1 is downregulated in the pit cells of GAC compared with those in paracarcinoma samples. Lineage tracing reveals that Atoh1 deletion strongly confers pit cell stemness. ATOH1 depletion significantly accelerates cancer stemness and chemoresistance in Tff1‐CreERT2; Rosa26Tdtomato and Tff1‐CreERT2; Apcfl/fl; p53fl/fl (TcPP) mouse models and organoids. ATOH1 deficiency downregulates growth arrest‐specific protein 1 (GAS1) by suppressing GAS1 promoter transcription. GAS1 forms a complex with RET, which inhibits Tyr1062 phosphorylation, and consequently activates the RET/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by ATOH1 deficiency. Combining chemotherapy with drugs targeting AKT/mTOR signaling can overcome ATOH1 deficiency‐induced chemoresistance. Moreover, it is confirmed that abnormal DNA hypermethylation induces ATOH1 deficiency. Taken together, the results demonstrate that ATOH1 loss promotes cancer stemness through the ATOH1/GAS1/RET/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in GAC, thus providing a potential therapeutic strategy for AKT/mTOR inhibitors in GAC patients with ATOH1 deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]