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Aim: This systematic literature review with meta‐analysis aimed to determine the effect of omega‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on prostaglandin levels and pain severity in women with dysmenorrhoea and identify adverse side effects. Methods: A literature search was conducted in Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE complete, CINAHL and AMED databases (PROSPERO CRD42022340371). Included studies provided omega‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to a control in women with dysmenorrhoea and reported pain and/or prostaglandin levels. A random effects meta‐analysis with Cohen's d effect size (95% confidence interval) was performed in SPPS for studies that reported pain outcomes. Study quality was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist. Results: Twelve studies (n = 881 dysmenorrhoeal women) of predominantly neutral quality (83%) were included that provided daily supplementation of 300–1800 mg omega‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids over 2 or 3 months. Meta‐analysis (n = 8 studies) showed a large effect of omega‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (d = −1.020, 95% confidence interval −1.53 to −0.51) at reducing dysmenorrhoea pain. No studies measured prostaglandin levels, 86% of studies measuring analgesic use showed a reduction with omega‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and few studies reported mild adverse side effects in individual participants. Conclusions: Findings suggest that daily supplementation of 300–1800 mg omega‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids over 2–3 months are generally well tolerated and reduces pain and analgesic use in women with dysmenorrhoea. However, the neutral quality of research is limited by methodological issues and the mechanism of action remains to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HOTFUZ uses higher order mutations to evaluate multiple mutations at once which reduces the cost of mutation testing, which is a significant impediment in MBFL techniques. MuFBDTester: A mutation-based test sequence generator for FBD programs implementing nuclear power plant software by I Lingjun Liu, Eunkyoung Jee and Doo-Hwan Bae i . This paper presents MuFBDTester, an automated test sequence generation tool using mutation testing techniques for Function Block Diagram (FBD) programs. [Extracted from the article]

An approach to the analysis of 55 possible nonconjugated positional isomers of octadecadienoic acid is described and tested with mixtures of individual synthetic methyl esters. In the first example, by ozonolysis a sevencomponent mixture consisting of cis,cis 5,12-, 6,10-, 6,11-, 6,12-, 7,12-, 8,12-, and 9,12-octadecadienoates was converted to aldehydes, aldehyde-esters and dialdehydes. These fragments were separated on a 50 m×0.2 mm free fatty acid phase (FFAP) vitreous silica capillary column. Equations for an arbitrarily restricted 12×15 matrix of linear simultaneous equations and a computer solution of the matrix provided the composition of the initial methyl octadecadienoate mixture. The power and significance of this method became apparent with the observation that only two of the seven isomers in the known mixture were resolved as single peaks by state-of-the-art capillary gas chromatography, but all seven were identified and estimated with acceptable error by the ozonolysis-capillary gas chromatography-computer procedure. In a generalized approach to the analysis of the 55 possible nonconjugated isomers, a computer program selects the appropriate matrix of linear simultaneous equations based on the aldehyde data supplied by the analyst. Twenty of 21 combinations of seven isomeric esters taken five at a time have been analyzed to assess the efficiency of the method. To illustrate applicability at this stage of development, the method has been used to analyze the diene products of the hydrazine reduction of γ-linolenic acid and the diene products from the biological desaturation of isomeric monoenes. The possibility of distinguishing geometric and positional isomers of 18∶2 has been opened by the observed separation of cis-and trans-unsaturated aldehydes and aldehyde-esters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 40 natural or synthetic lipophilic compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity. Gram (+) bacteria and yeasts but not Gram (−) bacteria were affected by these agents. Epimino and selena fatty acids are more active than their corresponding straight chain unsubstituted fatty acids. The position of selenium influenced the antimicrobial activity of the fatty acid. The presence and position of a double or triple bond, usually an important factor in long chain fatty acids (>C) had little or no effect in C fatty acids. Optimum antimicrobial activity was found for fatty acids and their corresponding monoglycerides when the chain length was C. The dilaurin derivative was not active. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparison of human adult and fetal adrenals with respect to their levels of glyceryl ether lipids and other lipid components is reported. Fetal glands contained significantly lower levels of alk-1-enyl phosphoglycerides and of cholesterol. Neutral glyceryl ether diesters, and ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides were isolated from adult adrenal tissue. The composition of the O-alkyl glycerol groups in these lipid fractions was obtained by means of gas chromatography of the trimethylsilyl ethers and diacetyl derivatives; O-alk-1-enyl glycerols were analyzed as their diacetates. About one-half of the alkyl and alk-1-enyl glycerol moieties present in glyceryl ether diesters contained hydrocarbon side chains with 20, 22, or 24 carbon atoms. Long hydrocarbon chains (C) were also found in the O-alkyl glycerol moieties present in the total lipids of fetal adrenals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fatty acid composition of Biota orientalis seed oil consists of palmitic (5.1%), stearic (3.4%), oleic (15.3%), linoleic (25.6%), linolenic (34.7%), C20:3(11c,14c,17c) 4.9%, and C20:4(5c,11c,14c,17c) 10.5%. The unsaturated fatty esters derived from Biota oil were epoxidized and subsequently treated with NaI-PrI-DMSO. Chromatographic separation of the complex product mixture revealed the presence of C18-oxo, C18-furanoid, and C18-and C20-oxo-furanoid esters. Epoxidation of a pure sample of C20:4(5c,11c,14c,17c) followed by NaI-PrI-DMSO treatment gave a mixture of C20-dioxo-furanoid esters. The positions of the oxo and furanoid groups in the various derivatives were determined by GC/MS analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic and natural C furanoid fatty esters were successfully converted to the corresponding furanoid