Search

Post‐synthetic modification of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) is an attractive avenue to add complexity to already intricate systems. This remains an important, challenging topic that is under‐developed. In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of a [2]rotaxane molecule featuring a ring appended to an emissive cyclometalated PtII unit. Modulation of the oxidation state at the metal center can transform the interlocked molecule into a new PtIV [2]rotaxane or a PtIII [3]rotaxane held together by an intermetallic Pt−Pt bond – a first of its kind. These molecules display distinct structural and photophysical properties, as well as shuttling dynamics. This approach for post‐synthetic modification could be used to construct more complex MIMs and inorganic supramolecular assemblies with redox properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of microplastics in drinking water is often challenging due to smaller particle size and low particle count. In this study, we used a low cost and an easy to assemble smartphone microscopic system for imaging and quantitating microplastic particles as small as 20 μm. The system consisted of a spherical sapphire ball lens of 4 mm diameter attached to a smartphone camera as a major imaging component. It also involved pre‐concentration of the sample using ZnCl2 solution. The spike recovery and limit of detection of the method in filtered distilled and deionized water samples (n = 9) were 55.6% ± 9.7% and 34 particles/L, respectively. Imaging performance of the microscopic system was similar to a commercial bright field microscopic system. The method was further implemented to examine microplastic particles in commercial bottled and jar water samples (n = 20). The particles count in bottled and jar water samples ranged from 0–91 particles/L to 0–130 particles/L, respectively. In both sample types, particles of diverse shape and size were observed. The particles collected from water samples were further confirmed by FTIR spectra (n = 36), which found 97% of the particles tested were made of plastic material. These findings suggested that the smartphone microscopic system can be implemented as a low‐cost alternative for preliminary screening of microplastic in drinking water samples. Research Highlights: Ball lens based smartphone microscopic method was used for microplastic analysis.Particles of diverse shape and size were found in bottle and jar water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural extension programs promote regenerative land management practices by increasing farmers' awareness of land use, climate risks, and adoption of adaptation practices for sustainable livelihoods. This study focuses on the perceptions of communities that participate in extension programs and those that do not, regarding climate change risks and livelihood sustainability in Pakistan's Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. The findings indicate that communities participating in extension programs reported poor community land use practices as a cause of negative climate impacts. Farmers identified livestock deaths due to drought and frequent flooding as the main climate risks in their communities. Our study emphasizes the crucial role of extension programs in mitigating and adapting to environmental risks by increasing awareness, promoting a comprehensive understanding of climate risks and adaptation, and planning for land use management. Additionally, our findings underscore the significance of extension initiatives in enhancing livelihoods, such as agriculture, livestock, and forest‐based livelihoods, in the face of climate change challenges. We recommend increasing access to extension programs, strengthening the role of extension initiatives in climate change mitigation and adaptation, and promoting community participation in decision‐making to support sustainable livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intracranial stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) aims at achieving highly conformal dose distribution and, at the same time, attaining rapid dose falloff outside the treatment target. SRS is performed using different techniques including dynamic conformal arcs (DCA) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Purpose: In this study, we compare dose conformity and falloff in DCA and VMAT plans for SRS with a single target. Methods: To compare dose conformity in SRS plans, we employ a novel conformity index CIdexp$C{I}_{{d}_{exp}}$, RTOG conformity index (CIRTOG$C{I}_{RTOG}$), and Riet‐Paddick conformity index (CIRP$C{I}_{RP}$). In addition, we use indices R50%$R50\% $, V10Gy${V}_{10Gy}$, and V12Gy${V}_{12Gy}$ to evaluate dose falloff. For each of the considered 118 cases of SRS, two plans were created using DCA and VMAT. A two‐tailed Student's t‐test was used to evaluate the difference between the employed indices for the DCA and VMAT plans. Results: The studied VMAT plans were characterized by higher dose conformity than the DCA plans. The differences between the conformity indices for the DCA plans and VMAT plans were statistically significant. The DCA plans had a smaller number of monitor units (MUs) and smaller indices R50%, V10Gy, and V12Gy than the VMAT plans. However, the differences between R50%, V10Gy, and V12Gy for the DCA and VMAT plans were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Although the studied VMAT plans had higher dose conformity, they also had larger MUs than the DCA plans. In terms of dose falloff characterized by parameters R50%, V10Gy, and V12Gy, DCA serves as a reasonable alternative to VMAT in the case of a single brain metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is unclear whether antibiotics impact delirium outcomes in older adults with pyuria or bacteriuria in the absence of systemic signs of infection or genitourinary symptoms. Methods: We registered our systematic review protocol with PROSPERO (CRD42023418091). We searched the Medline and Embase databases from inception until April 2023 for studies investigating the impact of antimicrobial treatment on the duration and severity of delirium in older adults (≥60 years) with pyuria (white blood cells detected on urinalysis or dipstick) or bacteriuria (bacteria growing on urine culture) and without systemic signs of infection (temperature > 37.9C [>100.2F] or 1.5C [2.4F] increase above baseline temperature, and/or hemodynamic instability) or genitourinary symptoms (acute dysuria or new/worsening urinary symptoms). Two reviewers independently screened search results, abstracted data, and appraised the risk of bias. Full‐text randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational study designs were included without restriction on study language, duration, or year of publication. Results: We screened 984 citations and included 4 studies comprising 652 older adults (mean age was 84.6 years and 63.5% were women). The four studies were published between 1996 and 2022, and included one RCT, two prospective observational cohort studies, and one retrospective chart review. None of the four studies demonstrated a significant effect of antibiotics on delirium outcomes, with two studies reported a worsening of outcomes among adults who received antibiotics. The three observational studies included had a moderate or serious overall risk of bias, while the one RCT had a high overall risk of bias. Conclusions: Our systematic review found no evidence that treatment