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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are usually modified and passivated to improve their performance and stability. The interface modification and bulk doping are the two basic strategies. Fluorine (F)‐containing materials are highly favored because of their unique hydrophobicity and coordination ability. This review discusses the basic characteristics of F, and the basic principles of improving the photovoltaic performance and stability of PSC devices using F‐containing materials. We systematically summarized the latest progress in the application of F‐containing materials to achieve efficient and stable PSCs on several key interface layers. It is believed that this work will afford significant understanding and inspirations toward the future application directions of F‐containing materials in PSCs, and provide profound insights for the development of efficient and stable PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interface modification and bulk doping are two major strategies to improve the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Dipolar molecules are highly favored due to their unique dipolarity. This review discusses the basic concepts and characteristics of dipoles. In addition, the role of dipoles in PSCs and the corresponding conventional characterization methods for dipoles are introduced. Then, we systematically summarize the latest progress in achieving efficient and stable PSCs in dipole materials at several key interfaces. Finally, we look forward to the future application directions of dipole molecules in PSCs, aiming at providing deep insight and inspiration for developing efficient and stable PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To understand the real experience of family members of patients in neurosurgical intensive care unit (NICU) during intra‐hospital transport (IHT), explore their inner needs and provide effective intervention measures for the construction of standardized IHT plan. Design: A descriptive qualitative study. Methods: For the purposes of this study, 10 family members of IHT patients were included using a purposive sampling method. Semi‐structured in‐depth interviews were used to collect the data, Nvivo 11 software was used to organize the data, and Colaizzi's 7‐step descriptive phenomenology method was used to analyse the data. Results: A total of three themes and nine subthemes were extracted, namely: Experience of emotional changes at different stages (uncertainty before transfer, complex internal activity during transit, ambivalence after transfer); Perception of problems in IHT (poor doctor–patient communication, weak awareness of risk assessment, deficiencies in the transfer procedure); Consciousness of the real needs (emotional respect and closeness, stay informed of the progression of the disease, greater social support). Conclusion: Family members of patients in the NICU have complex internal experiences and multiple support needs during IHT, reflecting the need for further standardization of the transport process. In the future, we should improve the mode of safe IHT involving doctors, nurses and family members of patients, ensure the safety of patient transport, meet the social support needs of family members and improve the experience of IHT and the medical satisfaction of family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen production from photocatalysis via the usage of multicomponent photocatalysts represents a promising pathway for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, owing to their structural advantages in dealing with the three crucial processes in photocatalysis, namely, light harvesting, charge transfer, and surface redox reactions. We demonstrate the fabrication of a MOF‐based multicomponent photocatalyst, denoted as semiconductor/MOF/cocatalyst, by a one‐pot electrochemical synthetic route. The as‐fabricated multicomponent photocatalyst has a clean interface among the components, leading to close connections that contribute to high‐quality heterojunction and facilitate photogenerated charge transfer and separation, thereby the efficient hydrogen evolution. The hydrogen production rate of the resultant ZrO2/Zr‐MOF/Pt is 1327 μmol ⋅ g−1 ⋅ h−1, which is much higher than that of ZrO2/Zr‐MOF (15 μmol ⋅ g−1 ⋅ h−1) and pure Zr‐MOF (10.1 μmol ⋅ g−1 ⋅ h−1), as well as the photodeposited‐Pt products ZrO2/Zr‐MOF/PtPD (287 μmol ⋅ g−1 ⋅ h−1) and Zr‐MOF/PtPD (192 μmol ⋅ g−1 ⋅ h−1) obtained by the step‐wise synthetic approach. The work gives a good inspiration for the rational design and construction of MOF‐based multicomponent photocatalysts through the one‐pot electrosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a novel class of crystalline inorganic–organic hybrid materials with tunable semiconducting behavior. MOFs have potential for application in photocatalysis to produce sustainable solar fuels, owing to their unique structural advantages (such as clarity and modifiability) that can facilitate a deeper understanding of the structure–activity relationship in photocatalysis. This review takes the photocatalytic active sites as a particular perspective, summarizing the progress of MOF‐based photocatalysis for solar fuel production; mainly including three categories of solar‐chemical conversions, photocatalytic water splitting to hydrogen fuel, photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction to hydrocarbon fuels, and photocatalytic nitrogen fixation to high‐energy fuel carriers such as ammonia. This review focuses on the types of active sites in MOF‐based photocatalysts and discusses their enhanced activity based on the well‐defined structure of MOFs, offering deep insights into MOF‐based photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lewis‐acid properties of the coordinatively unsaturated metal ions are highly relevant to the coordination environment; however, it remains a challenge to establish the coordination structure‐activity relationship, especially in heterogeneous catalysis. Here, a typical metal‐organic framework, ZIF‐8, is selected as the precursor to prepare Lewis‐acid based Zn−N/P−C mononuclear catalysts, with well‐designed external structures but difference in the local coordination. The obtained mononuclear Zn(II) catalysts can not only inherit the advantages of MOF in coordination, but also simulate the homogeneous environment during the catalysis owing to the monodispersed metal sites in ZIF‐8. Eventually, relation between coordination and Lewis‐acid property toward epoxide hydroxylation has been illustrated. Results show the substituted coordination atom of P and the decrease of coordination number strongly enhance the Lewis‐acidity of Zn2+, causing the TOF values changes from 8.7 to 80.1 h−1 based on Zn content. The work affords an understanding and inspiration of coordination environment matters toward Lewis‐acid catalysis in organic transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To select and obtain relevant evidence of airway management in adult critically ill patients at home and abroad, formulate clinical