alcohols, aldehydes, halides, ethers, acetates, mesylates, and chain extended by two carbon atoms in high yield to the corresponding C furanoid ester homologues. Acid hydrolysis of the furanoid esters furnished dioxostearate derivatives, which were cyclized with ammonium carbonate or ammonia in titanium chloride and with phosphorus pentasulfide to pyrrole and thiophene ester derivatives, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electron-impact mass spectra of the picolinyl ester derivatives of 5,12-, 6,12-, 7,12-, 8,12-, 6,10- and 6,11-octadecadienoic acids were obtained. There are features in each that are diagnostic of the position of the terminal double bond, although doubt could exist, with unknown compounds, about the position of the proximal double bond if authentic spectra were not available for comparison purposes. There appear to be features in the spectra of isomers with two and three methylene groups between double bonds that are of value for characterization purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaction of a C furanoic fatty acid with dimethyl dicarboxylate (DMAD) furnished the corresponding bicyclo Diels-Alder adduct, which was partially hydrogenated over Pd/BaSO. Heat treatment (160-180°C) of the partially hydrogenated product caused a retro-Diels-Alder reaction to yield a furanoid fatty acid derivative containing methoxycarbonyl (COOCH) substituents at the 3-and 4-positions of the furan nucleus. Reduction of the COOCH substituents with LiBH gave the corresponding CHOH-substituted furanoid fatty acid. Hydrogenation of the latter over Pd/C furnished the desired dimethyl-substituted furanoid acid derivative (overall yield 60%). The spectroscopic properties of the intermediates and product are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimethylene interrupted dioxo derivatives of 10, 13-epoxy-11-methylocadeca-10, 12-dienoate (from latex) and 9 (10), 12 (13)-epoxyoctadeca-9 (10), 11 (12)-dienoates (from linoleate) were successfully methylated at the methylene carbons located between the two oxo groups using methyl iodide and KOH in DMSO. The resulting dimethyldioxo derivatives were cyclodehydrated to furnish methyl 10, 13-epoxy-11, 12-dimethyloctadeca-10, 12-dienoate and a mixture of methyl 9(10), 12(13)-epoxy-10(11), 11(12)-dimethyl-octadeca-9(10), 11(12)-dienoate. Similarly, methylation at C-11 of methyl 12-oxo-octadec-as-9-enoate (from methyl ricinoleate) gave methyl 9, 12-epoxy, 11-methyloctadeca-9, 11-dienoate on cyclodehydration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid method for the synthesis of methyl 9,12-epoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate from methyl ricinoleate was developed. Methyl ricinoleate was oxidized to the corresponding keto ester, which was treated with mercury (II) acetate to give the required furanoid ester. Dry column silica gel chromatography was used for the purification process and was found to be reliable and efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidation of 2,5-disubstituted furan-containing fatty acids by the von Rudloff or Brown procedures results in the production of monoacid and diacid fragments, which can be readily identified by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis. Cleavages occur at the C? double bonds of the furan ring system with von Rudloff's reagent. A mixture of 2 monoacid and 2 diacid fragments are obtained instead when the furan-containing fatty acid is treated with chromic acid according to Brown's procedure. These chemical methods are suitable for locating the position of the furan system in the fatty [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unsaturated long chain fatty esters gave the corresponding bromochloro ester derivatives when treated with N-bromosuccinimide and hydrogen chloride. Treatment of the intermediate halo esters with sodium iodide furnished the same positional unsaturated fatty ester isomers, but of opposite geometric configuration. This olefin isomerization method was found to be high yielding, stereospecific and to cause no double bond migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, numerous reports have highlighted the restriction of the CDR3 length of T-cell receptor (TCR) beta chain in T-cells infiltrating solid tumors and hematological malignancies. However, these studies ignored the restriction of CDR3 length of TCR alpha chain and few of them attempted to reveal the mechanisms of the oligo-clonal expansion of T cells in the tumors. The primary aims of this study were twofold to: (i) analyze the CDR3 length of TCR alpha and beta chain in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL); and (ii) discover the relationship between the clonality of T cells and the process of TCR rearrangement in peripheral T cells. To this end, we investigated the TCR BV and TCR AV family spectratypes of two T-ALL patients and healthy controls using the immunoscope spectratyping technique. We found that the spectratypes exhibited a Gaussian distribution in healthy controls. However, the TCR repertoires of the two patients were highly restricted in the number of different TCR BV and TCR AV family members present. Furthermore, we found that the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of two T-ALL patients had the recombination signal sequence (RSS) 5′- and 3′-breaks end in the TCR BD2 gene using a specialized ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction, implying the ongoing recombination of the TCR beta gene. Analysis of the particular CDR3 length of TCR alpha/beta T cells might be helpful for further study of the individualized therapy of T-ALL. This information will also be helpful in exploring new immunological pathogenesis and facilitating the design of a T-ALL vaccine, as well as in improving our understanding of healthy human T-cell development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans are exposed to environmental factors at every stage of life including infancy. The aim of this mini-review was to present a narrative of environmental factors influencing human milk composition. Current literature shows lactation is a dynamic process and is responsive to multiple environmental challenges including geographical location, lifestyle, persistent pollutants and maternal factors (ethnicity, diet, stress, allergy and adiposity) that may influence human milk composition in a synergistic manner and should be considered in order to improve infant and maternal outcomes on a populations scale. Further interventional studies on larger international cohorts are needed to elucidate these complex relationships. Lactating women should aim for a healthy lifestyle and maintain a healthy body composition prior to and throughout the reproductive period, including during lactation., (©2022 Foundation Acta Paediatrica. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)