with antibiotics is associated with improved delirium outcomes in older adults with pyuria or bacteriuria and without systemic signs of infection or genitourinary symptoms. Overall, the evidence was limited, largely observational, and had substantial risk of bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To unlock the full potential of PSCs, machine learning (ML) was implemented in this research to predict the optimal combination of mesoporous‐titanium dioxide (mp‐TiO2) and weight percentage (wt%) of phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), along with the current density (Jsc), open‐circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (ff), and energy conversion efficiency (ECE). Then, the combination that yielded the highest predicted ECE was selected as a reference to fabricate PCBM‐PSCs with nanopatterned TiO2 layer. Subsequently, the PCBM‐PSCs with nanopatterned TiO2 layers were fabricated and characterized to further understand the effects of nanopatterning depth and wt% of PCBM on PSCs. Experimentally, the highest ECE of 17.338% is achieved at 127 nm nanopatterning depth and 0.10 wt% of PCBM, where the Jsc, Voc, and ff are 22.877 mA cm−2, 0.963 V, and 0.787, respectively. The measured Jsc, Voc, ff, and ECE values show consistencies with the ML prediction. Hence, these findings not only revealed the potential of ML to be used as a preliminary investigation to navigate the research of PSCs but also highlighted that nanopatterning depth has a significant impact on Jsc, and the incorporation of PCBM on perovskite layer influenced the Voc and ff, which further boosted the performance of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal fibrosis is a pathogenic intermediate stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nephrotoxicants including arsenic can cause kidney fibrosis through induction of oxidative stress and epigenetic aberrations. Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, is known to have antioxidant and epigenetic modulation properties. Whether EGCG, through its antioxidant and epigenetic modulating activities, can attenuate fibrogenesis is not known. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether EGCG can attenuate arsenic‐induced acute injury and long‐term exposure associated fibrogenicity in kidney epithelial cells. To address this question, two human kidney epithelial cell lines Caki‐1 and HK‐2 exposed to arsenic for both acute and long‐term durations were treated with EGCG. The protective effect of EGCG on arsenic‐induced cytotoxicity and fibrogenicity were evaluated by measuring the cell growth, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, genes expression, and epigenetic changes in histone marks. Results revealed that EGCG has a protective effect in arsenic‐induced acute cytotoxicity in these cells. EGCG scavenges the increased levels of ROS in arsenic exposed cells. Aberrant expression of fibrogenic genes in arsenic exposed cells were restored by EGCG. Abrogation of arsenic‐induced fibrogenic changes was also associated with EGCG‐mediated restoration of arsenic‐induced aberrant expression of epigenetic regulatory proteins and histone marks. Novel findings of this study suggest that EGCG, through its antioxidant and epigenetic modulation capacities, has protective effects against arsenic‐induced cytotoxicity and fibrogenic changes in kidney epithelial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Elevated fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) activity correlates with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression and poor prognosis. However, its potential as a therapeutic target remains largely unexplored. Experimental Approach: The mechanisms of action and therapeutic effects of selective pan‐FGFR inhibitors (pan‐FGFRi) were explored using in vitro and in vivo PDAC models ranging from gemcitabine‐sensitive to highly gemcitabine‐resistant (GemR). Gain‐/loss‐of‐function investigations were employed to define the role of individual FGFRs in cell proliferation, migration, and treatment response and resistance. Results: The pan‐FGFRi NVP‐BGJ398 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and downregulated key cell survival‐ and invasiveness markers in multiple PDAC cell lines. Gemcitabine is a standard‐of‐care for PDAC, but development of resistance to gemcitabine (GemR) compromises its efficacy. Acquired GemR was modelled experimentally by developing highly GemR cells using escalating gemcitabine exposure in vitro and in vivo. FGFRi treatment inhibited GemR cell proliferation, migration, GemR marker expression, and tumour progression. FGFR2 or FGFR3 loss‐of‐function by shRNA knockdown failed to decrease cell growth, whereas FGFR1 knockdown was lethal. FGFR1 overexpression promoted cell migration more than proliferation, and reduced FGFRi‐mediated inhibition of proliferation and migration. Single‐agent FGFRi suppressed the viability and growth of multiple patient‐derived xenografts inversely with respect to FGFR1 expression, underscoring the influence of FGFR1‐dependent tumour responses to FGFRi. Importantly, secondary data analysis showed that PDAC tumours expressed FGFR1 at lower levels than in normal pancreas tissue. Conclusions and Implications: Single‐agent FGFR inhibitors mediate selective, molecularly‐targeted suppression of PDAC proliferation, and their effects are greatest in PDAC tumours expressing low‐to‐moderate levels of FGFR1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat with significant impact on treatment outcomes. The World Health Organization's Global Action Plan on AMR recommended strengthening the evidence base through surveillance programs and research. Comprehensive, timely data on AMR for organisms isolated from ocular infections are needed to guide treatment decisions and inform researchers and microbiologists of emerging trends. This article aims to provide an update on the development of AMR in ocular organisms, AMR in bacterial ocular infections and on AMR stewardship programs globally. The most common ocular pathogens are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae in ocular infections. A variety of studies and a few surveillance programs worldwide have reported on AMR in these infections over time. Fluoroquinolone resistance has increased particularly in Asia and North America. For conjunctivitis, the ARMOR cumulative study in the USA reported a slight decrease in resistance to ciprofloxacin. For keratitis, resistance to methicillin has remained stable for S. aureus and CoNS, while resistance to ciprofloxacin has decreased for MRSA globally. Methicillin‐resistance and multidrug resistance are also emerging, requiring ongoing monitoring. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes have a critical role in reducing the threat of AMR and improving treatment outcomes. To be successful AMS must be informed by up‐to‐date AMR surveillance data. As a profession it is timely for ophthalmology to act to prevent AMR leading to greater visual loss through supporting surveillance programmes and establishing AMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and accurate prediction of bandgaps and efficiency of perovskite solar cells is a crucial challenge for various solar cell applications. Existing theoretical and experimental methods often accurately measure these parameters; however, these methods are costly and time‐consuming. Machine learning‐based approaches offer a promising and computationally efficient method to address this problem. In this study, we trained different machine learning(ML) models using previously reported experimental data. Among the different ML models, the CatBoostRegressor performed better for both bandgap and efficiency approximations. We evaluated the proposed model using k‐fold cross‐validation and investigated the relative importance of input features using Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP). SHAP interprets valuable insights into feature contributions of the prediction of the proposed model. Furthermore, we validated the performance of the proposed model using an independent dataset, demonstrating its robustness and generalizability beyond the training data. Our findings show that machine learning‐based approaches, with the aid of SHAP, can provide a promising and computationally efficient method for the accurate and rapid prediction of perovskite solar cell properties. The proposed model is expected to facilitate the discovery of new perovskite materials and is freely available at GitHub (https://github.com/AsadKhanJBNU/perovskite%5fbandgap%5fand%5fefficiency.git) for the perovskite community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: This unique case report of primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) shows bilateral ptosis and significant periorbital edema, compromising vision. To avoid misleading diagnosis, antibody tests must be evaluated and interpreted in the context of clinical findings. Primary Sjögren's syndrome is an idiopathic, autoimmune disorder involving the lacrimal and salivary glands characterized by both localized and systemic manifestations including xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is also an autoimmune disorder characterized by the development of auto‐antibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that causes decreased muscle response to stimulation. It usually presents with ptosis and generalized body weakness. Ophthalmological involvement is common in both disorders but ptosis is very rarely seen in pSS. We report the case of a 27‐year‐old woman presenting to our clinic with the complaint of ptosis and eyelid swelling. She also had a positive anti‐acetylcholine receptor antibody test and her initial presentation mimicked Myasthenia Gravis. Her autoimmune workup revealed a positive titer of Anti Ro SSA antibodies. Myasthenia Gravis was ruled out on electrodiagnostic studies which showed no decremental response, and pSS was confirmed on lip biopsy. Our case highlights that it is important to interpret the antibody test results in the context of clinical findings as we can have spurious results in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune conditions can have varying presenting complaints hence, clinical judgment should always overrule diagnostic investigations and should thus guide patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, biodiversity is declining due to habitat loss and degradation, over‐exploitation, climate change, invasive species, pollution, and infrastructure development. These threats affect the populations of large waterbird species, such as Sarus crane (Grus antigone), which inhabits agricultural–wetland ecosystems. Despite the burgeoning built‐up areas and diminishing agricultural and wetland spaces, scant research investigates the impact of these changing land uses on the globally vulnerable Sarus crane in Nepal. During the pre‐breeding season from April to June 2023, our comprehensive study meticulously scrutinized Sarus crane population status and factors associated with the occurrences and conservation challenges across 10 specific districts of Nepal. Our study documented a total of 690 individuals of Sarus cranes in five districts. The Lumbini Province has 685 individuals, occupying 11 roosting sites. Conversely, the remaining five districts have no Sarus cranes presence during this period. Wetland, farmland and built‐up areas exhibited a significantly positive influence on Sarus crane occurrences in the Lumbini Province. Additionally, we recorded 47 fatalities of Sarus cranes over the past 13 years in the Lumbini Province due to electrocution and collisions. Our study provides a baseline dataset crucial for developing conservation policies, particularly during the dry season when Sarus crane populations tend to congregate in larger flocks. The adaptation of the Sarus crane to urbanized landscapes exposes them to several anthropogenic threats in the coming days. Therefore, protecting wetlands and farmland areas and adopting transboundary conservation approaches are imperative for the long‐term conservation of the Sarus crane and its habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilateral thalamic infarction resulting from the occlusion of the artery of Percheron (AOP) is a rare cerebrovascular event with distinctive clinical presentations. This case report explores the intricate relationship between vascular anatomy, midbrain function, and clinical manifestations. A 48‐year‐old male farmer with a history of diabetes mellitus presented with sudden‐onset visual disturbances, diplopia, bilateral eyelid drooping, and loss of consciousness. Extensive evaluations, including advanced imaging techniques, led to the diagnosis of bilateral upper midbrain infarction involving AOP. This case underscores the complexity of neurovascular interactions, highlighting the importance of precise diagnosis, and tailored management in addressing rare cerebrovascular conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Subarachnoid block with local anesthetic agents is a well‐established anesthesia technique among pregnant females for labor analgesia and cesarian delivery. Although it is considered a reliable and safe technique for both mothers and fetuses, unexpected high or low levels of block may occur due to accidental injection of these agents into different meningeal spaces other than intended. Hypotension, bradycardia, headache, and failed anesthesia are common complications of spinal anesthesia. Though rare, neurological complications like aphonia, dysphagia, and tingling sensation have also been reported. The article reports a case of a 22‐year‐old primigravida who sustained transient aphonia following intrathecal administration of bupivacaine for an emergency cesarian section for meconium‐stained liquor with fetal distress. There were no other neurological manifestations or features suggestive of high spinal block. The sensory level of the block was fixed to T6 with hemodynamic stability throughout aphasia with an episode of hypotension preceding aphonia. Aphonia commenced 9 min after the spinal anesthesia continued for a total duration of 15 min. Neurological examination, relevant investigations, and consultations were done to make a diagnosis. Thus, it is important to be aware of the possible neurological complications associated with spinal anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nepal is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change, which is negatively affecting agricultural production and food security. However, the role of agro‐ecological zones and social groups in climate change adaptation (CCA) and its impact on smallholder farmers in Nepal remains unexplored. To fill this gap, this study aimed to identify the effect of agro‐ecological zones and social groups on smallholder farmers' adaptation to climate change using the multivariate probit model. Multistage sampling was used to