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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the effect of 6, 12, and 24 h short‐term anaerobic treatment on kiwiberry quality and antioxidant properties at 5 °C. RESULTS: Short‐term anaerobic treatment was found to delay ripening and softening in kiwiberries, evident from changes in ethylene release, total soluble solids, starch, protopectin, and fruit texture. The 24 h treatment group exhibited the lowest decay rate of 12% on day 49, a 38% reduction compared with the control group. Anaerobic treatment reduced flesh translucency and decay in the fruit. The 12 h and 24 h treatments enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase, and increased the level of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acid. Moreover, it lowered oxidative damage in cell membranes, evidenced by reduced malondialdehyde content and relative conductivity. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that anaerobic treatment maintains the fruit quality by stimulating its antioxidant defense system. Therefore, short‐term anaerobic treatment emerges as a promising method for kiwiberry storage. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The demand for mammaplasty has increased in recent years, and infection remains one of the common and serious post‐operative complications. In this study, we analyzed the pathogen distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of breast plastic surgery infections, and compared the differences in pathogenic species between surgical procedures. Methods: The number of each species was counted in the microbial samples of breast plastic surgery infections in Plastic Surgery Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from January 2011 to December 2021. The in vitro antibiotic sensitivity testing data were analyzed using WHONET 5.6 software. The surgical techniques, the period of infection, and other details were gathered in accordance with the clinical data. Results: There were a total of 42 cases included, and 43 different types of pathogenic bacteria, mostly gram‐positive bacteria, were found. CoNS (13/43) and Staphylococcus aureus (22/43) made up the majority. The most prevalent of the five Gram‐negative bacteria was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results of drug sensitivity tests indicate that S. aureus is highly sensitive to vancomycin, cotrimoxazole, and linezolid, whereas CoNS is highly sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid, and chloramphenicol. Both of these bacteria show high resistance to erythromycin and penicillin. Breast augmentation, breast reconstruction, and breast reduction surgery were the most frequently associated breast surgery procedures in this study with infections, with the highest number of infections occurring following breast augmentation with fat grafting, breast reduction surgery, and breast reconstruction with autologous tissue. Various breast plastic surgery procedures have different common pathogens of infection, but the most prevalent are CoNS and S. aureus. Additionally, the majority of the infections in this study were in the early stages. Conclusions: Gram‐positive bacteria were the predominant cause of breast plastic surgery infections, and the types of infection strains, the period of infection onset, and the antibiotic susceptibility of prevalent strains varied between breast plastic procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: By analyzing the distribution and drug resistance of common pathogen in different sites in plastic surgery to provide reference for clinicians to choose the best antibacterial treatment plan. Methods: Pathogens of postoperative infection in plastic surgery from January 2011 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed to determine the species and quantity, and to access the trend of each pathogen's detection rate. The antibiotic sensitivity and distribution characteristics of common pathogens were studied in conjunction with the site of infection. Results: A total of 1709 bacterial strains were detected, including 1244 gram‐positive bacterial strains and 465 gram‐negative bacterial strains. The main pathogen of perineum was Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), while Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was the most common pathogen in the other infected sites. The detection rate of methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin‐resistant coagulase‐negative staphylococcus (MRCNS) was on the rise from 2011 to 2021. No S. aureus and coagulase‐negative staphylococcus (CoNS) strains were resistant to vancomycin. The sensitive rate of S. aureus from all parts and CoNS from all sites except lower limbs and mandible was higher than 80% to linezolid. The resistance rate of S. aureus and CoNS in all parts to penicillin, clindamycin, and erythromycin was high. The susceptibility rate of CoNS in lower mandible was high to gentamicin. Conclusions: Staphylococcus aureus was the primary pathogen of gram‐positive bacteria in all site of plastic surgery except perineum, followed by CoNS. The distribution and drug resistance of pathogen in different infection sites were different. We should formulate more accurate and reasonable antibacterial programs according to drug resistance results of various parts to reduce the emergence of resistant strains and effectively prevent and control infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel and simple online solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of diazepam and its five metabolites including nordazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, oxazepam glucuronide, and temazepam glucuronide in human oral fluid. Human oral fluid was obtained using the Salivette® collection device, and 100 μL of oral fluid samples were loaded onto HySphere Resin GP cartridge for extraction. Analytes were separated on a Waters Xterra C18 column and quantified by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry using the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The whole procedure was automatic, and the total run time was 21 min. The limit of detection was in the range of 0.05-0.1 ng/mL for all analytes. The linearity ranged from 0.25 to 250 ng/mL for oxazepam, and 0.1 