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The fight against climate change has brought new technical solutions in the energy industry and transport. Carbon‐neutral solutions, the use of renewable energies have become preferred. Recently, the spread of electromobility in road transport has been increasing worldwide. This situation means new challenges for the energy industry and transport infrastructure. The direction of the development of the society, the energy industry, and the transport is influenced by the governments too. The article studies the governmental and international regulations, guidelines, and plans from the point of view on how these affect the development of transport in Hungary. The authors model the expected spread of electromobility in Hungary. In addition, the authors examine the expected structural transformation of electricity generation, the change expected in the energy mix. Finally, the government's plans are assessed, and it is discussed how Hungary can meet its commitments on renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5‐Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is produced from 5‐methylcytosine (5mC) by Ten‐eleven translocation (TET) dioxygenases. The epigenetic modification 5hmC has crucial roles in both cellular development and differentiation. The 5hmC level is particularly high in the brain. While 5mC is generally associated with gene silencing/reduced expression, 5hmC is a more permissive epigenetic mark. To understand its physiological function, an easy and accurate quantification method is required. Here, we have developed a novel LC‐MS/MS‐based approach to quantify both genomic 5mC and 5hmC contents. The method is based on the liberation of nucleobases by formic acid. Applying this method, we characterized the levels of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in mouse brain and liver, primary hepatocytes, and various cell lines. Using this approach, we confirm that the treatment of different cell lines with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine leads to a decrease in 5mC content. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in 5hmC levels in cell lines of hematopoietic origin. Finally, we showed that ascorbate elevates the levels of 5hmC and augments the effect of 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine without significantly influencing 5mC levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There is an increasing body of evidence that suggests that genes involved in cell fate decisions and pattern formation during development also play a key role in the continuous cell fate decisions made by adult tissue stem cells. Here we show that prolonged in vitro culture (14 days) of murine bone marrow lineage negative cells in medium supplemented with three early acting cytokines (stem cell factor, Flk-2/Flt-3 ligand, thrombopoietin) and with immobilized Notch ligand, Jagged-1, resulted in robust expansion of serially transplantable hematopoietic stem cells with long-term repopulating ability. We found that the absolute number of marrow cells was increased ∼8 to 14-fold in all cultures containing recombinant growth factors. However, the frequency of high quality stem cells was markedly reduced at the same time, except in cultures containing growth factors and Jagged-1-coated Sepharose-4B beads. The absolute number of hematopoietic cells with long-term repopulating ability was increased ∼10 to 20-fold in the presence of multivalent Notch ligand. These results support a role for combinatorial effects by Notch and cytokine-induced signaling pathways in regulating hematopoietic stem cell fate and to a potential role for Notch ligand in increasing cell numbers in clinical stem cell transplantation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]