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Neural Crest cells (NC) are a multipotent cell population that give rise to a multitude of cell types including Schwann cells (SC) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Immature SC interact with neuronal axons via the neuregulin 1 (NRG1) ligand present on the neuronal surface and ultimately form the myelin sheath. Multiple attempts to derive functional SC from pluripotent stem cells have met challenges with respect to expression of mature markers and axonal sorting. Here, they hypothesized that sustained signaling from immobilized NRG1 (iNRG1) might enhance the differentiation of NC derived from glabrous neonatal epidermis towards a SC phenotype. Using this strategy, NC derived SC expressed mature markers to similar levels as compared to explanted rat sciatic SC. Signaling studies revealed that sustained NRG1 signaling led to yes‐associated protein 1 (YAP) activation and nuclear translocation. Furthermore, NC derived SC on iNRG1 exhibited mature SC function as they aligned with rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons in an in vitro coculture model; and most notably, aligned on neuronal axons upon implantation in a chick embryo model in vivo. Taken together their work demonstrated the importance of signaling dynamics in SC differentiation, aiming towards development of drug testing platforms for de‐myelinating disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant collections held by botanic gardens and arboreta are key components of ex situ conservation. Maintaining genetic diversity in such collections allows them to be used as resources for supplementing wild populations. However, most recommended minimum sample sizes for sufficient ex situ genetic diversity are based on microsatellite markers, and it remains unknown whether these sample sizes remain valid in light of more recently developed next‐generation sequencing (NGS) approaches. To address this knowledge gap, we examine how ex situ conservation status and sampling recommendations differ when derived from microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in garden and wild samples of two threatened oak species. For Quercus acerifolia, SNPs show lower ex situ representation of wild allelic diversity and slightly lower minimum sample size estimates than microsatellites, while results for each marker are largely similar for Q. boyntonii. The application of missing data filters tends to lead to higher ex situ representation, while the impact of different SNP calling approaches is dependent on the species being analyzed. Measures of population differentiation within species are broadly similar between markers, but larger numbers of SNP loci allow for greater resolution of population structure and clearer assignment of ex situ individuals to wild source populations. Our results offer guidance for future ex situ conservation assessments utilizing SNP data, such as the application of missing data filters and the usage of a reference genome, and illustrate that both microsatellites and SNPs remain viable options for botanic gardens and arboreta seeking to ensure the genetic diversity of their collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introductions are a critical tool in the recovery of many imperiled species, yet adequate evaluation and development of best practices has lagged. Importantly, long‐term post‐introduction data are typically lacking, as well as suitable comparisons to wild populations to provide a baseline against which to assess performance. Here, we report on three experimental introductions of Crotalaria avonensis (Fabaceae), a federally endangered perennial herb that is narrowly endemic to scrub of the Lake Wales Ridge in peninsular Florida, U.S.A. We synthesize 10 years of post‐introduction monitoring at both the introduced and a nearby, protected wild population to (1) develop best practices for conservation, and (2) evaluate the success of the introduction. First, our study identified best practices that included using transplants propagated from stem cuttings, as well as several factors that may increase seed germination such as habitat choice, seed burial, and litter addition. Second, during the 10 years following the introduction, population density in the introduced population was higher than in a nearby protected, wild population, and a comparison of vital rates revealed that this result was due to relatively high clonal and seedling recruitment rates in the introduced population. Furthermore, the source population, which occurred on unprotected lands, precipitously declined during this time period, further highlighting the importance of safeguarding plants from that population. We report that a new, growing population of C. avonensis has been established to date, with important implications for the species' conservation as well as how introductions are evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Life span varies greatly across plants, with some species being capable of extreme longevity. Yet even long‐lived individuals are susceptible to climatic events, fire, and other challenges. We examined rare mortality events and their causes in two long‐lived palmettos over four decades. Methods: We monitored the survival of the clonal Serenoa repens and non‐clonal, Florida‐endemic Sabal etonia from 1981 to 2022 in four habitats along an elevational gradient within the globally imperiled Florida scrub ecosystem. We considered several challenges to palmetto survival, including extreme fires, shading due to lack of fire, droughts, periods of high precipitation, and possible pathogens. Results: Survival of palmettos was remarkably high, and mortality was infrequent (Serenoa: cumulative, 5.7%; annualized, 0%–0.68%; Sabal: cumulative, 3.5%; annualized, 0%–0.43%). Mortality was highest in higher‐elevation habitats with greater soil drainage, and smaller palmettos were more likely to die. When subjected to extreme fire, Serenoa suffered greater mortality than Sabal. Mortality in long‐unburned habitats with increased shading rivaled that which occurred with extreme fire. There was no evidence of mortality due to lethal bronzing palm disease. Conclusions: Both palmettos had exceptionally low mortality rates, which, coupled with earlier work showing slow rates of transition from seedling to adult and remarkable adult longevity, suggest notably low rates of population turnover. Observed mortality in long‐unburned habitats suggests the importance of fire‐management planning with prescription burning. Lengthy age to reproduction and/or dependency on clonal propagation limits migration or genetic adaptation to altered conditions caused by climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translocated populations often show vigorous initial dynamics but eventually collapse. Modeling tools that incorporate basic ecological knowledge and allow for propagation of uncertainty can help identify potential risks. Here, we use Bayesian Integral Projection Models to estimate population growth rates (λs), associated elasticities, and extinction risks for the endangered Dicerandra christmanii. Our study compared natural populations in gaps (open areas) within the shrub matrix and roadsides, unoccupied gaps augmented with transplants, and introduced populations. These populations experienced different management, including prescribed fires, and had different initial conditions. Augmented gaps showed lower means but similar variation in λs as natural gaps. Yet, simulations indicate that augmentations can delay quasi‐extinction (40% of simulations) by 4 years at the population level. Introduced populations showed higher means and variation in λs as wild gaps. While vital rate estimates suggested initial translocation success, time to quasi‐extinction was projected to be 7 years shorter for introductions in gaps than for natural gap populations. These contradictory results are partially explained by the lack of established seed banks in introduced populations, which affected the response of early life stage transitions to a prescribed fire. This study highlights the need to account for site‐specific information in models of population dynamics, including initial conditions and management history, and especially cryptic