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Background: Tele‐consultations are increasingly used for screening and diagnosis. Only a few studies have assessed dental students' visual attention to clinical images. Aim: To (i) determine dental students' gaze behavior, visual fixations, and diagnostic competence while viewing clinical images, and (ii) explore potential opportunities to strengthen the teaching–learning approaches. Design: Tobii Pro Nano‐device captured the eye‐tracking data for 65 dental undergraduate students in this cross‐sectional study. The predetermined areas of interest (AOI) for all five clinical photographs were uploaded onto Tobii software. All participants used a think‐aloud protocol with no restrictions to view time. Results: A total of 325 clinical pictures were analyzed, and the average view time was 189.25 ± 76.90 s. Most participants started at the center of the image (three frontal photos), spent a significant share of their view time on prominent findings, did not follow a systematic pattern, and exhibited diagnostic incompetence. Also, most participants followed a "Z" viewing pattern (oscillating movement from left to right) for the remaining two pictures. Conclusions: Subjects frequently fixated on the prominent AOI, however, failed to make the correct diagnosis. Their view patterns revealed no sequential viewing. Therefore, emphasizing knowledge about common dental abnormalities and focusing on full coverage of clinical pictures can improve dental students' diagnostic competence and view patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood fantasy play and creation of imaginary companions are thought to confer socio‐emotional benefits in children, but little is known about how they relate to socio‐emotional competence in adulthood. A total of 341 adults (81 males) aged 18 and above (M = 31.47, SD = 12.62) completed an online survey examining their fantasy play as a child, their childhood imaginary companion status, and their adult socio‐emotional competence. Adults who reported higher levels of childhood fantasy play were found to be significantly more prosocial, empathetic, and emotionally intelligent than their counterparts after controlling for demographic factors. Recall of a childhood imaginary companion, however, was significantly related only to higher scores for perspective‐taking and did not explain unique variance in any adult competence measure. Findings suggest that engagement in fantasy play during childhood may be a precursor to later socio‐emotional competence, while benefits previously associated with imaginary companions specifically may not extend into adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous imaginary companion (SIC) creation in childhood is a typical imaginative play behaviour associated with advanced sociocognitive skills; however, the direction of causality has not been established. To investigate this experimentally, researchers must determine whether children can create, on request, qualitatively equivalent imaginary companions (ICs) to those created spontaneously. We examined whether children could create ICs, and how these compared to SICs. Nine elementary school children were encouraged to create ICs in a 3‐month intervention. Accounts of elicited ICs were compared with an age‐matched sample of interviewees with SICs. Seven children maintained ICs for 6 months post intervention. Template analysis of IC interviews found four themes: Realistic Play, Multifaceted IC Mind, Utility of the IC, and Elicited IC Across Time. Analysis suggests elicited and SICs were similar in nature and utility, although intervention ICs tended to have animal rather than human appearances. Findings support the argument that children can be encouraged to create ICs similar to SICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in the primary dentition may result in tooth discolouration and fractures. The aim of this child‐centred study was to explore the differences between preschool children's eye movement patterns and visual attention to typical outcomes following TDIs to primary teeth. Materials and Methods: An eye‐tracker recorded 155 healthy preschool children's eye movements when they viewed clinical images of healthy teeth, tooth fractures and discolourations. The visual search pattern was analysed using the eye movement analysis with the Hidden Markov Models (EMHMM) approach and preference for the various regions of interest (ROIs). Results: Two different eye movement patterns (distributed and selective) were identified (p <.05). Children with the distributed pattern shifted their fixations between the presented images, while those with the selective pattern remained focused on the same image they first saw. Conclusions: Preschool children noticed teeth. However, most of them did not have an attentional bias, implying that they did not interpret these TDI outcomes negatively. Only a few children avoided looking at images with TDIs indicating a potential negative impact. The EMHMM approach is appropriate for assessing inter‐individual differences in children's visual attention to TDI outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: While eye‐tracking technology is a validated tool in the field of education it is still in its infancy in the field