collect data from 400 households in three agro‐ecological zones of Nepal. These zones were highland (mountainous region), midland (hilly region) and lowland (terai/plain region). The results of our study showed that farmers in the Mountain region are more likely to adopt off‐farm activities and temporary migration as a CCA strategy than those in the Terai/plain agro‐ecological zone. In the Terai/Plain, farmers mainly adopt small‐scale irrigation and agroforestry. In terms of social groups, the Brahmin group was more likely to adopt new crop varieties and small‐scale irrigation than the Sudra group. The Sudra farmers preferred temporary migration and off‐farm activities more than the Brahmins. Our study shows that policies to promote the adoption of CCA strategies need to take into account location and social group differences in order to improve the adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable farmers. Mountain and Sudra farmers need support to adapt to climate change and sustain agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging modular building construction technique is gaining attention by researchers and investors because of its benefits such as short construction time, better quality control, minimal environmental effect and more economical. Composite modules have many advantages, including size reduction and improved fire resistance, over the steel modules, which encourage the application of modular construction on tall buildings. Current state‐of‐art lacks the proper connection technique for composite modular tall buildings. This paper presents novel inter‐module connection for composite modular tall buildings. Purposed inter‐module connection is very simple in geometric design, adequately strong to bear loads for tall buildings, easy to connect and disconnect, and applicable with internal joints and composite modules. Bolts through bolt holes connect modules vertically whereas gusset plate connects horizontally. Firstly, prototype is developed, and workability is confirmed. Performance and failure mechanism of proposed connector under tensile load are evaluated considering the effect of different parameters such as thickness of base plate, size and material of bolt. Results can be used to develop the design guideline for proposed inter‐module connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activities can influence behaviors of predators and prey, as well as predator–prey interactions. Using camera trap data, we investigated whether or to what extent human activities influenced behaviors of predators (tigers and leopards) and prey (sambar deer, spotted deer, wild boar, and barking deer), and predator–prey interactions in the Barandabhar Corridor Forest (BCF), Chitwan District, Nepal. A multispecies occupancy model revealed that the presence of humans altered the conditional occupancy of both prey and predator species. Specifically, the conditional occupancy probability of prey was substantially higher (ψ = 0.91, CI = 0.89–0.92) when humans were present than when humans were absent (ψ = 0.68, CI = 0.54–0.79). The diel activity pattern of most prey species overlapped strongly with humans, whereas predators were generally more active when humans were absent. Finally, the spatiotemporal overlap analysis revealed that human–prey interactions (i.e., the probability that both humans and prey species being present on the same grid at the same hourly period) was ~3 times higher (10.5%, CI = 10.4%–10.6%) compared to spatiotemporal overlap between humans and predators (3.1%, CI = 3.0%–3.2%). Our findings are consistent with the human shield hypothesis and suggest that ungulate prey species may reduce predation risk by using areas with high human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare corneal topography, pachymetry and higher order aberrations in keratoconic and normal eyes; to investigate their association in keratoconic eyes; and to determine their diagnostic ability for detecting subclinical keratoconus in a Nepalese population. Methods: Ninety‐six eyes of 48 keratoconus patients and 50 normal eyes of 50 control subjects were included in this study. The eyes of keratoconus patients were classified into four different study groups: subclinical, stage 1, stage 2 and advanced stage keratoconus. In each eye, corneal topography, pachymetry and corneal aberrometry indices were measured using a Sirius corneal tomographer. The study parameters of keratoconic eyes were compared with normal eyes, and the possible association of corneal aberrometry with topography and pachymetry indices was investigated. The area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves along with optimal cutoff values with best sensitivity and specificity were also determined for each index to detect subclinical keratoconus. Results: All the indices except average keratometry measurements (Kavg and mmavg) and spherical aberration (SA) were found to be significantly different in subclinical keratoconus compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In keratoconic eyes, all corneal aberrations were significantly correlated with the topography and pachymetry indices (range of ρ: −0.25 to 0.96; all p < 0.05) except for trefoil and minimum corneal thickness (Thkmin). All the indices except Kavg, mmavg and SA showed excellent diagnostic ability (AUC > 0.90) in detecting subclinical keratoconus. The cutoff values proposed for the asymmetry index of the corneal back surface (SIb), Strehl ratio of point spread function (PSF), coma and Baiocchi‐Calossi‐Versaci index of corneal back surface (BCVb) each showed excellent sensitivity (100%) and specificity (≥97%). Conclusions: Corneal higher order aberrations were found to be significantly elevated in subclinical keratoconus compared to healthy controls. SIb, PSF, coma and BCVb were identified as the most powerful Sirius indices for the detection of subclinical keratoconus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Asiatic wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) is an endangered species that is conserved in the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), Nepal, and was recently translocated to the Chitwan National Park (CNP). Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites are the cause of significant negative health and production impacts on animals worldwide. Methods: A coprological survey of GI parasites of wild water buffalo was carried out in the CNP in 2020. Fresh dung samples (n = 25) were collected from wild water buffaloes and analysed using sedimentation and flotation techniques for morphological identification of parasite cysts, oocysts and eggs. Results: Nine different GI parasites were recorded of which Entamoeba spp. (20 samples, 80%) were the most common. The presence of Entamoeba spp. was further validated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and DNA sequencing. The PCR results were positive for all of the microscopically positive samples, and the species was identified as Entamoeba bovis. Three samples were sequenced and formed a cluster of E. bovis, which was separated from other Entamoeba spp. in phylogenetic analysis. Conclusion: This is the first report for molecular detection of E. bovis from wild water buffaloes in Nepal. Future work should focus on the prevalence of such infections in water buffaloes in forest environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly one‐third of nascent proteins are initially targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they