life stages such as dormant seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species translocations are increasingly common in rare plant conservation. Wild populations can provide basic ecological knowledge to improve their chance of success. In the heavily fragmented Florida scrub, USA, many listed species require translocations to persist, including Dicerandra christmanii. In 1994, we began monitoring the only protected population of D. christmanii growing both in gaps (open areas) within the shrub matrix and on roadsides. In 2010, we augmented this population by adding plants and seeds to unoccupied gaps. In 2012, we introduced plants to a separate protected site to create a new population. We evaluated early translocation success using generalized linear mixed‐effect models of vital rate variation among habitat types. Survival probability increased with size, peaking at 0.6–0.8, and was lowest in augmentations and highest in introductions. Growth increased with plant size across all habitat types, except for the largest adults which experienced senescence. Naturally recruited plants in gaps showed the highest reproduction probability and fecundity at smaller sizes, but larger plants in translocations had the highest fecundity. Yearling recruitment was higher in translocated plants relative to naturally recruited plants in gaps during the initial years following outplanting. Experimental components of translocations also affected outplanting performance with positive effects of fire. These analyses suggest a high potential for translocations to become established and contribute to species recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Accurate localization of septal outflow tract premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) is often difficult due to frequent mid‐myocardial or protected origin. Compared with traditional activation mapping, CARTO Ripple mapping provides visualization of all captured electrogram data without assignment of a specific local activation time and thus may enhance PVC localization. Methods: Electroanatomic maps for consecutive catheter ablation procedures for septal outflow tract PVCs (July 2018–December 2020) were analyzed. For each PVC, we identified the earliest local activation point (EA), defined by the point of maximal –dV/dt in a simultaneously recorded unipolar electrogram, and the earliest Ripple signal (ERS), defined as the earliest point at which three grouped simultaneous Ripple bars appeared in late diastole. Immediate success was defined as full suppression of the clinical PVC. Results: Fifty‐seven unique PVCs in 55 procedures were included. When ERS and EA were in the same chamber (RV, LV, or CS), the odds ratio for the successful procedure was 13.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2–79.9, p =.005). Discordance between sites was associated with a higher likelihood of needing multi‐site ablation (odds ratio [OR] 7.9 [1.4–4.6; p =.020]). Median EA‐ERS distance in successful versus unsuccessful cases was 4.6 mm (interquartile range 2.9–8.5) versus 12.5 mm (7.8–18.5); (p =.020). Conclusion: Greater EA‐ERS concordance was associated with higher odds of single‐site PVC suppression and successful septal outflow tract PVC ablation. Visualization of complex signals via automated Ripple mapping may offer rapid localization information complementary to local activation mapping for PVCs of mid‐myocardial origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bacterial urinary tract infections have been associated with comorbidities and increased antimicrobial resistance over time. Objective: To identify bacterial species, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and risk factors associated with antimicrobial resistance. Animals: Three hundred sixty‐three positive urine cultures from 308 cats. Methods: Bacterial species and antimicrobial susceptibility data from positive aerobic bacterial urine cultures from cats with growth of ≥103 colony forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml) were included. Medical records were reviewed, and bacteriuria was classified as sporadic bacterial cystitis, recurrent bacterial cystitis or subclinical bacteriuria (SBU). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate antimicrobial resistance risk factors. Results: A total of 444 bacterial isolates from 363 bacteriuric episodes were identified. Escherichia coli (52%) and SBU (59%) were the most common organism and classification, respectively. When compared to other classifications of bacteriuria, Enterococcus spp. were more likely to be isolated from SBU episodes (P <.001), whereas E. coli was more likely to be isolated from sporadic bacterial cystitis episodes (P <.001). Recurrent bacterial cystitis was associated with an increased risk of antimicrobial resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (odds ratio [OR], 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3‐11.3). The percent susceptibilities of all bacterial isolates to commonly prescribed antimicrobials were amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (72%), cefazolin (49%), enrofloxacin (61%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (75%). Multidrug resistance was highest for Enterococcus faecium isolates (65%). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: No antimicrobial achieved >90% susceptible designation to all bacteria isolated highlighting the importance of performing urine culture and susceptibility testing, particularly for cats with recurrent bacterial cystitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key challenge in ecology is understanding how multiple drivers interact to precipitate persistent vegetation state changes. These state changes may be both precipitated and maintained by disturbances, but predicting whether the state change will be fleeting or persistent requires an understanding of the mechanisms by which disturbance affects the alternative communities. In the sagebrush shrublands of the western United States, widespread annual grass invasion has increased fuel connectivity, which increases the size and spatial contiguity of fires, leading to postfire monocultures of introduced annual grasses (IAG). The novel grassland state can be persistent and is more likely to promote large fires than the shrubland it replaced. But the mechanisms by which prefire invasion and fire occurrence are linked to higher postfire flammability are not fully understood. A natural experiment to explore these interactions presented itself when we arrived in northern Nevada immediately after a 50,000 ha wildfire was extinguished. We hypothesized that the novel grassland state is maintained via a reinforcing feedback where higher fuel connectivity increases burn severity, which subsequently increases postfire IAG dispersal, seed survivorship, and fuel connectivity. We used a Bayesian joint species distribution model and structural equation model framework to assess the strength of the support for each element in this feedback pathway. We found that prefire fuel connectivity increased burn severity and that higher burn severity had mostly positive effects on the occurrence of IAG and another nonnative species and mostly negative or neutral relationships with all other species. Finally, we found that the abundance of IAG seeds in the seed bank immediately after a fire had a positive effect on the fuel connectivity 3 years after the fire, completing a positive feedback promoting IAG. These results demonstrate that the strength of the positive feedback is controlled by measurable characteristics of ecosystem structure, composition, and disturbance. Further, each node in the loop is affected independently by multiple global change drivers. It is possible that these characteristics can be modeled to predict threshold behavior and inform management actions to mitigate or slow the establishment of the grass–fire cycle, perhaps via targeted restoration applications or prefire fuel treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the efficacy and tolerability of tocilizumab in a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial in refractory adult patients with dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM). Methods: Thirty‐six subjects with probable or