of Pediatric Dentistry. The primary aim of this study was to determine dental undergraduates' search patterns and visual fixations while viewing panoramic radiographs (PR) using an eye‐tracker. The secondary aim was to decide on the potential opportunities to enhance teaching‐learning strategies when studying these radiographs. Methods: Sixty‐five dental undergraduates in the final year of their dental education consented to and participated in this study. A Tobii Pro Nano screen‐based eye‐tracking camera was mounted to the lower edge of a laptop with five different PR uploaded onto the Tobii Studio software. Regions of Interest (ROIs) were pre‐determined for the five PR. The participants (17 males and 48 females) viewed all the PR images with no time restrictions and a "think‐aloud" protocol was exercised. Results: The average view time for the PR was 245.58 ± 106.7 s. Participants spent significantly less time examining the surrounding structures (14.85 s) than the dentitions (primary: 97.58 s and permanent: 37.58 s). Males demonstrated a slightly higher view time (290.88 ± 97.7 s) than females (229.53 ± 106.05 s). Conclusions: The results revealed that though the participants focused on the ROI, most of them failed to make the correct diagnosis. In addition, the search patterns of the participants unveiled no sequential viewing of PR. Hence the need to revise the teaching‐learning strategies for the systematic interpretation of PR images in the dental curriculum is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel, temporally sensitive analytical method for qualitative researchers, which is simultaneously timely and necessary given increasing recognition of the fundamental role that time plays in organizational life and scholarship. As a result of this recognition, research designs considering temporality have substantially increased over the past decade. However, while methods for qualitative data collection using longitudinal and 'shortitudinal' designs, in particular qualitative diary methods, have become increasingly common, analytical methods capable of fully exploiting the temporal nature of such data have lagged behind their quantitative counter‐parts, where we see marked progression in analytical methods and procedures. In this paper, we argue that this lack of progression in approaches for analysing qualitative diary data hinders our knowledge and theoretical development when it comes to incorporating temporality, particularly in the exploration of phenomena at individual‐/micro‐levels, arguably most salient to organizational psychology researchers. We respond to these challenges by introducing a novel, step‐by‐step analytical approach that facilitates rigorous incorporation of temporality into the analysis and theorization of micro‐level, qualitative diary data, termed Thematic Trajectory Analysis (TTA). Practitioner points: Existing qualitative analytical methods have limitations when applied to qualitative diary data and have thereby limited the questions that may be explored, and understood, through qualitative data.Offers an alternative, step‐by‐step, analytical approach for researchers and practitioners seeking to understand within‐person changes and dynamism in organizations.Enables the benefits of qualitative diaries to be better exploited by both researchers and practitioners and thereby lead to better understanding of how organizational processes unfold, and in turn, lead to stronger intervention mechanisms.Demonstrates the utility of combing textual and visualized data outputs in understanding complex and dynamic phenomena in organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although usually considered to be of developmental origin, dentigerous cysts (DCs) have been reported to form in response to chronic periapical inflammation associated with primary teeth that have necrotic, infected pulps. This article describes the management of a DC associated with tooth 21 in a seven‐year‐old Caucasian child with a history of multiple TDIs to the primary maxillary incisors. Chronic periapical inflammation associated with a necrotic pulp in tooth 61 was identified as the likely cause of the lesion. Initial conservative management involved marsupialization of the lesion by extracting the necrotic tooth 61. Following significant decompression of the cyst, surgical enucleation was carried out under general anaesthesia and an orthodontic attachment was bonded to the crown of the unerupted tooth 21 to facilitate traction. Histopathological assessment of the enucleated tissue confirmed it to be a DC. Two years after the initial presentation, teeth 21 and 22 had erupted into the oral cavity, improving patient aesthetics. However, the root of tooth 22 was transposed with the crown of the unerupted tooth 23. This case highlights the undesirable sequelae that may occur following delayed and inappropriate management of TDIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The influence of parental education, choice of child dentifrice, and its impact on their children's dental caries experience remain unclear. Aim: To investigate (a) dentifrice types used by Australian pre‐school children, (b) demographic factors that influence parents' dentifrice choice, and (c) whether dentifrice type is related to pre‐schooler's