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Dietary nutrients play an important role in skeletal tissue metabolism of fish. Deficiency and toxicity of certain nutrients have been linked to bone deformities in larval and juvenile fish. The pathogenesis of skeletal disorders in larval and juvenile fish from the same genetic stock, cultured under similar environment conditions is often difficult to distinguish when marginal deficiencies of multiple nutrients are involved. A study was conducted to characterize the skeletal deformities linked to the deficiency of phosphorus and ascorbic acid, vitamin A toxicity and lipid peroxidation in juvenile halibut. Five experimental diets containing a low level of phosphorus (0.5% dry matter basis), no vitamin C supplement, high level of vitamin A (80 000 IU kg−1) and oxidized marine fish oil (peroxide value, 7.53 meq kg−1) and a control diet based on cod fillet and vitamin free casein were fed to juvenile Atlantic halibut for 14 weeks in an attempt to characterize the skeletal deformities. Phosphorus, ascorbic acid, retinol, and α-tocopherol concentrations of liver and kidney were measured at 0 and 14 weeks. Reduced vertebral ash and phosphorus content were observed in fish fed the low phosphorus diet. Skeletal abnormalities included abnormal hemal and neural spines in the hemal region and scoliosis in the cephalic and hemal regions of the vertebral column. Hepatic and kidney ascorbic acid concentrations were significantly lower in the group fed no ascorbic acid supplement. Skeletal abnormalities were scoliosis and lordosis primarily in the hemal region of the vertebral column. High levels of vitamin A in the diet caused increased hepatic retinol content and scoliosis spanning the cephalic/prehemal and anterior hemal regions of the vertebral column. Fish fed the oxidized oil diet showed increased thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value in the liver and muscle tissue with no significant decrease in hepatic vitamin E concentration. The most frequent skeletal deformity observed was scoliosis, spanning the cephalic/prehemal regions as well as the anterior hemal region of the vertebral column. The pattern and type of abnormalities observed in fish fed these experimental diets were similar to those observed in a commercial halibut hatchery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The macro and trace mineral composition of vertebrae and muscle in wild and cultured haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus was determined. Results indicated that haddock deposit c. 10% higher amounts of mineral than salmonids. Based on distribution between the analysed tissues as well as concentration differences, the minerals in wild and cultured haddock were divided into four categories: (1) As, Mn, Na, S and Zn concentration did not show any significant ( P > 0·05) variation in both muscle and vertebrae; (2) Cr, Co, Mg, Mo and Si concentrations in wild and culture stocks muscle did not vary but vertebrae concentration showed significant differences ( P < 0·05); (3) Ca and Cu concentration varied in muscle while remaining the same in vertebrae; (4) Al, Ba, Fe, P, K and Sr concentration showed a significant difference in both muscle and vertebrae. Vertebrae P content of cultured haddock was lower than that of wild fish whereas muscle P content was relatively high in cultured fish. Vertebrae and muscle Fe content of cultured haddock was significantly higher than in wild fish. The Mg, K, Co and Cr concentrations in vertebrae were significantly higher in wild haddock than in cultured fish, whereas Mo and Al levels were low. These differences in trace element composition of wild and cultured haddock were probably related to differences in food source and therefore the mineral composition of the diet. The nutritional significance of these findings is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juvenile haddock,Melanogrammus aeglefinusL. (initial weight, 13.5 ± 0.1 g) were fed practical diets containing digestible protein to digestible energy (DP DE−1) ratios of 25–30 g DP MJ DE−1 as-fedusing three protein levels (450, 500 and 550 g kg−1) each at two lipid levels (110 and 160 g kg−1) for 63 days. The results showed mean weight gain and feed conversion ratio were highest for diets containing 28.5 and 30.2 g DP MJ DE−1. DP DE−1 ratio had no significant effect on protein efficiency ratio except at the lowest level (24.7 g DP MJ DE−1) indicating a protein sparing effect of higher lipid when dietary protein is below the requirement. Haddock appears to preferentially use protein as the prime source of DE. DP DE−1 ratio had little effect on apparent digestibility (AD) of protein while AD of lipid was significantly affected. Significant differences in AD of energy and organic matter were found to be inversely related to the carbohydrate level of the diet. DP DE−1 ratios of 28.5 g DP MJ DE−1 or lower resulted in significantly higher hepatosomatic indexes. The highest whole-body nitrogen gains and energy retention efficiencies were achieved at 28.5 and 30.2 g DP MJ DE−1, whereas only slight differences in nitrogen retention efficiencies were observed. The highest levels of energy retained in the form of protein were achieved at 28.5 and 30.2 g DP MJ DE−1. The diet that provided the best growth, feed utilization and digestibility with minimal HSI contained 546 g kg−1 protein (513 g kg−1 DP), 114 g kg−1 lipid, 164 g kg−1 carbohydrate, 17.0 MJ kg DE−1 and a DP DE−1 ratio of 30.2 g DP MJ DE−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe effects of dietary lipid from four experimental diets on the fatty acid (FA) composition and cholesterol (CHOL) content of spermatozoa and spermatozoal plasma membranes and their consequences for sperm viability after cryopreservation were evaluated in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). The four sources of lipid were herring oil (adequate n-3 FA), menhaden oil (high n-3 FA), safflower oil (high n-6 FA) or tallow (high saturated FA), and they comprised 12% of the total diet. Spermatozoa from fish fed the tallow diet had significantly (P < 0.05) higher CHOL levels than spermatozoa from the fish fed the other diets. The spermatozoal plasma membranes from fish fed the tallow diet had significantly (P < 0.05) higher CHOL and monounsaturated fatty acid levels than those from fish fed the menhaden or safflower oil diets, but were not different