definite DM/PM were enrolled in a 6‐month phase 2B clinical trial and randomized 1:1 to receive tocilizumab (8 mg/kg intravenously) or placebo every 4 weeks for 24 weeks. Eligible subjects had either a DM rash, a myositis‐associated autoantibody or an adjudicated PM diagnosis. Active disease was defined by at least three of six abnormal core set measures (CSMs), including a manual muscle testing (MMT)‐8 score of less than 136/150. If the MMT‐8 score was greater than 136, then a cutaneous score of 3 or more (10 cm visual analogue scale) was required along with three additional abnormal CSMs indicating disease activity. The primary endpoint compared the Total Improvement Score (TIS) between both arms from week 4 to 24. Secondary outcomes included time to meeting minimal TIS improvement, changes in CSMs, time to worsening, steroid‐sparing effect, proportion of subjects meeting more stringent improvement criteria, and safety outcomes. Results: There was no significant difference (P = 0.86) in the TIS over 24 weeks between tocilizumab and placebo arms. The secondary endpoints of time to improvement (minimal, moderate, or major), time to worsening, CSM changes, safety outcomes, and steroid‐sparing effect were also not significantly different between arms. Conclusion: Tocilizumab was safe and well tolerated but did not meet the primary or secondary efficacy outcomes in refractory DM and PM in this 24‐week phase 2B study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Well‐being (or lack thereof) is one phenomena that is shaped by and has important implications for organizational (in)equalities, yet remains widely conceptualized at an individual level. Through a review of previous research on organizational inequality and diversity, we argue for a shift towards studying "workplace well‐being"—well‐being as created by and through work organizations. We identify and discuss three pillars of workplace well‐being and consider how these pillars are constituted across three levels of analysis. We note that "workplace well‐being" offers a more theoretically‐ and empirically‐grounded framework for understanding how well‐being operates in the workplace. This concept can be utilized to "check" where organizational change is needed and develop change initiatives that better support diversity, inclusivity, and equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year, field excursions engage students of ecology in experiential learning that results in wide‐ranging and well‐documented pedagogical benefits. Much less appreciated, however, is the potential for these excursions to contribute long‐term data that advance scientific knowledge and natural resource management. Here we explore this potential by providing a global synthesis of field data collection, mapping the geography, temporal extent, and type of data collected by students worldwide, and calling attention to the associated benefits and challenges for course instructors. We then offer perspectives on how undergraduate courses in ecology can more broadly contribute to science, management, and policy. Finally, we highlight how several aspects – namely, existing frameworks, resources, and networks; enhanced institutional support; and synergies with the broader science community – can help undergraduate ecology courses achieve their full potential for contributing to both education and science for society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farm bill programs impacting beef cattle producers have been dispersed throughout previous farm bills. Greater attention on cattle markets in recent years is likely to lead to increased debate on beef cattle topics ahead of the 2023 Farm Bill. We examine cattle topics found in previous farm bills as indicators of future farm bill inclusion. We then discuss recent market events and resulting policy requests by producers. We subsequently focus on current topics that seem likely to spill over into farm bill debate, and we finish with suggestions regarding where agricultural economists can provide useful input into the policy process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroecology research seeks to understand ecological phenomena with causes and consequences that accumulate, interact, and emerge across scales spanning several orders of magnitude. Broad‐extent, fine‐grain information (i.e., high spatial resolution data over large areas) is needed to adequately capture these cross‐scale phenomena, but these data have historically been costly to acquire and process. Unoccupied aerial systems (UAS or drones carrying a sensor payload) and the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) make the broad‐extent, fine‐grain observational domain more accessible to researchers by lowering costs and reducing the need for highly specialized equipment. Integration of these tools can further democratize macroecological research, as their strengths and weaknesses are complementary. However, using these tools for macroecology can be challenging because mental models are lacking, thus requiring large up‐front investments in time, energy, and creativity to become proficient. This challenge inspired a working group of UAS‐using academic ecologists, NEON professionals, imaging scientists, remote sensing specialists, and aeronautical engineers at the 2019 NEON Science Summit in Boulder, Colorado, to synthesize current knowledge on how to use UAS with NEON in a mental model for an intended audience of ecologists new to these tools. Specifically, we provide (1) a collection of core principles for collecting high‐quality UAS data for NEON integration and (2) a case study illustrating a sample workflow for processing UAS data into meaningful ecological information and integrating it with NEON data collected on the ground—with the Terrestrial Observation System—and remotely—from the Airborne Observation Platform. With this mental model, we advance the democratization of macroecology by making a key observational domain—the broad‐extent, fine‐grain domain—more accessible via NEON/UAS integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in remotely piloted aerial systems ('drones') and imagery processing enable individual tree mapping in forests across broad areas with low‐cost equipment and minimal ground‐based data collection. One such method involves collecting many partially overlapping aerial photos, processing them using 'structure from motion' (SfM) photogrammetry to create a digital 3D representation and using the 3D model to detect individual trees. SfM‐based forest mapping involves myriad decisions surrounding methods and parameters for imagery acquisition and processing, but it is unclear how these individual decisions or their combinations impact the quality of the resulting forest inventories.We collected and processed drone imagery of a moderate‐density, structurally complex mixed‐conifer stand. We tested 22 imagery collection methods (altering flight altitude, camera pitch and image overlap), 12 imagery processing parameterizations (image resolutions and depth map filtering intensities) and 286 tree detection methods (algorithms and their parameterizations) to create 7,568 tree maps. We compared these maps to a 3.23‐ha ground reference map of 1,775 trees >5 m tall that we created using traditional field survey methods.The accuracy of individual tree detection (ITD) and the resulting tree maps was generally maximized by collecting imagery at high altitude (120 m) with at least 90% image‐to‐image overlap, photogrammetrically processing images into a canopy height model (CHM) with a twofold upscaling (coarsening) step and detecting trees from the CHM using a variable window filter after applying a moving window mean smooth to the CHM. Using this combination of methods, we mapped trees with an accuracy exceeding expectations for structurally complex forests (for canopy‐dominant trees >10 m tall, sensitivity = 0.69 and precision = 0.90). Remotely measured tree heights corresponded to ground‐measured heights with R2 = 0.95. Accuracy was higher for taller trees and lower for understorey trees and would likely be higher in less dense and less structurally complex stands.Our results may guide others wishing to efficiently produce broad‐extent individual tree maps of conifer forests