caries experience. Design: 155 parent‐child dyads were recruited from five random metropolitan childcare centres. Parents completed a questionnaire recording relevant demographics and child dietary preferences, oral hygiene practice, and dental visits. One calibrated operator performed a clinical examination of their pre‐schooler for evidence of carious lesions. Data were analysed, and comparisons between variables made using chi‐square tests and regression models. Results: 50% of pre‐schoolers used <1000 ppm fluoride dentifrice and 29% used non‐fluoridated dentifrice. Higher parental education level was associated with the use of non‐fluoridated dentifrice (P =.02, χ2 = 0.034). Children with higher brushing frequency were more likely to use fluoridated dentifrice (P =.03, χ2 < 0.001). Conclusion: The proportion of Australian pre‐schoolers using non‐fluoridated dentifrice was higher than in other world regions. Higher parental education level was strongly associated with choosing non‐fluoridated toothpaste, which warrants further qualitative analysis to assess determinants for parents' choice of child dentifrice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Empathic physician behaviour is associated with improved patient outcomes. One way to demonstrate empathy is through the use of non‐verbal communication (NVC) including touch. To date, research on NVC, and specifically touch, has been relatively limited in medicine, which is surprising given the central role it plays in conveying affective and empathic messages. To inform curriculum development on NVC, this study aimed to examine physicians' experiences of communicating by touch. Methods: We conducted an interpretative phenomenological study. A total of 15 physicians (seven women and eight men) from different specialties, including both recent graduates and experienced doctors, described in detail specific instances of touch drawn from their clinical practices. Interview prompts encouraged participants to recall exact details such as the context, their relationship with the patient they touched and their physical experience of touching. Interviews (45‐100 minutes) were analysed with template analysis, followed by a process of dialectic questioning, moving back and forth between the data and researchers' personal reflections on them, drawing on phenomenological literature to synthesise a final interpretation. Results: Participants described two dimensions of the experience of touch: 'choosing and inviting touch' and 'expressing empathy.' Touch was a personal and fragile process. Participants interpreted non‐verbal patient cues in order to determine whether or not touch was appropriate. They interpreted facial expressions and body language in the present to make meaning of patients' experiences. They used touch to share emotions, and to demonstrate empathy and presence. Participants' experiences of touch framed it as a form of embodied empathic communication. Conclusions: Touch is a powerful form of NVC that can establish human connection. Phenomenological accounts of empathy, which emphasise its embodied intersubjective nature, can be used to theoretically enrich pedagogical approaches to touch in medical education and to deepen our understanding of empathy. If a picture is worth a thousand words, what value hath a touch? The authors of this study describe how doctors communicate empathy through touch, raising awareness of why non‐verbal communication skill should be incorporated into communication skills training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reporting guidelines can improve the quality of reports of research findings. Some specialities in health care however require guidance on areas that are not captured within the existing guidelines, and this is the case for Paediatric Dentistry where no such standards are available to guide the reporting of different types of study designs. The 'Reporting stAndards for research in PedIatric Dentistry' (RAPID) group aims to address this need by developing guidelines on reporting elements of research of particular relevance to Paediatric Dentistry. The development of RAPID guidelines will involve a five‐phase process including a Delphi study, which is an explicit consensus development method designed and implemented in accordance with the Guidance on Conducting and REporting DElphi Studies. The guideline development process will be overseen by an Executive Group. Themes specific to areas in Paediatric Dentistry will be selected, and items to be included under each theme will be identified by members of the Executive Group reviewing at least five reports of experimental and analytical study types using existing reporting guidelines. For the Delphi study, the Executive Group will identify an international multidisciplinary RAPID Delphi Group (RDG) of approximately 60 participants including academics, Paediatric Dentists, parents, and other stakeholders. Each item will be evaluated by RDG on clarity using a dichotomous scale ('well phrased' or 'needs revision') and on suitability for inclusion in the Delphi study using a 9‐point Likert scale (1 = 'definitely not include' to 9 = 'definitely include'). The items will then be included in an online Delphi study of up to four rounds, with participants invited from stakeholder groups across Paediatric Dentistry. Items scored 7 or above by at least 80% of respondents will be included in the checklist and further discussed in a face‐to‐face Delphi consensus meeting. Following this, the Executive Group will finalize the RAPID guidelines. The guidelines will be published in peer‐reviewed scientific journals and disseminated at scientific meetings and conferences. All the outputs from this project will be made freely available on the RAPID website: www.rapid-statement.org. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicine as Embodied Practice: Bodily dysfunctions bring patients to their doctors and even diseases of the mind can originate in patients' bodies. Doctors respond by using their own bodies – hands, eyes, ears and sometimes noses – to make diagnoses and treat diseases. Yet, despite the embodied nature of practice, medicine typically treats the body as an object, paying scant attention to the subjective embodied experiences of patients and doctors. Much health professions education (HPE) reflects this, prioritising cognition over learners' sense of embodiment. Hence there is a gap between the embodied realities of practice and the disembodied nature of medical education. This article introduces readers to 'body pedagogics' as a framework that can help to re‐establish embodiment as a central principle of HPE. Body Pedagogics: This embodiment theory, drawn from sociology, anthropology and phenomenology, has informed such disparate fields as glassblowing education and military training. Body pedagogics emphasises learning as a physically embodied process. It illustrates how multisensory experience causes embodied changes that become an automatic part of physician expertise. We introduce core body pedagogic concepts using physical examination as an example, examining the bodily means of HPE, students' bodily experiences and the resulting bodily changes. Implications: Body pedagogics can help us to focus attention on embodiment as a central principle of HPE that transcends the discipline‐specific teaching of clinical skills. Moreover, it provides a set of conceptual foundations for an interdisciplinary practice within HPE with implications for instructional design. Body pedagogics can also help us to make strange the habits and disregarded aspects of embodied learning and in so doing help us to consider embodiment more critically and directly in practice and education, and in the ways we research them. In the lastest instalment of the Cross‐cutting edge series, Kelly et al. explore how physical experiences of learning shape health professional practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supernumerary teeth are reported to occur in both primary and permanent dentitions, but their exact aetiology remains unclear. To date, there have been no documented reports of supernumerary teeth formation subsequent to traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) to the primary incisors. This case report illustrates such an unusual consequence where a supernumerary tooth developed subsequent to a subluxation injury to teeth 51 and 61 in a 4-year-old Caucasian girl. This emphasizes the importance of reviewing TDIs, as well as providing parents with sufficient information about possible sequelae at the time of trauma. Nevertheless, it also provides an excellent basis for future investigations, which are essential to establish this correlation and to prove causation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The health and well‐being of children are intimately linked to their parents' physical, emotional, and social health and social circumstances. Aim: To conduct a meta‐analysis of studies that have used the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) and Child Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life (COHRQoL) instruments, to evaluate the family impact scale (FIS) changes following their children's dental treatment under general anaesthesia (DGA). Methodology: A systematic search was undertaken using the PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion criteria consisted of patients below 16 years of age, DGA, pre‐ and post‐operative assessments, and the use of ECOHIS and COHRQoL. FIS changes were the primary outcome measure, where the mean difference (MD) was calculated. Results: After initial search of 105 studies in the database, twenty‐one articles were included in the analysis. A positive outcome in the FIS changes was identified in all studies. The combined MD for FIS using ECOHIS and COHRQoL was 1.52 [95% CI: 1.15‐1.89; P < 0.00001; I2=87%] and 1.10 [95% CI: 0.68‐1.52; P < 0.00001; I2=79%], respectively. Conclusions: Dental treatment with general anaesthesia for children had a significant positive impact on parental emotions, activity, and conflict. Following DGA, there was significant improvement in the FIS, with large MD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) such as subluxations of primary teeth can have significant consequences on their developing successors. The purpose of this report is to present a 3-year-old boy who encountered subluxation injuries to his primary incisors which subsequently had an unusual consequence on the permanent successor. On the day of the TDI, based on clinical and radiographic examinations, a