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A straightforward, metal‐free multicomponent tandem cyclization/aromatization approach for the synthesis of naphthothiazoles and benzothiazoles is described. This method employs α‐tetralones and cyclohexenones as the starting materials, styrene derivatives as a one‐carbon synthon, an ammonium salt as the N source, elemental sulfur as the S source and an oxidant. This approach offers a broad substrate scope, including α‐tetralones and cyclohexenones adorned with different functional groups, resulting in moderate to high yields of the desired products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal stone formation inside the kidney is one of the major causes of renal failure all over the world. To create preventative measures, it is crucial to examine renal stone's composition and identify the minerals that are responsible for their pathogenesis. Various concerns regarding the pathophysiology of renal stones remain unresolved and have been put forward. However, till date, the complete information is still unclear. In recent years, spectroscopic studies have gained much attention in identifying the chemical compositions that lead to the formation and growth of renal stones. This work employed wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to study renal stones. WDXRF results of renal stone samples give the presence of numerous heavy and trace elements. Different elemental constituents like zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), strontium (Sr), chromium (Cr), zirconium (Zr), palladium (Pd), bromine (Br), ruthenium (Ru), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) were detected and quantified in the renal stones. Vibrational spectroscopic studies were carried out to know the chemical compositions of renal stones such as calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), uric acid (UA), and carbonate apatite (CA). Quantitative results of WDXRF have been compared with the results from atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) of these stone samples. The available clinical details of the patients were correlated with the spectroscopic results obtained using WDXRF and FTIR spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we provide the synthesis and analysis of the structure, microstructure, and spectroscopic properties of V‐doped SrTiO3. The monophasic samples were made using the usual ceramic method, which involved calcination at temperatures of 1000°C and 1300°C. The X‐ray diffraction analysis, combined with the Rietveld refinement, conclusively demonstrates that they have crystallized in a cubic structure, namely under the space group Pm3¯m$Pm\bar{3}m$. The inclusion of vanadium (V) at the titanium (Ti) site has been investigated by evaluating the size of the crystallite and grain. The investigation of dielectric and dissipation factors at different frequencies indicates the existence of interfacial and orientational polarization. Two distinct conduction and relaxation processes were identified within the temperature range examined based on the spectroscopic plot. The presence of a paramagnetic phase in the samples, caused by the presence of V and its magnetic interaction with oxygen vacancies, indicates that it can be classified as a soft magnetic material. The electrode's consistent dielectric constant and dissipation factor make it well‐suited for use in supercapacitor dielectric capacitors. Additionally, its mixed‐type conduction, involving both ionic and electronic conduction, makes it excellent for use as electrode materials in intermediate‐temperature solid oxide fuel cells' applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a days, secure data communication over computer network system is a major issue in which impact of feature reduction plays a vital role to secure network by early detection of intrusion. It not only keeps a deep impact on the performance of existing Intrusion Detection System (IDS) algorithms but also affects the computational complexity. Although lots of techniques have been offered for feature reduction by researchers and they have their own perks and quirks, but still they are several flows. To manipulate the same dataset for different classifiers and to select different number of features for the detection of attacks are not only having too much computational cost but also time consuming. The experiments have been carried out using "Python" programming language based library "Scikit‐Learn" software on "Kddcup99" dataset from UCI machine learning repository as a test bed. In this article a classification and regression trees (CART) based feature selection algorithm has been proposed which offers optimum set of features. Further optimum set of features has been offered by our proposed work passed over various classifiers for training and testing to establish network intrusion detection system (NIDS). We have compared the performance accuracy of various existing machine learning (ML) based classification algorithms and obtained higher performance accuracy with lower computational cost. The proposed algorithm having optimum time complexity and accuracy in designing of IDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The samples with A‐site cation ordering Ba1−x/2Ti1−xNbxO3 (BTN) with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.010 