without investing substantial time tailoring imagery acquisition and processing parameters. The resulting tree maps create opportunities for addressing previously intractable ecological questions and informing forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atrial pacing and right ventricular (RV) pacing are both associated with adverse outcomes among patients with first‐degree atrioventricular block (1°AVB). His‐bundle pacing (HBP) provides physiological activation of the ventricle and may be able to improve both atrioventricular (AV) and inter‐ventricular synchrony in 1°AVB patients. This study evaluates the acute echocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of atrial, atrial‐His‐bundle sequential (AH), and atrial‐ventricular (AV) sequential pacing in 1°AVB patients. Methods: Patients with 1°AVB undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation were included. Following left atrial (LA) catheterization, patients underwent atrial, AH‐ and AV‐sequential pacing. LA/left ventricular (LV) pressure and echocardiographic measurements during the pacing protocols were compared. Results: Thirteen patients with 1°AVB (mean PR 221 ± 26 ms) were included. The PR interval was prolonged with atrial pacing compared to baseline (275 ± 73 ms, p =.005). LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was highest during atrial pacing (62 ± 11%), intermediate with AH‐sequential pacing (59 ± 7%), and lowest with AV‐sequential pacing (57 ± 12%) though these differences were not statistically significant. No significant differences were found in LA or LV mean pressures or LV dP/dT. LA and LV volumes, isovolumetric times, electromechanical delays, and global longitudinal strains were similar across pacing protocols. Conclusion: Despite pronounced PR prolongation, the acute effects of atrial pacing were not significantly different than AH‐ or AV‐sequential pacing. Normalizing atrioventricular and/or inter‐ventricular dyssynchrony did not result in acute improvements in cardiac output or loading conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New Findings: What is the central question of this study?We sought to investigate whether carotid stiffness, carotid intima–media thickness and the aortic augmentation index are altered in young adults 3–4 weeks after contraction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) compared with young healthy adults.What is the main finding and its importance?We found that carotid stiffness, Young's modulus and the aortic augmentation index were greater in young adults who tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 compared with healthy young adults. These findings provide additional evidence for detrimental effects of SARS‐CoV‐2 on young adult vasculature, which might have implications for cardiovascular health. Contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has been observed to cause decrements in vascular function of young adults. However, less is known about the impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 on arterial stiffness and structure, which might have additional implications for cardiovascular health. The purpose of this study was to assess the carotid artery stiffness and structure using ultrasound and the aortic augmentation index (AIx) using applanation tonometry in young adults after they tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2. We hypothesized that carotid artery stiffness, carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) and aortic AIx would be elevated in young adults with SARS‐CoV‐2 compared with healthy young adults. We evaluated 15 young adults (six male and nine female; 20 ± 1 years of age; body mass index, 24 ± 3 kg m−2) 3–4 weeks after a positive SARS‐CoV‐2 test result compared with young healthy adults (five male and 10 female; 23 ± 1 years of age; body mass index, 22 ± 2 kg m−2) who were evaluated before the coronavirus 2019 pandemic. Carotid stiffness, Young's modulus and cIMT were assessed using ultrasound, whereas aortic AIx and aortic AIx standardized to 75 beats min−1 (AIx@HR75) were assessed from carotid pulse wave analysis using SphygmoCor. Group differences were observed for carotid stiffness (control, 5 ± 1 m s−1; SARS‐CoV‐2, 6 ± 1 m s−1), Young's modulus (control, 396 ± 120 kPa; SARS‐CoV‐2, 576 ± 224 kPa), aortic AIx (control, 3 ± 13%; SARS‐CoV‐2, 13 ± 9%) and aortic AIx@HR75 (control, −3 ± 16%; SARS‐CoV‐2, 10 ± 7%; P < 0.05). However, cIMT was similar between groups (control, 0.42 ± 0.06 mm; SARS‐CoV‐2, 0.44 ± 0.08 mm; P > 0.05). This cross‐sectional analysis revealed higher carotid artery stiffness and aortic stiffness among young adults with SARS‐CoV‐2. These results provide further evidence of cardiovascular impairments among young adults recovering from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, which should be considered for cardiovascular complications associated with SARS‐CoV‐2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Despite significant sexual dysfunction and distress after localized prostate cancer treatment, patients typically receive only physiologic erectile dysfunction management. The authors performed a randomized controlled trial of an online intervention supporting couples' posttreatment recovery of sexual intimacy. METHODS: Patients treated with surgery, radiation, or combined radiation and androgen deprivation therapy who had partners were recruited and randomized to an online intervention or a control group. The intervention, tailored to treatment type and sexual orientation, comprised 6 modules addressing expectations for sexual and emotional sequelae of treatment, rehabilitation, and guidance toward sexual intimacy recovery. Couples, recruited from 6 sites nationally, completed validated measures at the baseline and 3 and 6 months after treatment. Primary outcome group differences were assessed with t tests for individual outcomes. RESULTS: Among 142 randomized couples, 105 patients (mostly surgery) and 87 partners completed the 6‐month survey; this reflected challenges with recruitment and attrition. There were no differences between the intervention and control arms in Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Global Satisfaction With Sex Life scores 6 months after treatment (the primary outcome). Three months after treatment, intervention patients and partners reported more engagement in penetrative and nonpenetrative sexual activities than controls. More than 73% of the intervention participants reported high or moderate satisfaction with module content; more than 85% would recommend the intervention to other couples. CONCLUSIONS: Online psychosexual support for couples can help couples to connect and experience sexual pleasure early after treatment despite patients' sexual dysfunction. Participants' high endorsement of the intervention reflects the importance of sexual health support to couples after prostate cancer treatment. LAY SUMMARY: This study tested a web‐based program supporting couples' sexual recovery of sexual intimacy after prostate cancer treatment.One hundred forty‐two couples were recruited and randomly assigned to the program (n = 60) or to a control group (n = 82).The program did not result in improvements in participants' satisfaction with their sex life 6 months after treatment, but couples in the intervention group engaged in sexual activity sooner after treatment than couples in the control group.Couples evaluated the program positively and would recommend it to others facing prostate cancer treatment. Couples coping with prostate cancer participated in a randomized controlled trial of a sexual recovery support program. Although participants assigned to the intervention were not more satisfied with their sex life 6 months after treatment, they re‐engaged in sexual activity earlier than a control group and found the program beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional traits mediate species' responses to, and roles within, their environment and are constrained by evolutionary history. While we have a strong understanding of trait evolution for macro‐taxa such as birds and mammals, our understanding of invertebrates is comparatively limited. Here, we address this gap in North American beetles with a sample of ground beetles (Carabidae), leveraging a large‐scale collection and digitization effort by the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). For 154 ground beetle species, we measured seven morphological traits, which we placed into a recently developed effect–response framework that characterizes traits by how they predict species' effects on their ecosystems or responses to environmental stressors. We then used cytochrome oxidase 1 sequences from the same specimens to generate a phylogeny and tested the evolutionary tempo and mode of the traits. We found strong phylogenetic signal in, and correlations among, ground beetle morphological traits. These results indicate that, for these species, beetle body shape trait evolution is constrained, and phylogenetic inertia is a stronger driver of beetle traits than (recent) environmental responses. Strong correlations among effect and response traits suggest that future environmental drivers are likely to affect both ecological composition and functioning in these beetles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited access to medications and devices relevant to the care of low-risk childbearing families acts as a barrier to the successful integration of high-quality midwifery care into health care systems. Families who live in clinically underserved areas, whether urban or rural, are particularly in need of perinatal professionals who can provide comprehensive care. This article reviews existing US laws that impact whether families who choose community-based care with direct entry midwives have access, through their chosen provider, to the medications and devices relevant to their normal perinatal and postpartum care. Scope of practice and practice authority are considered as they relate to access to medications and devices primarily for certified professional midwives and state-licensed midwives. These professionals are the primary health care providers offering community-based care and birth at home and in freestanding birth centers. Washington state laws are compared and contrasted with laws from other states and jurisdictions, with the aim of identifying ways to improve service delivery for families who choose community-based midwifery care. Recent and historical efforts to expand Washington state's midwifery drugs and devices formulary are described. This discussion outlines the Washington context for direct entry community midwifery practice, highlights relevant legal examples, and describes current and future efforts around quality improvement. Information from a midwifery clinic serving some of Washington's most vulnerable pregnant and postpartum families allows for an exploration of the role that access to essential medications and devices might play in supporting midwives to address health inequities. Ideal statutory and regulatory language, lessons learned from an analysis of Washington's experience, and strategies to overcome barriers are described to aid and inspire midwifery advocates in other jurisdictions who want to increase access and enhance their ability to offer current evidence-based care. Policy makers can improve health, health equity, consumer choice, and access to evidence-based care by using ideal legal language for midwifery practice authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To determine the effect of prostatic radiation therapy (RT) on bladder contractility and morphology, and axon, or neuron profiles within the detrusor and major pelvic ganglia (MPG) in male rats. Methods: Male Sprague‐Dawley rats (8 weeks) received a single dose of prostatic RT (0 or 22 Gy). Bladders and MPG were collected 2‐ and 10‐weeks post‐RT. Detrusor contractile responses to carbachol and electrical field stimulation (EFS) were measured. Bladders were stained with Masson's trichrome, and antibodies for nonspecific neuronal marker, cholinergic nerve marker choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and alpha‐smooth muscle actin. MPG gene expression was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for ubiquitin carboxy‐terminal hydrolase L1 (Uchl1) and Chat. Results: At 2 weeks post‐RT, bladder smooth muscle, detrusor cholinergic axon profiles, and MPG Chat gene expression were increased (p <.05), while carbachol and EFS‐mediated contractions were decreased (p <.05). In contrast, at 10 weeks post‐RT, nerve‐mediated contractions were increased compared with control (p <.05), while bladder smooth muscle, detrusor cholinergic axon profiles, MPG Chat expression, and carbachol contractions had normalized. At both 2‐ and 10‐weeks post‐RT, there was no change in detrusor nonspecific axon profiles and MPG Uchl1 expression. Conclusion: In a rat model, RT of the prostate and MPG was associated with early changes in MPG Chat gene expression, and bladder cholinergic axon profiles and smooth muscle content which resolved over time. After RT recovery, bladder contractility decreased early and increased by 10 weeks. Long‐term changes to the MPG and increased bladder cholinergic axons may contribute to RT‐induced bladder dysfunction in prostate cancer survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Losses from natural hazards are escalating dramatically, with more properties and critical infrastructure affected each year. Although the magnitude, intensity, and/or frequency of certain hazards has increased, development contributes to this unsustainable trend, as disasters emerge when natural disturbances meet vulnerable assets and populations. To diagnose development patterns leading to increased exposure in the conterminous United States (CONUS), we identified earthquake, flood, hurricane, tornado, and wildfire hazard hotspots, and overlaid them with land use information from the Historical Settlement Data Compilation data set. Our results show that 57% of structures (homes, schools, hospitals, office buildings, etc.) are located in hazard hotspots, which represent only a third of CONUS area, and ∼1.5 million buildings lie in hotspots for two or more hazards. These critical levels of exposure are the legacy of decades of sustained growth and point to our inability, lack of knowledge, or unwillingness to limit development in hazardous zones. Development in these areas is still growing more rapidly than the baseline rates for the nation, portending larger future losses even if the effects of climate change are not considered. Key Points: More than half of the structures in the conterminous United States are exposed to potentially devastating natural hazardsGrowth rates in hazard hotspots exceed the national trendRisk assessments can be improved by considering multiple hazards, mitigation history and fine‐scale data on the built environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expectations of polar or upslope distributional shifts of species ranges in response to warming climate conditions have been recently questioned. Diverse responses of different life stages to changing temperature and moisture regimes may alter these predicted range dynamics. Furthermore, the climate driver(s) influencing demographic rates, and the contribution of each demographic rate to population growth rate (λ), may shift across a species range. We investigated these demographic effects by experimentally manipulating climate and measuring responses of λ in nine populations spanning the elevation range of an alpine plant (Ivesia lycopodioides). Populations exhibited stable growth rates (λ ~ 1) under naturally wet conditions and declining rates (λ < 1) under naturally dry conditions. However, opposing vital rate responses to experimental heating and watering lead to negligible or negative effects on population stability. These findings indicate that life stage–specific responses to changing climate can disrupt the current relationships between population stability and climate across species ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on families who choose midwives for prenatal and postpartum care and plan births at home or in freestanding birth centers deserve access to essential resources. Topics include the majority of the U.S. community-based practitioners are direct-entry midwives, and the regulation is made more complicated by multiple certification options certified nurse-midwife (CNM), and certified midwife (CM).