are correctly folded and assembled before being delivered to their final cellular destinations. To prevent the accumulation of misfolded membrane proteins, ER‐associated degradation (ERAD) removes these client proteins from the ER membrane to the cytosol in a process known as retrotranslocation. Our previous work demonstrated that rhomboid pseudoprotease Dfm1 is involved in the retrotranslocation of ubiquitinated membrane integral ERAD substrates. Herein, we found that Dfm1 associates with the SPOTS complex, which is composed of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) enzymes and accessory components that are critical for catalyzing the first rate‐limiting step of the sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, Dfm1 employs an ERAD‐independent role for facilitating the ER export and endosome‐ and Golgi‐associated degradation (EGAD) of Orm2, which is a major antagonist of SPT activity. Given that the accumulation of human Orm2 homologs, ORMDLs, is associated with various pathologies, our study serves as a molecular foothold for understanding how dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism leads to various diseases. Synopsis: Previously, yeast derlin Dfm1 was found to be critical for retrotranslocating integral membrane substrates targeted for ER‐associated degradation (ERAD). This study reveals an ERAD‐independent role for Dfm1 in regulating the degradation of the negative regulator of sphingolipid biosynthesis, Orm2. Dfm1 deletion leads to dysregulated levels of early precursors of the sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway.Derlin Dfm1 associates with rate‐limiting enzymes and regulators of the sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway.Dfm1 targets Ypk1‐dependent phosphorylated Orm2 for ER export and endosome‐ and Golgi‐associated degradation (EGAD).Dfm1's Cdc48‐recruitment function is not required for regulating Orm2 degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Helicobacter pylori is an infection of concern for its chronic colonization leading to peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. In recent times, microRNAs have been extensively studied to understand their role in the pathogenesis of this bacteria in diverse contexts of gastric diseases. The current analysis reports the microRNA‐mRNA interactions that are associated with effective survival and virulence of this pathogen. Materials and Methods: We convened differentially regulated human microRNAs responsive to H. pylori infection (HP‐hDEmiRs) at different multiplicity of infection and time points in human gastric cell lines through retrospective data mining of experimental studies. In view of the molecular disparity of clinical samples and animal models, data from tissue, serum/plasma, urine, and ascites were excluded. Further, we utilized diverse bioinformatics approaches to retrieve experimentally validated, high‐confidence targets of the HP‐hDEmiRs to analyze the microRNA‐mRNA interactions that are relevant to H. pylori pathogenesis. Results: A total of 39 HP‐hDEmiRs that showed unidirectional expression of either overexpression or downregulation were identified to modulate 23 targets explicitly studied under this infection. We also identified 476 experimentally validated targets regulated by at least 4 of the HP‐hDEmiRs. In addition to the pathways prior‐associated with H. pylori infection, the microRNA‐mRNA interactome analysis identified several cellular processes and pathways highly associated with cell cycle, cell division, migration, and carcinogenesis. Conclusion: This study generated a platform to study the mechanisms utilized by this pathogen using microRNAs as surrogate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of pyrromethene (PM‐597) laser dye with binary mixture of [1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoro‐borate (BMIM BF4)] ionic liquid with water [BMIM BF4: H2O] as binary eco‐friendly solvent, were investigated experimentally and theoretically by means of photophysical properties, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), photostability, electronic ground state of molecular structures of PM‐597, BMIM BF4 and mixture of (PM‐597/BMIM BF4) using the density functional theory (DFT) technique, molecular orbitals, energy gap (Eg) among HOMO and LUMO, and the maps of molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) for PM‐597 and mixture of (PM‐597/BMIM BF4) in gas phase were calculated using B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level of theory. The refractive index (nD) and density (ρ) values for binary mixes of ionic liquid with water [BMIM BF4: H2O] with different ratios, increases as molecular mass of ionic liquid (BMIM BF4) in water increases. The frequency doubling Nd‐YAG laser of 532 nm was used to investigate amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). Aside from that, the efficiency of energy conversion was explored. Efficiency is relatively high, and 20.6% was achieved, with good photostability in case of 5 × 10−4 mol/L of PM‐597 in binary mixture of [90% BMIM BF4: 10% H2O] that was a decrease to ~48.3% of the initial amplified spontaneous emission, this output energy was observed after pumping by 72,000 shots at relatively high repetition rate (10 Hz) and pumping energy (40 mJ). In this research, we had used the mixture of [(BMIM BF4: H2O] with different ratios, as binary eco‐friendly solvent instead of harmful organic solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We aimed to determine the long‐term outcomes of epithelium‐off cross‐linking (CXL) in keratoconus patients. Methods: An observational registry study from 41 centres across 5 countries was carried out. Primary outcomes included the mean change in visual acuity (VA), Kmax, K2, and thinnest corneal thickness (TCT) at 1–5 years. Secondary outcomes included the percentage of eyes with worsening, stable and improving outcomes. Results: There were 976 eyes of 794 patients with 1‐year of complete follow‐up, 501 eyes with 2‐years, 355 with 3‐years, 235 with 4‐years and 162 with 5‐years. There was a significant improvement in mean VA from baseline by 3.7 logMAR letters (p < 0.001) in year 1, and 6.9 (p < 0.001) in year 5. Mean Kmax decreased by 1.2 dioptres (D; p < 0.01) in year 1. During subsequent years the Kmax flattening appeared sustained but this was not statistically significant. K2 flattened significantly from baseline in year 1 and then remained stable. At 1 year, 4.1% patients were poor responders to CXL in terms of VA, losing ≥15 letters. The proportion of the poor responders remained unchanged: 4.9% at 5‐years. The proportion of poor responders in terms of Kmax remained similar: 5.9% steepening by ≥2D at 1‐year and 7.5% at 5‐years. The proportion of K2 poor responders remained stable with 4.7% steepening by ≥2D at 1‐year and 5.8% at 5‐years. Conclusions: Cross‐linking is effective at stabilising keratoconus up to 5 years in most patients. However, a small proportion of eyes failed to stabilise and had reduced vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stories are powerful in their ability to disseminate information in a meaningful way. We hypothesized that a stem cell donation story library optimized for social media could support the education and recruitment of committed unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donors from needed demographic groups.Study Design and Methods: We developed Why We Swab, a library of