quality review indicators based on evidence and analyse obstacle factors and promoting factors in evidence‐based nursing practice. To promote standardized ICU airway management evidence‐based nursing practice to provide the basis. Design: Obstacle factor analysis. Methods: Take the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) evidence‐based healthcare model as theoretical guidance, establish evidence‐based problems, form a team, systematically search for literature, evaluate quality and summarize evidence, establish quality review indicators and review methods, analyse obstacles and facilitating factors based on the review results and formulate corresponding action strategies. Results: According to the 29 best evidences, 21 review indicators were developed. Through the results of clinical quality review, the main barriers to evidence‐based practice were analysed: the lack of nurse training and relevant evidence‐based knowledge at the practitioner level, the lack of standardized procedures for airway management and the lack of materials at the system level. Conclusion: There is a big gap between airway management evidence and clinical practice in critically ill adult patients. Therefore, improvement measures should be formulated for obstacle factors to promote effective transformation of evidence into clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A wide range of light absorption and rapid electron–hole separation are desired for efficient photocatalysis. Herein, on the basis of a semiconductor‐like metal–organic framework (MOF), a Pt@MOF/Au catalyst with two types of metal–MOF interfaces integrates the surface plasmon resonance excitation of Au nanorods with a Pt‐MOF Schottky junction, which not only extends the light absorption of the MOF from the UV to the visible region but also greatly accelerates charge transfer. The spatial separation of Pt and Au particles by the MOF further steers the formation of charge flow and expedites the charge migration. As a result, the Pt@MOF/Au presents an exceptionally high photocatalytic H2 production rate by water splitting under visible light irradiation, far superior to Pt/MOF/Au, MOF/Au and other counterparts with similar Pt or Au contents, highlighting the important role of each component and the Pt location in the catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the efficiency of electron-hole separation and charge-carrier utilization plays a central role in photocatalysis. Herein, Pt nanoparticles of ca. 3 nm are incorporated inside or supported on a representative metal-organic framework (MOF), UiO-66-NH2, denoted as Pt@UiO-66-NH2 and Pt/UiO-66-NH2, respectively, for photocatalytic hydrogen production via water splitting. Compared with the pristine MOF, both Pt-decorated MOF nanocomposites exhibit significantly improved yet distinctly different hydrogen-production activities, highlighting that the photocatalytic efficiency strongly correlates with the Pt location relative to the MOF. The Pt@UiO-66-NH2 greatly shortens the electron-transport distance, which favors the electron-hole separation and thereby yields much higher efficiency than Pt/UiO-66-NH2. The involved mechanism has been further unveiled by means of ultrafast transient absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanorods array was successfully fabricated on copper substrate by the anodic oxidation method. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images indicated that the fabricated Cu2O nanorods grew vertically from the substrate. The Cu2O nanorods had an approximately average diameter and length of 40 and 400 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the photoelectric output property of Cu2O nanorods array as a photoanode was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crohn's disease is now increasingly considered as a disabling disease. Conventionally, the disease is managed by step-up therapy. In recent years, the top-down strategy has been proposed and is thought to benefit the patients in whom the condition is likely to rapidly deteriorate toward disabling. However, this strategy has severe adverse effects which have to be weighed against its benefits. The aim of this study is to identify the risk factors that can predict the requirement of top-down therapy among Chinese patients. We included 207 Chinese patients who had histories of Crohn's disease for ≥5 years, or those who had Crohn's disease for <5 years and at least one criterion of disabling disease. The risk factors related to the 5-year disabling course and the 2-year disabling course of Crohn's disease were separately analyzed in the same cohort by logistic regression. Among the 207 patients, the rate of disabling disease was 80.19% for 5-year, and 71.01% for 2-year. The risk factors of age <40 years at diagnosis, steroids requirement for treating acute exacerbation, and presence of perianal disease at diagnosis were significantly associated with a 5-year disabling course. In the same cohort, the risk factors related to 2-year disabling course were likewise steroids requirement for treating acute exacerbation and presence of perianal disease at diagnosis. The risk factors associated with disabling Crohn's disease, which entails the requirement of top-down therapy in Chinese patients, are requirement of steroids for treating acute exacerbation and the presence of perianal disease at diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To establish an improved noninvasive fluorescent animal model for endometriosis. Adenovirus encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (Ad-eGFP) was used to transfect primary culture endometrial glandular cells and stromal cells (purified cell transfection and mixed injection, Group 1) as well as endometrial fragments (tissues transfection and injection, Group 2). Transfection results were compared between the cells and tissues in vitro. The GFP-transfected cells suspension of Group 1 or endometrial fragments of Group 2, with similar weight, were injected into nude mice subcutaneously and noninvasively observed every 5 days until day 15 (Subgroup 1, N = 5), day 20 (Subgroup 2, N = 5) or day 25 (Subgroup 3, N = 11). The positive rates and duration times of the fluorescent lesions were calculated. After 18 h of incubation, glandular cells and stromal cells all had higher GFP-positive rates. In vivo imaging showed that the GFP positive rates of Group 1 were significantly higher than those of Group 2. The fluorescent-positive durations of Groups 1 and 2 were 23.636 ± 4.523 days and 5.909 ± 5.394 days, respectively ( P < 0.001). In vivo analysis demonstrated that on days 15, 20, and 25, there were more typical lesions and fluorescent-positive lesions formed in Group 1 and that the lesion weight in Group 1 was greater. The structures of the lesions were all identified as human origin. A noninvasive animal model for endometriosis created by subcutaneous injection of an Ad-eGFP-transfected endometrial glandular and stromal cells suspension had higher a positive rate, longer duration time of fluorescent imaging and greater lesion weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]