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The average participation rate based on actions was significantly lower than the rates based on intentions (hypothetical program: I t i = 3.75, I p i = 0.0003; contingently modified program: I t i = 2.70, I p i = 0.0077), whereas the average participation rate in a hypothetical program was higher than that in a contingently modified program ( I t i = 2.54, I p i = 0.0117). Landowner participation behavior regarding a conservation program (e.g., set-aside) is likely to differ from behavior regarding a forestry management program (e.g., afforestation) due to different underlying motives or types of landowners (Lindhjem & Mitani 2012). Finally, our results showed that managers of forestry-oriented programs have a harder time upping participation rates than managers of conservation programs: conservation programs forecasted 25% higher participation rates than forestry or other management programs. Keywords: conservation easements; ecosystem services; incentive programs; landowner behavior; private forestland; voluntary participation; comportamiento del terrateniente; mitigación por conservación; participación voluntaria; programas de incentivos; servicios ambientales; tierras forestales privadas;: , , , , , EN conservation easements ecosystem services incentive programs landowner behavior private forestland voluntary participation comportamiento del terrateniente mitigación por conservación participación voluntaria programas de incentivos servicios ambientales tierras forestales privadas: , , , , , 1 14 14 03/02/22 20220201 NES 220201 Introduction In response to conflict-fraught and often unsuccessful direct regulation, voluntary incentive programs that encourage the provision of additional ecosystem services (ES) on private forest land have received increasing attention in recent years (Hanley et al. 2012; Ando & Langpap 2018; Langpap et al. 2018). [Extracted from the article]

Objective: To compare rates of attestation and attrition from the MU program by independent, horizontally integrated, and vertically integrated physicians and to assess whether MU created pressure for independent physicians to join integrated organizations.Data Source/study Setting: Secondary Data from SK&A and Medicare MU Files, 2011-2016. Office-based physicians in the 50 United States and District of Columbia.Study Design: We compared attestation rates among physicians that remained independent or integrated throughout the study period. We then assessed the association between changing integration and MU attestation in multivariate regression models.Principal Findings: Our sample included 291 234 physicians. Forty nine percent of physicians that remained independent throughout the period attested to MU at least once during the program, compared with 70 percent of physicians that remained horizontally or vertically integrated physicians. Only approximately 50 percent of independent physicians that attested between 2011 and 2013 attested in 2015, representing significantly more attrition than we observed among integrated physicians. In multivariate regression models, physicians that joined these organizations were more likely to have attested to MU prior to integrating and this difference increased following integration.Conclusions: These findings point toward a growing digital divide between physicians who remain independent and integrated physicians that may have been exacerbated by the MU program. Targeted public policy, such as new regional extension centers, should be considered to address this disparity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, voluntary incentive programs that aid conservation of plant and wildlife species on private lands provide a structural solution to the problem of protecting endangered species by reducing costs and enhancing benefits to landowners. We explored the potential for incentives to encourage landowners to manage land cover for the benefit of endangered songbirds in central Texas (U.S.A.) by asking landowners to indicate their preferences for financial incentives, technical assistance, and regulatory assurances. We identified owners of potential songbird habitat and collected data in face-to-face interviews and self-administered questionnaires. We used a latent-class stated-choice model to identify 3 classes of landowners whose choices varied on the basis of their attitudes and perceived social norms: (1) strong positive attitude, perceived social pressure to participate, and willing to participate with relatively few incentives, (2) weak positive attitude, perceived no social pressure to participate, and required strongest incentives, and (3) negative attitude, perceived social pressure not to enroll, and unwilling to participate regardless of incentive structure. Given this heterogeneity in preferences, conservation incentives may increase management of land cover to benefit endangered species on private lands to some degree; however, exclusive reliance on incentives may be insufficient. Promoting conservation on private lands may be enhanced by integrating incentives into an approach that incorporates other strategies for conservation, including social networks and collaborative processes that reinforce social norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that investigates the implications of the proximity of forest bird conservation initiative on coffee plantation value in India. The study was carried out by using systematic point counts in 11 coffee plantation sites wherein its data are analyzed using randomized linear modeling framework to gain spatial autocorrelation. The study reveals that plantations located in different distances within the forest area cannot provide a fair biodiversity friendliness and the conservation initiative is necessary in maintaining biodiversity within the plantations.

Watersheds are widely accepted as a useful geography for organizing natural resource management in Australia and the United States. It is assumed that effective action needs to be underpinned by an understanding of the interactions between people and the environment. While there has been some social research as part of watershed planning, there have been few attempts to integrate socio-economic and biophysical data to improve the efficacy of watershed management. This paper explores that topic. With limited resources for social research, watershed partners in Australia chose to focus on gathering spatially referenced socioeconomic data using a mail survey to private landholders that would enable them to identify and refine priority issues, develop and improve communication with private landholders, choose policy options to accomplish watershed targets, and evaluate the achievement of intermediate watershed plan objectives. Experience with seven large watershed projects provides considerable insight about the needs of watershed planners, how to effectively engage them, and how to collect and integrate social data as part of watershed management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]