stories on stem cell donation (facebook.com/WhyWeSwab; instagram.com/WhyWeSwab; twitter.com/WhyWeSwab), and evaluated its impact across social and traditional media as well as on eligible potential donors' knowledge and attitudes towards donation.Results: As of December 2021, the library included 28 story arcs featuring 45 storytellers from diverse ancestral backgrounds, including 8 donor-recipient stories. Overall, the stories reached >92,000 people across social media. Notably, stories were republished by 18 print/ broadcast media outlets in Canada and by major medical organizations. A series of stories shown to 33 eligible potential donors improved mean total scores on a donation knowledge test (64% to 85%, p < 0.001), reduced mean ambivalence scale scores (3.85 to 2.70, p < 0.001), and improved participants' willingness to register as donors (45% to 73%, p < 0.005). Data are also shown demonstrating that stakeholders valued the library and that its deployment was associated with improved donor recruitment outcomes in Canada.Conclusion: Why We Swab is accessible and relevant to a wide audience, including stem cell donor registries and recruitment organizations seeking to improve their recruitment efforts as well as to blood and organ & tissue donation organizations who can adapt the Why We Swab model to their audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iodine is an essential trace element required for the regulation of physiological processes involving the thyroid gland. However, inadequate and excessive intake of iodine are responsible for health problems, such as iodine deficiency disorders, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, thyroid papillary cancer, and thyrotoxicosis. The Universal Salt Iodization (USI) program has become successful in providing supplemental iodine at the population level globally. Packaging quality, fortification level, and transportation and storage conditions of iodized salt determine the availability of iodine. Previous studies have reported severe health issues caused by excessive iodine intake after the implementation of the USI program. To understand the levels of iodine, we collected 2117 household salt samples from seven districts of Nepal and tested them for iodine content; among them, 98.1% were iodized. Overall median concentration of iodine was 53.9 ppm (range: 43.5–61.4 ppm). The majority (67.2%) of samples had iodine in the range of 45–75 ppm. Approximately 0.9% of samples had inadequate, 13.3% contained adequate, and 83.9% had excessive iodine than the World Health Organization‐recommended value. Iodine content varied among the sampling districts and seasons, to some extent. Our study confirmed that iodized salt is widely used in Nepal and is excessively iodized. Excessive intake of iodine through iodized salt requires further attention by policy makers. The iodine level may need adjustment to address the health impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trophic interactions play a critical role in regulating ecosystem functioning. Advances in trophic ecology have shifted the focus from characterizing resources based on a single 'currency' such as energy or biomass to more complex multidimensional approaches that consider the resource quality, hence require detailed estimation of different nutrients. For this purpose, ecologists use a wide plethora of extraction and quantification methods that differ substantially in precision and accuracy and vary in efficiency across sample types and taxa. Yet, ecologists seem largely oblivious to these methodological drawbacks and their severe theoretical implications. Focusing on the three main macro‐nutrients groups; proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, we provided an overview of the main extraction and quantification methods and their inherent limitations, and discussed possible consequences for ecology research and theory development. We urge ecologists to adopt a standard method for estimating each macronutrient group or to use multiple methods when feasible, until more accurate and precise chromatographic methods become accessible. We hope that our study will raise awareness to the many shortcomings of macro‐nutrient estimations to assist in strengthening and further developing the important field of trophic ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] compositional quality is mainly provided by the seed concentration of protein and oil. These traits are critical for sustaining global use, and although there is demand for high protein soybean, no mechanism to differentiate production is in place. At the opposite end of the supply chain, farmers are remunerated on a mass basis without having any incentive regarding seed composition. This study evaluated farmers' perspectives and knowledge on soybean quality and their propensity to adopt quality improvement technologies. Farmers from the main U.S. producing regions (n = 271) were investigated with a self‐administrated survey containing 21 questions during 2020 and 2021. Our results show that 84% are unaware of the current protein and oil levels from their own production. A small portion (1.4%) make management decisions (e.g., choice of genotypes or monitor quality) based on the implications on seed quality. However, practices already in place are likely to enhance the quality of seed, namely N nutrition (via rhizobia [12.9%] or fertilizer [5.9%]) and late‐season crop protection (17.1%). If farmers are financially rewarded by US$0.50 per bushel, a mindset change may occur. Based on these results, we concluded that shifts in the U.S. production system targeting protein or oil markets are possible, and the constraints are mainly related to on‐farm management. However, the challenges for improving the U.S. soybean competitiveness in global or niche markets also rely upon other segments of the production chain, specifically breeders, technology suppliers, and logistical structure. Core Ideas: Crop management linked to seed compositional quality is already carried out in soybean systems.Farmers relate improvement of seed composition mainly with crop nutrition.Less than 13% of the participants are aware of their levels of protein and oil.Premium prices over seed quality can stimulate adoption of new technologies.A US$0.50 per bushel premium would justify on‐farm investments targeting quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the quality‐of‐life (QoL) impact of eye diseases (keratoconus; neovascular age‐related macular degeneration, AMD; retinal vein occlusion, RVO; and diabetic macular edema, DME) using the Impact of Vision Impairment (IVI) questionnaire, and to determine the relationship between the IVI scores and visual acuity. Methods: This cross‐sectional, multicentre, real‐world study utilised the prospective, web‐based Save Sight Registries. The IVI was completed by 1557 patients: 307 with keratoconus, 1049 with AMD, 148 with RVO and 53 with DME. Statistical analysis included Rasch analysis, Welch t‐test, one‐way ANOVA, Tukey's test, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. Results: The IVI scales (Overall; Visual Function, VF; Emotional, EM) had robust psychometric properties. The keratoconus patients had the worst Overall (adjusted mean: 48.2 vs. DME 58.8, RVO 64.6, AMD 67.6 units), VF (47.7 vs. DME 59.4, RVO 65.9, AMD 68.9 units) and EM (50.8 vs. DME 63.1, RVO 69.2, AMD 71.8 units) scores (all p < 0.05). The IVI scales scores weakly correlated with better and