to 100 ng/mL for the other five analytes. Intraday and interday precision for all analytes was 0.6-12.8 and 1.0-9.2%, respectively. Accuracy ranged from 95.6 to 114.7%. Method recoveries were in the range of 65.1-80.8%. This method was fully automated, simple, and sensitive. Authentic oral fluid samples collected from two volunteers after consuming a single oral dose of 10 mg diazepam were analyzed to demonstrate the applicability of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that stimulation of the region of the rostral pontine oralis (RPO) nucleus and the peripheral application of a noxious stimulus activates an ascending system that also modulates hippocampal neural responses during behavioral arousal. Indeed, the two stimuli and behavioral arousal elicit theta activation and the suppression of population spikes (PS) in dorsal hippocampus field CA1. Interestingly, such neural responses in CA1 are also elicited by microinjection of the cholinergic agonist carbachol into the hypothalamic supramammillary nucleus (SuM). In the present in vivo electrophysiological study, we tested the hypothesis that cholinergic neural elements in the SuM modulate the neural drive to CA1 on RPO stimulation or the peripheral application of a noxious stimulus. Pharmacological investigation showed that intra-SuM microinjection of either a muscarinic or a nicotinic receptor antagonist attenuated the SuM carbachol-induced neural effects in CA1, namely, theta activation and PS suppression. However, neither antagonist attenuated the CA1 effects of intra-SuM microinjection of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Subsequent investigations revealed that microinjection of only the nicotinic antagonist, mecamylamine, into the lateral SuM selectively attenuated the responses elicited in CA1 by stimulation of the RPO or on nociceptive stimulation with hind paw injection of formalin (5%, 0.05 ml); whereas, microinjection of mecamylamine into the medial SuM did not affect the hippocampal responses elicited by either type of stimulation. Furthermore, application of mecamylamine into the lateral SuM attenuated the CA1 responses induced by injection of formalin into the contralateral, but not the ipsilateral hind paw. The lateralization of drug effect is consistent with the predominant unilateral anatomical connections between the SuM and the septohippocampal region. These findings provide novel evidence that nicotinic cholinoceptive neurons in the lateral SuM are common elements of the neural drive(s) to the hippocampus on RPO activation and noxious stimulation. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have established that the posterior hypothalamus-supramammillary (SUM) region is involved in the control of the hippocampal theta rhythm and also modulates the synaptic excitation of hippocampal neurons. Particularly, the medial but not lateral SUM region mediates reticular stimulation-induced suppression of CA1 pyramidal cell synaptic excitation to Schaffer collateral stimulation. In the present study using urethane anesthetized rats, we have investigated the effect of direct chemical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus-SUM region on CA1 pyramidal cell excitability. It was observed that microinjection of the cholinergic muscarinic receptor agonist, carbachol (0.1 μl, concentration of either 0.0052, 0.156, or 0.625 μg/μl), evoked concentration-dependent suppression of CA1 pyramidal cell excitability that was dissociated from theta activation. Further, carbachol microinjection preferentially recruited the lateral SUM region when compared with the medial SUM and the posterior hypothalamic regions. In this context, the shortest latencies to suppression at the lowest concentration of carbachol and the strongest suppression at higher concentrations were observed with lateral microinjections. The carbachol-induced suppression was attenuated by inactivation of the medial septal region by microinjection of procaine (0.5 μl, 20% w/v). These results underscore a possible role for cholinergic mechanisms in the lateral SUM region in modulation of CA1 pyramidal cell synaptic excitation via the medial septal region. Furthermore, the present findings when juxtaposed with the medial SUM mediation of reticularly-elicited suppression suggest a medial-lateral topographic organization of the SUM region in modulation of CA1 excitability. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The induction of hippocampal theta by reticular stimulation involves a relay to the hippocampus via the posterior hypothalamic–supramammillary region and then the medial septum. Interestingly, sensory- or behaviour-induced theta is accompanied by suppression of hippocampal field CA1 synaptic responses. In the present study, performed on anaesthetized rats, we observed that reticular stimulation also induced a suppression of the CA1 pyramidal cell population spike and the corresponding dendritic field excitatory postsynaptic potential evoked by field CA3 stimulation. This suppression was observed at stimulation intensity below the threshold for generation of CA1 theta and was maximal at stimulation intensities at the threshold for theta. The frequency and amplitude of theta waves, by contrast, increased further with increasing reticular stimulation voltage. Neural inactivation by microinjection of the local anaesthetic procaine (20% w/v, 0.1–0.2 µL) or the inhibitory ligand gamma aminobutyric acid (0.8 m, 0.5 µL) in the posterior hypothalamic regions, especially the ipsilateral medial supramammillary region, or the medial septum attenuated both the suppression of CA1 pyramidal cell synaptic excitability and theta generation. However, the effects of microinjection on suppression and theta were not always in parallel. Furthermore, the effect of microinjection of gamma aminobutyric acid on reticularly elicited suppression was observed from relatively fewer sites in the posterior hypothalamus as compared with that on theta activation. These results suggest that reticular stimulation evokes an inhibition of CA1 pyramidal cell excitability that (i) is mediated, at least in part, via medial supramammillary and septal regions, but (ii) involves a separate neural pathway from theta generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]