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We evaluated the effects of white noise played through headphones on off-task behavior, percentage of items completed, and percentage of items completed correctly for 3 students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Headphones plus white noise were associated with decreases in off-task behavior relative to baseline and headphones-only (no white noise) control conditions. Little change in academic responding occurred across conditions for all participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Twelve infants and toddlers who exhibited spontaneous awakening and crying episodes during the night were subjected to scheduled awakenings by their parents. Scheduled awakenings were determined from individual baseline data, and these consisted of awakening, feeding, and consoling the child about 15 to 30 minutes before typical spontaneous awakening times. Once spontaneous awakenings were precluded, scheduled awakenings by the parents were faded out and posttreatment data were collected. The technique appeared effective for most children when the parents complied with the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]