worse eye visual acuity (Pearson's r 0.24–0.39, all p < 0.05). The correlations were similar in the better eye (Overall 0.35, VF 0.39, EM 0.24) and the worse eye (Overall 0.31, VF 0.33, EM 0.25) visual acuity. Correlations with visual acuity were stronger for VF than for the EM scores. Conclusions: The IVI was a psychometrically robust QoL questionnaire. Keratoconus patients had worse IVI scores than patients with retinal diseases. The low strength of correlations between visual acuity and QoL scores, although statistically significant, suggested that a complex relationship exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration begins, there remains insufficient emphasis on the human and social dimensions of restoration. The potential that restoration holds for achieving both ecological and social goals can only be met through a shift toward people‐centered restoration strategies. Toward this end, this paper synthesizes critical insights from a special issue on "Restoration for whom, by whom" to propose actionable ways to center humans and social dimensions in ecosystem restoration, with the aim of generating fair and sustainable initiatives. These rules respond to a relative silence on socio‐political issues in di Sacco et al.'s "Ten golden rules for reforestation to optimize carbon sequestration, biodiversity recovery and livelihood benefits" on socio‐political issues and offer complementary guidance to their piece. Arranged roughly in order from pre‐intervention, design/initiation, implementation, through the monitoring, evaluation and learning phases, the 10 people‐centered rules are: (1) Recognize diversity and interrelations among stakeholders and rightsholders'; (2) Actively engage communities as agents of change; (3) Address socio‐historical contexts; (4) Unpack and strengthen resource tenure for marginalized groups; (5) Advance equity across its multiple dimensions and scales; (6) Generate multiple benefits; (7) Promote an equitable distribution of costs, risks, and benefits; (8) Draw on different types of evidence and knowledge; (9) Question dominant discourses; and (10) Practice inclusive and holistic monitoring, evaluation, and learning. We contend that restoration initiatives are only tenable when the issues raised in these rules are respectfully addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We sought to determine the cost‐effectiveness of noninvasive fetal RhD blood group genotyping in nonalloimmunized and alloimmunized pregnancies in Canada. Study design and methods: We developed two probabilistic state‐transition (Markov) microsimulation models to compare fetal genotyping followed by targeted management versus usual care (i.e., universal Rh immunoglobulin [RhIG] prophylaxis in nonalloimmunized RhD‐negative pregnancies, or universal intensive monitoring in alloimmunized pregnancies). The reference case considered a healthcare payer perspective and a 10‐year time horizon. Sensitivity analysis examined assumptions related to test cost, paternal screening, subsequent pregnancies, other alloantibodies (e.g., K, Rh c/C/E), societal perspective, and lifetime horizon. Results: Fetal genotyping in nonalloimmunized pregnancies (at per‐sample test cost of C$247/US$311) was associated with a slightly higher probability of maternal alloimmunization (22 vs. 21 per 10,000) and a reduced number of RhIG injections (1.427 vs. 1.795) than usual care. It was more expensive (C$154/US$194, 95% Credible Interval [CrI]: C$139/US$175‐C$169/US$213) and had little impact on QALYs (0.0007, 95%CrI: −0.01–0.01). These results were sensitive to the test cost (threshold achieved at C$88/US$111), and inclusion of paternal screening. Fetal genotyping in alloimmunized pregnancies (at test cost of C$328/US$413) was less expensive (‐C$6280/US$7903, 95% CrI: ‐C$6325/US$7959 to ‐C$6229/US$7838) and more effective (0.19 QALYs, 95% CrI 0.17–0.20) than usual care. These cost savings remained robust in sensitivity analyses. Discussion: Noninvasive fetal RhD genotyping saves resources and represents good value for the management of alloimmunized pregnancies. If the cost of genotyping is substantially decreased, the targeted intervention can become a viable option for nonalloimmunized pregnancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Communities of practice (CoPs) represent effective models to achieve quality outcomes in health care. We report the development and evaluation of a CoP to improve stem cell donor recruitment in Canada. Materials and Methods: In September 2017, we invited national stakeholders in stem cell donor recruitment to participate in a Facebook group and regular e‐meetings. E‐meetings involved speakers and roundtable discussion on topics related to donor recruitment. The Facebook group facilitated sharing of resources. We evaluated stakeholder perspective of the CoP and the impact on recruitment outcomes. Results: As of December 2020, the CoP included 382 members who published 243 posts to the Facebook group about patient/donor stories (40%), resources (27%), updates/questions (21%) and recruitment outcomes (12%). In January 2020, we surveyed 44 CoP participants; the majority felt that the Facebook group (86%) and e‐meetings (59%) supported the community, and that the CoP fostered collaboration (82%), improved their donor recruitment knowledge (75%) and practice (77%) and improved their ability to recruit needed donors (64%). The launch of the CoP correlated with improved donor recruitment outcomes. In 2016–2017, CoP participants recruited 2918 registrants (46% male; 55.9% non‐Caucasian) compared to 4531 registrants in 2018–2019 (52.9% male; 62.7% non‐Caucasian). Members of the CoP developed innovative resources to support recruitment efforts and led national campaigns securing coverage in major media outlets. Conclusion: We describe the first CoP in stem cell donor recruitment to be formally evaluated. The CoP model may be adopted by donor recruitment organisations, registries and blood banks worldwide to improve recruitment outcomes. Highlights: • A community of practice (CoP) in stem cell donor recruitment was valued by participants and supported efforts to improve recruitment outcomes. • The CoP model may be adopted by donor recruitment organizations, donor registries, and blood banks worldwide to improve recruitment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In virtue of precise clinical history, physical examinations, and biochemical/radiological investigations, pseudohypoparathyroidism can be effectively diagnosed, and its types can be differentiated even without exorbitant tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) are polymers composed of phosphate residues linked by energy‐rich phosphoanhydride bonds. As polyP can bind calcium, the hypothesis of this study is that polyP enters chondrocytes and exerts its anabolic effect by calcium influx through calcium channels. PolyP treatment of cartilage tissue formed in 3D culture by bovine chondrocytes showed an increase in proteoglycan accumulation but only when calcium was also present at a concentration of 1.5 mM. This anabolic effect could be prevented by treatment with either ethylene glycol‐bis(β‐aminoethyl ether)‐N,N,N',N'‐tetraacetic acid or the calcium channel inhibitors gadolinium and nifedipine. Calcium and polyP cotreatment of chondrocytes in monolayer culture resulted in calcium oscillations that were polyP chain length specific and were inhibited by gadolinium and nifedipine. The calcium