Objectives: Implicit bias is common and is thought to drive discriminatory behaviour. Having previously demonstrated discrimination against specific applicant demographics by academic radiology departments in a simulated resident selection process, the authors sought to better understand the relationship between implicit bias and discrimination, as well as the potential and mechanisms for their mitigation. Methods: A total of 51 faculty reviewers at three academic radiology departments, who had participated in a 2017 audit study in which they were shown to treat applicants differently based on race or ethnicity and physical appearance, were invited to complete testing for implicit racial and weight bias using the Implicit Association Test in 2019. Respondents were also surveyed regarding awareness of their own personal racial and weight biases, as well as any prior participation in formal diversity training. Comparisons were made between implicit bias scores and applicant ratings, as well as between diversity training and self‐awareness of bias. Results: A total of 31 out of 51 faculty reviewers (61%) completed and submitted results of race and weight Implicit Association Tests. A total of 74% (23/31) reported implicit anti‐obese bias, concordant with discrimination demonstrated in the resident selection simulation, in which obese applicants were rated 0.40 standard deviations (SDs) lower than non‐obese applicants (P <.001). A total of 71% (22/31) reported implicit anti‐Black bias, discordant with application ratings, which were 0.47 SDs higher for Black than for White applicants (P <.001). A total of 84% (26/31) of participants reported feeling self‐aware of potential racial bias at the time of application review, significantly higher than the 23% (7/31) reporting self‐awareness of potential anti‐obese bias (P <.001). Participation in formal diversity training was not associated with implicit anti‐Black or anti‐fat bias, nor with self‐reported awareness of potential racial or weight‐based bias (all P >.2). Conclusions: These findings suggest that implicit bias, as measured by the Implicit Association Test, does not inevitably lead to discrimination, and that personal awareness of implicit biases may allow their mitigation. With countless reasons to worry about bias, discrimination in healthcare, education, Maxfield et al. offer hope by demonstrating that implicit bias does not inevitably lead to discrimination, can be managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing field of collaborative governance has long sought to explain processes of collective decision making. Insights from institutional analysis highlight the influence of rules in shaping collective decisions. Yet, less is known about how such rules are created; in other words, how collaborative organizations decide how to decide. By drawing on concepts from Cultural Theory, we examine the connections between worldviews and decision rules across four collaborative watershed organizations in Ohio, United States. Results from this comparative case analysis indicate correlations between the group dimension of worldview and decision rules about choice, as well as between the grid dimension of worldview and two different types of decision rules, choice and aggregation. These results highlight the explanatory value of integrating aspects of Cultural Theory with the Institutional Analysis and Development framework. Results also suggest how governments might more effectively engage with collaborative organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 'resilient' forest endures disturbance and is likely to persist. Resilience to wildfire may arise from feedback between fire behaviour and forest structure in dry forest systems. Frequent fire creates fine‐scale variability in forest structure, which may then interrupt fuel continuity and prevent future fires from killing overstorey trees. Testing the generality and scale of this phenomenon is challenging for vast, long‐lived forest ecosystems. We quantify forest structural variability and fire severity across >30 years and >1000 wildfires in California's Sierra Nevada. We find that greater variability in forest structure increases resilience by reducing rates of fire‐induced tree mortality and that the scale of this effect is local, manifesting at the smallest spatial extent of forest structure tested (90 × 90 m). Resilience of these forests is likely compromised by structural homogenisation from a century of fire suppression, but could be restored with management that increases forest structural variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Catheter ablation is an important rhythm control therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) with concomitant heart failure (HF). The objective of this study was to assess the comparative efficacy of AF ablation patients with ischemic vs nonischemic heart failure. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational cohort study of patients with HF who underwent AF ablation. Outcomes were compared based on HF etiology and included in‐hospital events, symptoms (Mayo AF Symptom Inventory [MAFSI]), and functional status (New York Heart Association class) and freedom from atrial arrhythmias at 12 months. Results: Among 242 patients (n = 70 [29%] ischemic, n = 172 [71%] nonischemic), patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy were younger (mean age 64 ± 11.5 vs 69 ± 9.1, P =.002), more often female (36% vs 17%, P =.004), and had higher mean left‐ventricular ejection fraction (47% vs 42%, P =.0007). There were no significant differences in periprocedural characteristics, including mean procedure time (243 ± 74.2 vs 259 ± 81.8 minutes, P =.1) and nonleft atrial ablation (17% vs 20%, P =.6). All‐cause adverse events were similar in each group (15% vs 17%, P =.7). NYHA and MAFSI scores improved significantly at follow‐up and did not differ according to HF etiology (P =.5; P =.10‐1.00 after Bonferroni correction). There were no significant differences in freedom from recurrent atrial arrhythmia at 12‐months between ischemic (74%) and nonischemic patients (78%): adjusted RR 0.63, 95% confidence interval 0.33‐1.19. Conclusions: Catheter ablation in patients with AF and concomitant heart failure leads to significant improvements in functional and symptom status without significant differences between patients with ischemic vs nonischemic HF etiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Examining community turnover across climate gradients at multiple scales is vital to understanding biogeographic response to climate change. This approach is especially important for alpine plants in which the relative roles of topographic complexity and nonclimatic or stochastic factors vary across spatial scales. Methods: We examined the structure of alpine plant communities across elevation gradients in the White Mountains, California. Using community climatic niche means (CCNMs) and measures of community dissimilarity, we explored the relation between community composition and elevation gradients at three scales: the mountain range, individual peaks, and within elevation contours. Results: At the mountain range scale, community turnover and CCNMs showed strongly significant relations with elevation, with an increase in the abundance of cooler and wetter‐adapted species at higher elevations. At the scale of single peaks, we found weak and inconsistent relations between CCNMs and elevation, but variation in community composition explained by elevation increased. Within the elevation contours, the range of CCNMs was weakly positively correlated with turnover in species identity, likely driven by microclimate and other site‐specific factors. Conclusions: Our results suggest that there is strong environmental sorting of alpine plant communities at broad scales, but microclimatic and site‐specific, nonclimatic factors together shape community turnover at finer scales. In the context of climate change, our results imply that community–climate relations are scale‐dependent, and predictions of local alpine plant range shifts are limited by a lack of topoclimatic and habitat information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across many social–ecological systems, policy makers and scholars increasingly call for science to inform policy. The science–policy interface becomes especially complex as collaborative approaches include multiple stakeholders working together across jurisdictions. Unfortunately little is known about how much and how science is used in collaborative governance for social–ecological systems. This exploratory study examines instrumental, conceptual, and symbolic use of science in a science‐rich collaborative planning case in the Puget Sound, USA. It also examines the influence of science, relative to other factors, in collaborative planning, and what factors affect it. Results from a survey and document analysis indicate the prevalence of conceptual use of science, with relatively little symbolic use. Some factors promoting conceptual and instrumental use discourage symbolic use. Overall, while science is seen as influential in this science‐rich context, its influence is balanced by local stakeholder preferences and contextual information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed bank, seed dispersal and historical disturbance are critical factors affecting plant population persistence. However, because of difficulties collecting data on these factors they are often