were synthesized via the conventional ceramic route by calcining at 1200°C and sintered at 1350°C. The preliminary study of the phase of prepared samples was determined through X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The Rietveld refinement analysis indicates the tetragonal phase in BTN0 sample, whereas the doped samples exhibit a combination of tetragonal and cubic phases. Presence of Raman band at 308 cm−1 suggests the presence of tetragonal in all samples. The dielectric constant was observed to be 1500 (BTN0), 3000 (BTN5) and 1680 (BTN10) while tangent loss found 0.6 (BTN0), 0.04 (BTN5) and 0.07 (BTN10). All the sample shows same Curie temperature (120°C) due to Ba‐site cation ordering in the sample. Ferroelectric nature in all samples was also confirmed by modified Curie‐Weis law. Based on the current studies, the present materials can be explored as a potential candidate for ferroelectric‐memory devices, dielectric capacitor and energy harvesting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fixed‐bed column study was studied to assess the performance of sodium bicarbonate modified Bambusa Tulda to remove Safranin from wastewater. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis shows the existence of carboxyl as well as hydroxyl bonding and grouping. Scanning Electron Microscope analysis shows the enhanced structure of Bambusa Tulda before and after chemical modification, and Energy dispersive X‐ray analysis shows the existence of Na, O after chemical modification with sodium bicarbonate. The maximum removal was found at higher bed depth and low flow rate. The breakthrough analysis time and exhaust time increase with an increase in bed height. At 5 ml/min flow rate, with initial concentration of 50 mg/L and bed height of 15 cm of adsorbent, shows best removal rate of safranin dye in column analysis. The Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) model and Thomas model analysis remained similar with experiment results, which indicates that they are suitable for the design of column study. It is being concluded that sodium bicarbonate modified Bambusa Tulda is an effective, low cost and readily available adsorbent for the adsorption of Safranin from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,2,5‐oxadiazole belongs to five‐membered heterocyclic compounds with two nitrogen and one oxygen atom. In comparison with other heterocyclic moieties, 1,2,5‐oxadiazoles moiety is considered as underprivileged as it attracted little attention of the researchers although lot of scopes and possible applications in medicinal, material and agriculture science. 1,2,5‐oxadiazole and its derivatives have been reported as good pharmacophores as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, antibacterial, vasodilating agents, antimalarial, anticancer, etc. In the presented manuscript, we reviewed granted patents and different synthetic strategies which have been reported for the synthesis of 1,2,5‐oxadiazoles such as cycloaddition, dimerization, cyclodehydration, condensation, thermolysis, nitration, oxidation and ring‐conversion. These synthetic methods have also been analysed for their merits and demerits. The manuscript also highlighted various applications of 1,2,5‐oxadiazole and its derivatives. We hope that researchers across the scientific streams will be benefitted from the presented review articles for designing their work related to 1,2,5‐oxadiazoles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silchar City and its surrounding areas have witnessed massive population growth in the last few decades due to local and migrated peoples, which led to the rapid transformation of its land use/land cover (LU/LC) pattern. The spatio‐temporal very high‐resolution satellite data (VHRS) and on‐screen visual interpretation techniques were used for detailed large‐scale LU/LC analysis. The LU/LC classification of the City has been prepared for 2005, 2011, and 2018 with five primary and a further 17 sub‐classes. In the present study use was made of the Census of India reports from 1991 to 2011, and the geometrical increase method was used to evaluate the ward‐level population, population density, and land requirements for residential purposes; these have been predicted from 2021 to 2051 with every 10 years interval. The ity's wards have been classified into five zones, and the Shannon entropy model has been applied to analyze the degree of randomness and trends of urban built‐up growth. The obtained results indicate that Silchar City is compact near the center, which follows the infill built‐up growth trend. However, as the distance increased from its center, the scattering with an infill growth pattern was observed. The accuracy assessment techniques are used to validate the results of the classification. The results of this study can provide detailed information for land‐use planners, researchers, policy‐decision makers, and municipal authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review study focuses on dye contamination of wastewater and adsorption approaches to achieve the lowest dye waste in wastewater discharge. The dyes require extensive use in several applications suited for commercial consumption, but the dyes are serious pollutants when dumped directly into water bodies without sufficient treatment. The review study briefly discusses the current methodologies carried out for the adsorption mechanism, the relevance of adsorption, and adsorption factors for the examined system. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and a pseudosecond order kinetic model were found to properly represent dye uptake. To fully appreciate the molecular interactions between the adsorbent and adsorbate, additional study into theoretical dye adsorption modeling is necessary. As a low‐cost adsorbent for dye treatment and the manufacturing of activated carbon, agricultural waste material in both its natural and modified forms is explored in this review article for its dye adsorption capabilities. The adsorption behavior and mechanism may be better understood by employing operational parameters, kinetics, and isotherm models, as described in this article. The initial concentration, pH, and temperature all play a function in the adsorption process and are discussed in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present article, an attempt is made for simple, low‐cost, and efficient removal of Auramine dye using peanut (Arachis hypogaea) shells as adsorbents. Two different forms of adsorbents distilled water washed peanut shells (DPS) and NaOH treated peanut shells (NPS) were used as adsorbents. Both the adsorbents were studied using BET, pHPZC, FTIR, SEM, TGA, and XRD characterization techniques. Adsorption parameters such as effect of contact time, pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and temperature were also assessed. Isotherm analysis at optimum conditions showed Langmuir fitted better with a qm value of 96.15 mg/g for DPS and 294.12 mg/g for NPS; while in kinetic analysis, pseudo‐second order was superior. Thermodynamics study stated that adsorption process was endothermic in nature. Overall outcomes establish that the two forms of peanut shells, DPS, and NPS were excellent in removal of Auramine dye and are low cost also as preparation cost of DPS and NPS is 68.73 INR and 106.19 INR per kg, respectively. Practitioner points: Removal of Auramine dye from aqueous media using different forms of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) shells as adsorbents is discussed.qm (Langmuir) using DPS and NPS were found to be 96.15 and 294.12 mg/g, respectively.Preparation cost of DPS was 68.73 INR per 1 kg, whereas for NPS it was 106.19 INR per 1 kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper-catalyzed oxidative O-aroylation of phenolic oxime ethers with a wide range of aromatic aldehydes are described. This approach offers an efficient synthesis of phenolic oxime ether esters in good to excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The samples of Sr2‐xNdxSnO4 with x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.10 were synthesized by a high‐temperature solid‐state ceramic route. Rietveld refining of X‐ray diffraction results showed that all the synthesized compositions are single phase under tetragonal crystal structure. The presence of functional group and local structure has been studied using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. XPS study of samples showed the presence of oxygen vacancy and interstitial oxygen in the sample. Optical band gap of samples analyzed by UV‐Vis spectra gradually increases with dopant concentration, and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy study showed most intense emission around 1064 nm. Room‐temperature magnetic hysteresis curve in sample SSN2 showed ferromagnetism, slowly decreasing with Nd and becoming antiferromagnetic for higher compositions. Utilizing the absorption state observed in PL as metastable state makes it promising candidate for laser and IR detector application and the ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic nature of sample makes it suitable candidate for spintronics device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), particularly the Glomerales group, play a paramount role in plant nutrient uptake, and abiotic and biotic stress management in rice, but recent evidence revealed that elevated CO2 concentration considerably reduces the Glomerales group in soil. In view of this, the present study was initiated to understand the interaction effect of native Glomerales species application in rice plants (cv. Naveen) under elevated CO2 concentrations (400 ± 10, 550 ± 20, and 700 ± 20 ppm) in open‐top chambers. Three different modes of application of the AMF inoculum were evaluated, of which, combined application of AMF at the seedling production and transplanting stages showed increased AMF colonization, which significantly improved grain yield by 25.08% and also increased uptake of phosphorus by 18.2% and nitrogen by 49.5%, as observed at 700‐ppm CO2 concentration. Organic acids secretion in rice root increased in AMF‐inoculated plants exposed to 700‐ppm CO2 concentration. To understand the overall effect of CO2 elevation on AMF interaction with the rice plant, principal component and partial least square regression analysis were performed, which found both positive and negative responses under elevated CO2 concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of cellulolytic bacteria from the rice–pulse system can be sourced for identification of efficient cellulose decomposing microbial strains. In the present study, the