diagnosis of subluxation of teeth 52, 51 and 61 was made. By age 5, the patient reported that tooth 51 had exfoliated, and consequently, tooth 11 had erupted into the oral cavity, but it was very loose. Eventually, the patient lost the crown of tooth 11 during his routine daily activities. Furthermore, radiographic examination at age 11 revealed a small root-like structure in the tooth 11 region. It is very unusual to have premature loss of a permanent incisor following subluxation to its predecessor. Therefore, the present case serves as a good example to emphasize that even minor TDIs are of considerable importance as they may lead to unexpected consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Peabody's maxim ‘the secret of the care of the patient is in caring for the patient’ inspired generations of doctors to relate humanely to patients. Since then, phrases such as ‘managed care’ have impersonalised caring. The term ‘patient‐centred’ was introduced to re‐personalise caring. Ironically, however, such terms have been defined by professionals’ preconceptions rather than patients’ experiences. Using patients’ experiences of doctors being (un)caring to guide doctors’ learning could reinvigorate caring. Interpretive phenomenology provides qualitative research tools with which to do this. Methods: Ten patients, purposively selected to have broad experiences of primary, secondary and tertiary health care, consented to participate. To stay close to their lived experiences, participants first drew ‘Pictor’ diagrams to represent relationships between themselves and professionals during remembered experiences of (un)caring. A researcher then used the depictions to structure in‐depth, one‐to‐one explorations of the lived experience of caring. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using template analysis. To remain very close to patients’ experiences, the researchers assembled a narrative description of the phenomenon of caring using participants’ own words. Results: Caring doctors were genuine. They allowed their own individuality to interact with patients’ individuality. This made participants feel recognised as individuals, not just diseases. Caring doctors listened and spoke carefully, encouraged expressions of emotion, were accessible and responsive, and formed relationships. These factors empowered participants to be actively involved in their own care. Little things like smiling, shaking hands, admitting uncertainty, asking a colleague for advice and calling a participant unexpectedly at home showed that doctors were prepared to ‘go above and beyond’. This was caring. Conclusions: These findings provide medical educators with an interpretation of caring that is truly patient‐centred. Coupling technical proficiency with human qualities – being genuinely empathic and respectful – within doctor–patient relationships is the essence of caring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a cariostatic agent used to adjunctively manage dental caries in high‐risk groups. However, black staining is a frequently reported side effect following SDF application and influences the acceptability of this treatment. Aim: To evaluate the staining potential of SDF and the influence of the potassium Iodide (KI) application on the degree of black staining over time. Design: Extracted carious primary molars were collected and sorted into pairs matched by tooth type, size and location of the carious lesion (n = 35). Teeth were stratified to receive either 38% SDF, KI immediately after SDF application, or 12% SDF. Standardised timelapse photography and image processing software was used to evaluate staining over a period of 7 days. Results: Following SDF application, the onset of black staining occurred within 2 min and increased in value for up to 6 h post‐application. The use of KI immediately after SDF application resulted in no noticeable staining of the carious dentine or surrounding enamel. No significant differences were evident in the staining potential between the different SDF concentrations (38% and 12%). Furthermore, root surface and cementum was found to stain darker and more readily when compared with the coronal enamel surface. Conclusion: SDF has the ability to visibly stain dental hard tissues and its staining potential may be modified by application of KI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess risks prior to third molar removal. A 2‐D panoramic radiograph or a 3‐D cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan can be used to visualize the proximity of the third molar to the mandibular canal. We aimed to correlate panoramic indicators of risk with the incidence of contact between these two structures on CBCT scans. Methods: Patients were selected from a Western Australian population if they had a panoramic radiograph that illustrated signs of risk of inferior alveolar nerve injury and had a CBCT scan on file. Statistically‐significant relationships between the relative position and distance between the mandibular canal and third molar were investigated using χ2‐test and Fisher's exact test in Stata version 13. Results: Within the Western Australian sample (N = 100), of six possible panoramic indicators of risk, two were significantly associated with contact between the tooth and mandibular