ignored.We evaluated the roles of seed bank, seed dispersal and historical disturbance on metapopulation persistence of Hypericum cumulicola, a Florida endemic. We took advantage of long‐term demographic data of multiple populations (22 years; ~11 K individuals; 15 populations) and a wealth of information on burn history (1962–present), and habitat attributes (patch specific location, elevation, area and aggregation) of a system of 92 patches of Florida rosemary scrub. We used previously developed integral projection models to assess the relative ability of simulations with different levels of seed dormancy for recently produced and older seeds and different dispersal kernels (including no dispersal) to predict regional observed occupancy and plant abundance in patches in 2016–2018. We compared a simulation with this model using historical burn history to 500 model simulations with the same average fire regime (using a Weibull distribution to determine the probability of ignition) but with random ignition years.The most likely model had limited dispersal (mean = 0.5 m) and the highest dormancy (field estimates × 1.2 %) and its predictions were associated with observed occurrences (67% correct) and densities (20% of variance explained). Historical burn synchrony among neighbouring patches (skewness in the number of patches burned by year = 1.79) probably explains the higher densities predicted by the simulation with the historical fire regime compared with predicted abundances after simulations using random ignition years (skewness = 0.20 + SE = 0.01).Synthesis. Our findings demonstrate the pivotal role of seed dormancy, dispersal and fire history on population dynamics, distribution and abundance. Because of the prevalence of metapopulation dynamics, we should be aware of the significance of changes in the availability and configuration of suitable habitat associated with human or non‐human landscape changes. Decisions on prescribed fires (or other disturbances) will benefit from our knowledge of consequences of fire frequency, but also of location of ignition and the probability of fire spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Compared with medical therapy, catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with heart failure (HF) improves cardiovascular outcomes. Risk scores (CAAP‐AF and APPLE) have been developed to predict the likelihood of AF recurrence after ablation, have not been validated specifically in patients with AF and HF. Methods: We analyzed baseline characteristics, risk scores, and rates of AF recurrence 12 months postablation in a cohort of 230 consecutive patients with AF and HF undergoing PVI in the Duke Center for Atrial Fibrillation registry from 2009‐2013. Results: During a follow‐up period of 12 months, 76 of 230 (33%) patients with HF experienced recurrent AF after ablation. The median APPLE and CAAP‐AF scores were 1.5 ([Q1, Q3]: [1.0, 2.0]) and 4.0 ([Q1, Q3]: [3.0, 5.0]), respectively and were not different from those patients with and without recurrent AF. Freedom from AF was not different according to APPLE and CAAP‐AF scores. Discrimination for recurrent AF with the CAAP‐AF score was modest with a C‐statistic of 0.60 (95% CI 0.52‐0.67). Discrimination with the APPLE score was similarly modest, with a C‐statistic of 0.54 (95% CI: 0.47‐0.62). Conclusions: Validated predictive risk scores for recurrent AF after catheter ablation exhibit limited predictive ability in cohorts of AF and HF. Additional tools are needed to facilitate risk stratification and patient selection for AF ablation in patients with concomitant HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Leukoreduction (LR) of platelet concentrate (PC) has evolved as the standard to mitigate risks of alloimmunization, clinical refractoriness, acute transfusion reactions (ATRs), and cytomegalovirus infection, but does not prevent transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD). Amotosalen-ultraviolet A pathogen reduction (A-PR) of PC reduces risk of transfusion-transmitted infection and TA-GVHD. In vitro data indicate that A-PR effectively inactivates WBCs and infectious pathogens.Study Design and Methods: A sequential cohort study evaluated A-PR without LR, gamma irradiation, and bacterial screening in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. The first cohort received conventional PC (control) processed without LR, but with gamma irradiation and bacterial screening. The second cohort received A-PR PC (test) processed without: LR, bacterial screening, or gamma irradiation. The primary efficacy outcome was the 1-hour corrected count increment. The primary safety outcome was treatment-emergent ATR. Secondary outcomes included clinical refractoriness, and 100-day status for engraftment, TA-GVHD, HSCT-GVHD, infections, and mortality.Results: Mean corrected count increment (× 103 ) of 33 test PC recipients was similar (18.9 ± 8.8 vs. 16.6 ± 8.4; p = 0.296) to that of 31 control PC recipients. Test recipients had a reduced, but nonsignificant, incidence of ATR (test = 9.1%, Control = 19.4%; p = 0.296). The frequencies of clinical refractoriness (0 of 33 vs. 4 of 31 patients) and refractory transfusions (6.6% vs. 19.3%) were lower in the test cohort (p = 0.05 and 0.02), respectively. No patient in either cohort had TA-GVHD. Day 100 engraftment, HSCT-GVHD, mortality, and infectious disease complications were similar between cohorts.Conclusions: This study indicated that A-PR PC without LR, gamma irradiation, or bacterial screening is feasible for support of HSCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the cultural aspects of the craft beer industry. The author discusses the history of craft brewing in the United States, including prohibition, examines the economic aspects of the microbrewery movement, and explores the authenticity claims made by individuals, industries, and organizations within the craft brewing community.

Demography varies in response to multiple interactive drivers at varying scales. However, these relationships are often assessed piecemeal, particularly without consideration of drivers at the landscape level.We developed a model to predict population dynamics of an endangered, perennial herb Hypericum cumulicola across a range of landscape drivers. We estimated vital rates using 22 years of annual census data from 15 populations (10,910 and 38,313 unique observations) and additional seeding experiments, considering four landscape drivers (time‐since‐fire, patch area, patch aggregation and patch elevation).We combined these models into integral projection models to assess population parameters. Predictions of occupancy and density were compared with an independent dataset of 33 habitat patches. We also evaluated the effect of fire‐return interval on population persistence.The landscape drivers had interactive effects on vital rates and demography. Occupancy was predicted for most patches, including many that were unoccupied. Abundances were poorly predicted, primarily because projections were unreliable for patches having intermediate areas and aggregation. When these patches were removed, the model explained 42% of the variance in abundance. Projected population growth was greater and extinction risk lower under more frequent fire‐return intervals, at higher elevations, and in larger and more aggregated patches. Our modelling suggests that fire can be prescribed less often in larger than smaller patches to support a viable metapopulation of H. cumulicola.Synthesis. The integration of landscape‐level drivers and detailed demographic data is a valuable tool for understanding species abundances, distributions and dynamics at large scales. We evaluated the effect of interactions among fire, patch elevation, area and aggregation on the demography of a rare and endangered plant. Our findings reinforce the importance of regional dynamics. These drivers and their interactions suggest locations that can support higher vital rates, occupancy and abundance, and what fire‐return intervals are optimal depending on landscape characteristics. This approach demonstrates a link between plant demography and landscape variables, although further work is needed to improve ecological predictions. The integration of landscape‐level drivers and detailed demographic data is a valuable tool for understanding species abundances, distributions and dynamics at large scales. We evaluated the effect of interactions between fire, patch elevation, area and aggregation on the demography of a rare and endangered plant. Our findings reinforce the importance of regional dynamics. These drivers and their interactions suggest locations that can support higher vital rates, occupancy and abundance, and what fire‐return intervals are optimal depending on landscape characteristics. This approach demonstrates a link between plant demography and landscape variables, although further work is needed to improve ecological predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Predicting whether individuals will colonize a novel habitat is of fundamental ecological interest and is crucial to conservation efforts. A consistently supported predictor of colonization success is the number of individuals introduced, also called propagule pressure. Propagule pressure increases with the number of introductions and the number of individuals per introduction (the size of the introduction), but it is unresolved which process is a stronger driver of colonization success. Furthermore, their relative