influx resulted in increased gene expression of sox9, collagen type II, and aggrecan which was prevented by treatment with either calphostin, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, and W7, an inhibitor of calmodulin; suggesting activation of the protein kinase C‐calmodulin pathway. Tracing studies using 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole, Mitotracker Red, and/or Fura‐AM staining showed that polyP was detected in the nucleus, mitochondria, and intracellular vacuoles suggesting that polyP may also enter the cell. PolyP colocalizes with calcium in mitochondria. This study demonstrates that polyP requires the influx of calcium to regulate chondrocyte matrix production, likely via activating calcium signaling. These findings identify the mechanism regulating the anabolic effect of polyP in chondrocytes which will help in its clinical translation into a therapeutic agent for cartilage repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barraquer‐Simons syndrome is a rare entity characterized by progressive loss of subcutaneous tissue in the face and/or upper half of the body and can be associated with autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Close long‐term follow‐up is required to identify metabolic disturbances, potentially life‐threatening renal problems, and other associated diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmers have been interested in using foliar‐applied nutrient products to increase soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield since at least the 1970s, despite limited evidence that these products offer consistent yield increases when used prophylactically. Recently, interest in foliar fertilizer products for soybean production has been renewed, likely related to elevated soybean prices. Over the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons (46 site‐years), agronomists in 16 states collaborated to test six foliar nutrient treatments (commercial mixtures of macro‐ and micro‐nutrients) on soybean grain yield and composition. Soybean grain yield and composition differed among sites but not among foliar fertilizer treatments. Results show that prophylactic foliar fertilization is likely to decrease the profitability of soybean production. Foliar fertilizer products tested in this study and similar products should not be recommended to U.S. soybean farmers in the absence of visual symptoms of nutrient deficiency. Core Ideas: The tested prophylactic foliar fertilizers did not increase soybean yield.Foliar fertilizers did not change grain composition.Prophylactic foliar fertilizers tested decreased profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presacral dermoid cysts are rare, benign tumors of developmental origin that primarily affect women. Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment for these cysts, even if asymptomatic, with the laparoscopic approach being safer and more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentigerous cysts are seen in the maxillary canine and third molars. We report a case of dentigerous cysts invading the maxillary sinus, which was managed surgically by endoscopic-assisted transantral and transnasal approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case demonstrates pneumothorax as a consequence of COVID-19 and emphasizes the significance of follow-up of the COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Non‐host resistance (NHR), which protects all members of a plant species from non‐adapted or non‐host plant pathogens, is the most common form of plant immunity. NHR provides the most durable and robust form of broad‐spectrum immunity against non‐adaptive pathogens pathogenic to other crop species. In a mutant screen for loss of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) NHR against the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) pathogen Phytophthora sojae, the Phytophthora sojae‐susceptible 30 (pss30) mutant was identified. The pss30 mutant is also susceptible to the soybean pathogen Fusarium virguliforme. PSS30 encodes a folate transporter, AtFOLT1, which was previously localized to chloroplasts and implicated in the transport of folate from the cytosol to plastids. We show that two Arabidopsis folate biosynthesis mutants with reduced folate levels exhibit a loss of non‐host immunity against P. sojae. As compared to the wild‐type Col‐0 ecotype, the steady‐state folate levels are reduced in the pss1, atfolt1 and two folate biosynthesis mutants, suggesting that folate is required for non‐host immunity. Overexpression of AtFOLT1 enhances immunity of transgenic soybean lines against two serious soybean pathogens, the fungal pathogen F. virguliforme and the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) Heterodera glycines. Transgenic lines showing enhanced SCN resistance also showed increased levels of folate accumulation. This study thus suggests that folate contributes to non‐host plant immunity and that overexpression of a non‐host resistance gene could be a suitable strategy for generating broad‐spectrum disease resistance in crop plants. Significance Statement: Plant diseases are chronic deterrents of crop production, causing crop losses of billions of dollars annually. Here we identified the Arabidopsis non‐host resistance gene PSS30, which encodes a folate transporter. Expression of PSS30 in soybean (Glycine max) generates broad‐spectrum disease resistance against its two most serious pathogens, Fusarium virguliforme and Heterodera glycines, which together cause annual soybean yield losses valued at close to 2 billion dollars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report this case to focus on the importance of early diagnosis, challenges to reach the diagnosis in a low-resource setting, and management that may result in a better prognosis of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterotaxy syndrome is associated with asplenia/polysplenia and complex congenital heart disease. Facial palsy in heterotaxy is very rare. The management is still challenging with a poor prognosis. Proper counseling to the family about the disease course, treatment modalities, and outcomes is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro‐fibrous materials are one of the highly explored materials and form a major component of composite materials. In resource‐limited settings, an affordable and easy to implement method that can characterize such material would be important. In this study, we report on a smartphone microscopic system capable of imaging a sample in transmission mode. As a proof of concept, we implemented the method to image handmade paper samples–cellulosic micro‐fibrous material of different thickness. With 1 mm diameter ball lens, individual cellulose fibers, fiber web, and micro‐porous regions were resolved in the samples. Imaging performance of the microscopic system was also compared with a commercial bright field microscope. For thin samples, we found the image quality comparable to commercial system. Also, the diameter of cellulose fiber measured from both methods was found to be similar. We also used the system to image surfaces of a three ply surgical facemask. Finally, we explored the application of the system in the study of chemical induced fiber damage. This study suggested that the smartphone microscope system can be an affordable alternative in imaging thin micro‐fibrous material in resource limited setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]