canal on CBCT: (a) interruption of the radiographic white line of the canal; and (b) darkening of the root(s). Conclusions: Two panoramic radiograph risk signs are significantly more likely to indicate contact on the CBCT scans: interruption of the white line and darkening of the root(s). Further research is required to develop CBCT prescription guidelines for surgical planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the root canal morphology of hypomineralised second primary molars(HSPM) using micro‐CT(μCT) compared with non‐hypomineralised second primary molars (non‐HSPM). Methodology: Ten HSPM and 10 non‐HSPM were divided into Group 1(maxillary HSPM), Group 2 (mandibular HSPM), Group 3(maxillary non‐HSPM), and Group 4 (mandibular non‐HSPM). All teeth were scanned using μCT to assess the following parameters: (i) root canal configuration, (ii) pulp volumes, and (iii) the influence of the root canal system landmarks on access cavity outline forms and canal curvature. Two‐way ANOVA was employed for descriptive analysis (P < 0.05). Results: At the furcation level, there was minimal variation in the number of canals. In the mesiobuccal root, Group 1 showed higher frequency of multiple canals in the middle (85.7%) and apical (85.7%) thirds compared with Group 3. In the mesial root, Group 4 demonstrated multiple canals at the furcation (60%) compared with Group 2(33.3%). In the distal root, Group 2 demonstrated a higher percentage of multiple canals at the apical level (100%) compared with Group 4. The mean pulp volumes of Group 2 and Group 4 were 54.1 mm3(16.7) and 30 mm3(5.12), respectively, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The canal curvature values did not differ significantly between HSPM and non‐HSPM groups. Conclusions: HSPM exhibited greater variations in their root canal configuration when compared to non‐HSPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the present study, we sought to: (a) analyze the p53 gene status in dentigerous cysts (DC) associated with supernumerary teeth (ST) in a pair of siblings with ST, of whom one developed a DC; and (b) conduct a narrative review of the literature on ST associated with DC. Blood samples were obtained, and the isolated DNA was used to amplify exons 4‐8 of the p53 gene using specific primers, and subsequently sequenced. No mutations were identified in the coding regions of the p53 gene. A review of the literature revealed a prevalence of DC associated with ST to be as high as 13.6%, and that 83% of the case reports performed enucleation of DC and removal of ST. Dentigerous cysts associated with ST in one sibling demonstrated that variations in phenotypes exist, and the absence of mutations cannot eliminate the potential influence of genetic risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background No published studies exist on the remineralizing potential of Tooth Mousse Plus® ( TMP) when applied for less than 3 min. Aim To evaluate (i) the remineralizing potential of TMP on artificial carious lesions, when applied thrice daily for 60 s, and (ii) the benefit of using a fluoridated dentifrice prior to TMP application. Design Carious lesions, 120-200 μm deep, were produced by placing molars in demineralizing solution for 96 h, and sections 100-150 μm thick were then randomly assigned to four groups. Specimens were treated thrice daily with a non-fluoridated (Group A), or 1000 ppm F dentifrice (Group B), or TMP (Group C), or a 1000 ppm F dentifrice followed by TMP application (Group D), and then subjected to a 10-day pH cycling model. Lesion evaluation involved polarizing light microscopy and microradiography. Results Post-treatment maximum mineral content at the surface zone ( Vmax) was significantly increased and lesion depth ( LD) significantly decreased in Group C, while only the Vmax increased in Group D. Increase in LD was observed in Group B; however, no significant differences were noted in percentage LD changes between groups B, C, and D ( P > 0.05). Conclusions TMP applied for 60 s significantly remineralized the artificial carious lesions. No additional benefit was evident when TMP was preceded by treatment with 1000 ppm F dentifrice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schöpf-Schulz-Passarge syndrome (SSPS) is thought to be a rare autosomal recessive condition similar to many other ectodermal dysplasias. Diagnosis is difficult, with many possible differential diagnoses; however, eyelid cysts are a commonly seen feature. This clinical report aims to highlight this and describe the dental features and management of this syndrome, which existing literature has not previously described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To assess the changes in the oral health-related quality of life ( OHRQoL) of 221 preschool children who presented to the emergency department with the consequences of untreated dental caries requiring dental extractions under general anaesthesia ( DEGA). Methods Two hundred and twenty-one healthy preschool children, who required emergency DEGA, were recruited over a period of 12 months. The same parent or caregiver completed the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale ( ECOHIS) questionnaire; both, prior to the DEGA and at the 2-week post-treatment visit. Data were analysed