importance may depend upon the environment, with multiple introductions potentially enhancing colonization of fluctuating environments. To evaluate the relative importance of the number and size of introductions and its dependence upon environmental variability, we paired demographic simulations with a microcosm experiment. Using Tribolium flour beetles as a model system, we introduced a fixed number of individuals into replicated novel habitats of stable or fluctuating quality, varying the number of introductions through time and size of each introduction. We evaluated establishment probability and the size of extant populations through seven generations. We found that establishment probability generally increased with more, smaller introductions, but was not affected by biologically realistic fluctuations in environmental quality. Population size was not significantly affected by environmental variability in the simulations, but populations in the microcosms grew larger in a stable environment, especially with more introduction events. In general, the microcosm experiment yielded higher establishment probability and larger populations than the demographic simulations. We suggest that genetic mechanisms likely underlie these differences and thus deserve more attention in efforts to parse propagule pressure. Our results highlight the importance of preventing further introductions of undesirable species to invaded sites and suggest conservation efforts should focus on increasing the number of introductions or reintroductions of desirable species rather than increasing the size of those introduction events into harsh environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observations from June to October 2016, from a surface-based ARM Mobile Facility deployment on Ascension Island (8°S, 14.5°W) indicate that refractory black carbon (rBC) is almost always present within the boundary layer. The rBC mass concentrations, light absorption coefficients, and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations vary in concert and synoptically, peaking in August. Light absorption coefficients at three visible wavelengths as a function of rBC mass are approximately double that calculated from black carbon in lab studies. A spectrally-flat absorption angstrom exponent suggests most of the light absorption is from lens-coated black carbon. The single-scattering-albedo increases systematically from August to October in both 2016 and 2017, with monthly means of 0.78 ± 0.02 (August), 0.81 ± 0.03 (September), and 0.83 ± 0.03 (October) at the green wavelength. Boundary layer aerosol loadings are only loosely correlated with total aerosol optical depth, with smoke more likely to be present in the boundary layer earlier in the biomass burning season, evolving to smoke predominantly present above the cloud layers in September-October, typically resting upon the cloud top inversion. The time period with the campaign-maximum near-surface light absorption and column aerosol optical depth, on 13-16 August 2016, is investigated further. Backtrajectories that indicate more direct boundary layer transport westward from the African continent is central to explaining the elevated surface aerosol loadings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examined the feasibility and effectiveness of the mobile application (app) Cancer Distress Coach (CDC) in improved posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), distress symptoms, and self-efficacy to manage symptoms. Topics discussed include four modules of the CDC, support for the acceptability and preliminary efficacy of CDC as a self-management tool for cancer-related PTSD, and findings on users of PTSD Coach.

Background: Wheelchair users with spinal cord injuries are susceptible to peripheral neuropathies from overuse, yet no studies have established a relationship between median neuropathy and wheelchair transfers. A more thorough understanding of how transfers and technique contribute to pathologic conditions may guide interventions that curtail its development.Objective: To evaluate the effects of repeated transfers on ultrasound markers for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in people with spinal cord injuries and to relate changes to subject characteristics and transfer skills.Design: Cross-sectional, repeated measures.Setting: Research laboratory and national wheelchair sporting events.Participants: A convenience sample of 30 wheelchair users with nonprogressive paraplegia were recruited via research registries and at the 2013 National Veterans Wheelchair Games and 2014 Paralyzed Veterans of America Buckeye Games. Participants were older than 18 years and could complete transfers independently within 30 seconds without use of their leg muscles.Methods: Demographic questionnaires and physical examinations for CTS were completed. Quantitative ultrasound techniques were used to measure changes in the median nerve after a repeated-transfers protocol. The Transfer Assessment Instrument (TAI) was completed to quantify transfer ability.Main Outcome Measurements: Median nerve cross-sectional area at the level of the pisiform (PCSA) and swelling ratio (SR), transfer quality, and skills via the TAI.Results: PCSA increased after repeated transfers (P < .025). Participants who used safe hand positions had a lower baseline SR (β = -0.728; P < .01). Participants with a higher body weight had a lower baseline SR provided they performed higher quality transfers. Participants who scooted to the front of the seat prior to transferring (TAI item 7; β = 0.144; P < .05) and who weighed more (β = 0.142; P < .05) exhibited greater increases in PCSA in response to transfers.Conclusions: An acute increase was observed in median nerve CSA at the pisiform after repeated wheelchair transfers. Changes were greater in persons with higher body weight and in persons who did not perform certain transfer skills correctly (according to the TAI). It is possible that these factors contribute to chronic injury and possibly CTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the need for improved survivorship programs for patients with cancer. Topics discussed include increasing awareness of the long-term medical and psychosocial needs of cancer survivors, weaknesses in the management of cancer survivors and implementation of treatment summaries and survivorship care plans to improve the coordination of care and study limitations for all radiation oncologists in light of the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer.

Multicomponent TeO2-Bi2O3-ZnO ( TBZ) glass thin films were prepared using RF magnetron sputtering under different oxygen flow rates. The influences of oxygen flow rate on the structural and optical properties of the resulting thin films were investigated. We observed that thin films sputtered in an oxygen-rich environment are optically transparent while those sputtered in an oxygen-deficient environment exhibit broadband absorption. The structural origin of the optical property variation was studied using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy which revealed that the presence of under-coordinated Te leads to the observed optical absorption in oxygen-deficient films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper places friendships at the center of individuals' identity work, examining how individuals construct self-identities through their talk about friend relationships and networks. We conceptualize this 'friendship talk' as a subcategory of identity talk. From interviews with emerging adults, we find three strategies of friendship talk: envisioning self through others, betterment distancing, and situating with networks. These strategies demonstrate unique ways identity construction occurs through talk about friends. Individuals verbally connect with and separate from friends while constructing desired selves and moral identities. We suggest that friendship talk strategies may be generic social processes that apply beyond emerging adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The Dixon techniques provide uniform water-fat separation but require multiple image sets, which extend the overall acquisition time. Here, an alternative rapid single acquisition method, lipid elimination with an echo-shifting N/2-ghost acquisition (LEENA), was introduced. Methods The LEENA method utilized a fast imaging with steady-state free precession sequence to obtain a single k-space dataset in which successive k-space lines are acquired to allow the fat magnetization to precess 180°. The LEENA data were then unghosted using either image-domain (LEENA-S) or k-space domain (LEENA-G) parallel imaging techniques to reconstruct water-only and fat-only images. An off-resonance correction technique was incorporated to improve the uniformity of the water-fat separation. Results Uniform water-fat separation was achieved for both the LEENA-S and LEENA-G methods for phantom and human body and leg imaging applications at 1.5T and 3T. The resultant water and fat images were qualitatively similar to conventional 2-point Dixon and fat-suppressed images. Conclusion The LEENA-S and LEENA-G methods provide uniform water and fat images from a single MRI acquisition. These straightforward methods can be adapted to 1.5T and 3T clinical MRI scanners and provide comparable fat/water separation with conventional 2-point Dixon and fat-suppression techniques. Magn Reson Med 73:711-717, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]