abundance, structural diversity, and cellulolytic potential of the culturable bacterial community were studied in 5‐year old rice–pulse system under different resource conservation technologies. Higher cellulose (68% more) and xylanase (35% more) activities were observed under zero tilled soil. The populations of cellulolytic bacteria were significantly higher (44%) in zero tillage (ZT) treatment than those of conventional practice. Results revealed that the cellulolytic bacterial diversity was found to be significantly higher under ZT practice, but the present population may not be sufficient for effective recycling of organic wastes in this system. Out of 290 bacterial isolates, 20 isolates had significantly higher cellulolytic activities, of which the top three superior isolates were received from ZT practice. The cellulolytic bacterial diversity based on 16S rDNA sequencing data revealed that the Firmicutes was the most dominant phyla and the Bacillus spp. were the common genus, the observation also showed that there were 17 different haplotypes were recorded among 20 isolates of cellulolytic bacteria. The present findings indicated that long‐term ZT in the rice–pulse system could be a unique source for efficient cellulose decomposing bacteria and further the efficient bacterial strains isolated from this system can be used as efficient bioinoculants for in situ as well as ex‐situ decomposition of rice straw particularly in conservation agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing interest in sustainable agriculture has prompted this study aiming to evaluate nutritional content of rice grain produced from an organic production system. Here, we grew nine quality rice cultivars under organic methods in the wet and dry seasons, and the nutritional values, grain quality, and physiological parameters were compared with respective cultivars grown under the standard cultivation method (SCM). Obtained results revealed that the yield and plant height were lower, but tillering capacity was higher, in the organic field compared with the standard one. The organic crop showed significantly lower contents of protein and phytate compared with reference values under the SCM. Antioxidative capacity and its responsible phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids, and γ-oryzanol were also significantly higher under organic cultivation than under the SCM. Among physicochemical characteristics, apparent amylose content, gel consistency, and area and perimeter of grain were also higher in the organic crops, but hulling quality, milling quality, head rice recovery, and all other cooking qualities were at par. Higher crude oil and lower total protein content of rice bran were observed in the organic crop, but ash, fiber, and moisture contents did not vary significantly in these two cultivation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powder of SrCe0.98Na0.02O3 is synthesized by calcination at 1000 °C for 8 h via solid‐state ceramic route. The ceramic/pellet of this compound is obtained by sintering at 1200 °C for 12 h. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) technique is used to confirm single‐phase formation. Rietveld refinement of the XRD pattern of sintered powder has confirmed orthorhombic crystal structure and space group Pnma as reported for SrCeO3. Further, the purity of the synthesized compound is ensured using Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Scanning electron microscopic studies have reflected dense microstructure and spherical shape grains with an average size of 1.80 µm. Complex plane impedance and spectroscopic analysis are employed to study electrical conduction and relaxation mechanisms in the temperature range 300–600 °C and frequency range 20 Hz to 2 MHz. The activation energy for DC conduction (Econ) and relaxation (Erelx) is found to be the same (0.77 eV). Based on the numerical value of activation energies, conduction and relaxation mechanisms are attributed to migration of doubly ionized oxygen vacancies (VO••). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallstone formation is one of the most severe human diseases, with regional differences in gallstone composition worldwide. The formation of gallstones inside the gallbladder is a complex process and is still under debate despite advances in instrumentation. This study was an in‐depth analysis of the chemical, structural, and elemental composition of cholesterol and pigment‐type gallstones using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). Thermal gravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TG‐DSC) analysis was also carried out on gallstones to predict their thermal behavior. FTIR spectroscopy was employed to distinguish the cholesterol and pigment gallstones. Using SEM, we performed the morphological studies of gallstone and EDS were carried out to analyze elemental distribution within the gallstones. Elemental imaging and mapping of the major and minor elements within the cholesterol and black pigment gallstones were carried out, revealing the stone's heterogeneous nature. The level of heavy and toxic elements was found to be higher in pigment stones than in cholesterol gallstones. The results obtained from TG‐DSC are well correlated and supported by the results from FTIR spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]