using repeated anova with adjustments for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni tests with the significance level set at 5%. Results One hundred and twenty-six participants, with a mean age of 4.02 and a mean dmft score of 8.27 ( SD = 4.13), completed the 2-week post-treatment questionnaires. The overall ECOHIS, CIS, and FIS scores decreased significantly ( P < 0.001) after emergency DEGA, demonstrating large effect sizes. The biggest decrease in prevalence after emergency DEGA was observed for the items of pain in teeth, trouble sleeping, being irritated or frustrated, difficulty drinking food, and parents being upset. Conclusions The OHRQoL of preschool children, who presented to the emergency department with the consequences of untreated dental caries, was significantly improved following emergency DEGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To assess changes in the oral health-related quality of life ( OHRQoL), after comprehensive oral rehabilitation under general anaesthesia ( CORGA), among children (i) <6 years using the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale ( ECOHIS) and (ii) aged 6-14 years using the child oral health-related quality of life ( COHRQoL) instrument. Methods A total of 136 healthy children who had CORGA were recruited over a period of 12 months. The parent or caregiver of the study participants completed the age-appropriate questionnaire prior to the dental treatment and at the subsequent follow-up appointments (2 weeks and 3 months). Data were analysed using repeated-measures anova and Bonferroni tests. Results The overall ECOHIS scores decreased significantly ( P < 0.001) demonstrating large effect sizes. The greatest decreases were for the domains of child oral symptoms (57.5%) and psychology (38.7%) in the child impact section ( CIS) and for the domain of parental distress (38.9%) and family function (40%) in the family impact section ( FIS). For COHRQoL, the overall P- CPQ and FIS scores decreased significantly for all items ( P < 0.001), demonstrating large effect sizes. The greatest decreases were for the domains of oral symptoms (77.7%), functional limitations (74.3%), and the FIS (80.1%). Conclusions The OHRQoL of children in both age groups (<6 and 6-14 years) was significantly improved after CORGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Epidemiological studies on developmental defects of enamel ( DDE) have focused on its potential contributory factors and prevalence while there is limited evidence on the longitudinal changes in the epidemiological profile of DDE. Thus, the objective of this longitudinal study was to investigate whether any type of DDE changes with time. Methods A total of 668 participants were initially recruited in 2010, and 432 participants were successfully followed up and examined for DDE both at the age of 12 in 2010 and 15 in 2013. The central incisor, lateral incisor and first molar in each quadrant were chosen as index teeth and were examined 'wet' by two trained and calibrated examiners using the modified FDI ( DDE) Index. Results The mouth prevalence and tooth prevalence of 'any defect' showed a significant decrease from 2010 to 2013 ( P < 0.001). This was predominantly due to the decrease in diffuse opacities ( P < 0.001). Significant difference in the distribution of the extent of DDE was also found for diffuse opacities at both the participant and tooth levels irrespective of the types of tooth ( P < 0.0001). Median extent score for diffuse opacities in 2013 was lower than those in 2010 at both participant and tooth level irrespective of the types of tooth ( P < 0.001). Conclusions Diffuse opacities, in terms of prevalence and severity, did fade out over time. The observed overall change in DDE was due to the dominating effect of diffuse opacities over demarcated opacities and hypoplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the use of a small unmanned aerial vehicle (sUAV) carrying a standard compact camera, to construct a high resolution orthomosaic (OM) and digital elevation model (DEM) over the lower reaches of the glacier Midtre Lovénbreen, Svalbard. Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques were used to build the OM and DEM, and together these reveal insights into the nature of supra-glacial drainage. Major meandering supra-glacial drainage pathways show clear dynamism, via meander cutoffs and abandoned channels. In addition, the imagery reveals a very extensive network of smaller channels that may well carry substantial amounts of water. This network of channels is in part controlled by the structure of the glacier, but in turn, these channels have a significant impact on the ice surface. Roughness of the ice surface is higher where channels are most extensive. In addition, we find a relationship between channel density and surface reflectance, such that greater channel density is associated with lower reflectance values. Given the role of surface reflectance and roughness in the energy balance of glaciers, it is therefore apparent that extensive networks of small supra-glacial channels across such glaciers have the potential to have an important impact on energy exchanges between the atmosphere and the ice surface. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The aim of the present study was to investigate the success rate of various treatment modalities and complications associated with the occurrence and treatment of impacted mandibular permanent canines. Methods Seventy-four southern Chinese children and adolescents who received treatment for impacted mandibular canines over a 27-year period were included in the analysis. Treatment modalities and complications that had been recorded in the clinical and surgical notes and that could be diagnosed from the available radiographs were noted. Results The most commonly-performed treatment for the correction of an impacted mandibular canine was surgical removal of the impacted tooth ( n = 59). In cases where surgical exposure of the impacted canine followed by bonding an attachment was performed ( n = 7), the average time required for the canine to erupt postoperatively through the soft tissue was 12.2 months (±10.2 months). Lack of movement of the tooth after traction was the only complication reported in these patients ( n = 3). The most frequently-reported postoperative sequela observed for all treatment modalities was swelling of the soft tissues around the surgical site ( n = 6), and this was persistent even after 48 h. Conclusions The success rate after surgical intervention and orthodontic traction was 57.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT To describe and compare the oral health behaviors of preschool children with and without cerebral palsy (CP), and to assess the oral health knowledge and attitudes of their primary caregivers (PCGs). Seventy-two preschool children with CP were recruited from 23 Special Child Care Centers in Hong Kong. An age- (±3 months) and gender-matched sample of children from mainstream preschools was recruited as a 'control group.' Assessment of children's oral health behaviors and the PCGs' oral health knowledge and attitudes was conducted using questionnaires. Preschool children with CP were less likely to have ever attended a dentist ( p < 0.05). Tooth brushing frequency was similar between the two groups ( p > 0.05), but PCGs of children with CP more frequently reported provision of tooth brushing assistance to their children ( p < 0.001). PCGs in both groups had similar oral health knowledge and attitudes ( p > 0.05). Difference in oral health behaviors existed between preschool children with and without CP. PCGs of children with and without CP had similar oral health knowledge and attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The aim of the present study was to determine the association of both buccally- and palatally-impacted canines with other dental anomalies. Methods This retrospective study was conducted on a population of 533 southern Chinese children and adolescents who had impacted maxillary canines that had been treated in the Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Clinic, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Descriptions of the impacted canine and other associated anomalies were obtained from the case notes and radiographs. Clinical photographs and study casts were used, where available. Results A total of 253 (47.5%) patients with impacted maxillary canines were diagnosed with other dental anomalies. Microdontia was the most frequently-occurring anomaly reported in these patients, with the maxillary lateral incisor the most commonly affected tooth. Other odontogenic anomalies that were associated with both buccally- and palatally-impacted canines included hypodontia, supernumerary teeth, transposition of other teeth, enamel hypoplasia, other impacted teeth, and dens invaginatus. Conclusion Both buccally- and palatally-impacted canines were found to be associated with other odontogenic anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background To date, research on the relationship between dental caries experience and adiposity status is debated. Aim To determine associations between dental caries experience and adiposity status among a community sample of preschool children in Hong Kong. Design Among a random sample of 5-year-old children, clinical assessment for dental caries was conducted using WHO criteria. Anthropometric measurements for body weight, body height, waist circumference ( WC), hip circumference, and triceps skinfold thickness ( TRSKF) were performed to assess general adiposity, central adiposity, and peripheral adiposity. Associations between adiposity status and caries were examined in regression analyses. Results The response rate was 83.1% (324/390). Regression analyses (adjusted for tooth brushing habits, snacking habits, and socio-demographic factors) identified that weight/height ratio z-score was associated with caries experience: prevalence of dental caries experience (dmft > 0), OR 1.41 (95% CI 1.04, 1.91), and 'very high' caries experience (dmft ≥ Si C10 Index value), OR 1.62, (95% CI 1.05, 2.50). In addition, WC z-score was associated with 'very high' caries experience (dmft ≥ Si C10 Index value), OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.06, 2.81. Conclusion In a Hong Kong community sample of preschool children, dental caries experience was associated with general adiposity (as assessed by weight/height ratio) and central adiposity (as assessed by WC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]