from membranes of fish fed the herring oil diet. Cryopreserved spermatozoa from fish fed the tallow or herring oil diets exhibited less membrane damage (P < 0.05) and produced a higher percentage (P < 0.05) of eyed embryos compared with spermatozoa from the menhaden or safflower oil-fed fish. Therefore, it would appear that high levels of CHOL and monounsaturated fatty acids provided the spermatozoa with increased resistance to cryopreservation damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of dietary treatments were investigated as a prophylactic measure to minimize the occurrence and severity of bacterial kidney disease (BICD) infections in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., at Margaree Fish Culture Station, Nova Scotia, Canada. Six diets containing various levels of calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, cobalt and iodine in addition to one commercial diet were fed to post-yearling Atlantic salmon in two consecutive experiments. Natural infection was utilized to examine the effects of each diet on the prevalence of BKD. Diet containing high levels of iodine (4.5 mg/kg feed) and fluorine (4.5mg/kg) reduced BKD prevalence rate to 3% and 5% respectively compared to 95% and 38% with commercial feed. Some other experimental diets also reduced prevalence of BKD, but to a lesser degree than the diet with additional iodine and fluorine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogfish ( Squalus acanthias) liver poses a waste disposal problem in Canada because it is not utilized for any commercial purpose. The liver of Atlantic dogfish, which is often up to 20% of the weight of the fish, contains 40–70% oil. The oil contains about 30–40% 1- O-alkyl diacylglycerol ethers (DAGE) which render it unacceptable for human use, and it has also not been considered satisfactory for animal feed use. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3) are present in dogfish liver oils at levels comparable to those in herring oil. Dogfish liver oil could be a source of essential fatty acids for Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar), but their ability to hydrolyze DAGE from dogfish oil has not been examined. Experiments were designed to measure the digestibility of fatty acids of DAGE in salmon. The fatty acid moieties were liberated by the digestive enzymes of the fish and made readily available as a source of energy. The 1- O-alkylglycerol ether moiety was absorbed to a small extent but should not constitute a health problem in either the fish or the human fish consumer. The long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids were particulary well absorbed, with an apparent digestibility in salmon of 87–95% when feeding on dogfish liver oil. The total fatty acids and other lipids were in fact both absorbed to the extent of approximately 85%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the significance and role of multinational corporation (MNC) in the economy. Not that the MNC itself has shrunk in economic significance, on the contrary, its importance has continued to grow over a vast range of national and international activity. It is precisely the diversity of its impact that has led to its analysis collapsing into various different elements, each with its own traditions and tools. The focus of analysis remains the giant corporation has, fostered (or forced) a tremendous cross-fertilization of theories and empirical work. If comparative advantage in trade is shown to rest, not just on national factor endowments, but also on MNC-specific advantages built upon, and sustained by, market imperfections, the analysis of trade patterns must take into account the industrial organization factors that have led to the emergence of MNCs. A study of the MNC forces, on the one hand, theories based on the tradition of separate national economies to go international, because the operations of these firms transmit impulses directly across national boundaries. It also, on the other, forces general theories of international economic intercourse, which do not take the individual enterprise into account, to modify their assumption of competitive markets and to look at the micro-economic variables that determine the growth and behavior of the handful of firms that dominate international activity.

The article discusses the technique in organizing a conference employed by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in its Sixth Session held in Paris, France in November 1951. The UN viewed holding sessions outside the U.S. as an opportunity to promote its international character. It tackles the planning, actual operation and liquidation phases of activity involved in organizing the session. It asserts that an atmosphere of pleasant efficiency could enhance the morale of any conference.

A young boy developed steroid refractory GVHD post haploidentical transplant for relapsed B-ALL. He was on systemic immunosuppression with two immunosuppressants, and had history of CMV reactivation and tuberculosis. Eight months post-transplant, he was hospitalized with multi-drug-resistant gram-negative sepsis, and during the same episode, he developed penile lesions which progressed to dry gangrene of glans-penis. Fusarium grew in blood and penile lesions. On retrospective thinking, it was discerned that his onychomycoses were the probable cause of his penile lesions with hematogenous dissemination, as nails also grew Fusarium. This case highlights the need for a vigilant skin and nail examination in immunocompromised patients. This is important for two perspectives. First, cultures from potential colonized sources can help early identification and escalation of treatment. Secondly, appropriate precautions and treatment of superficial infections can help prevent dissemination., (© 2025 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is an alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) for the treatment of aortic stenosis in patients at intermediate, high, and extreme risk for mortality from SAVR. We examined recent trends in aortic valve replacement (AVR) in Michigan., Methods: The Michigan Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons Quality Collaborative (MSTCVS-QC) database was used to determine the number of SAVR and TAVR cases performed from January 2012 through June 2017. Patients were divided into low, intermediate, high, and extreme risk groups based on STS predicted risk of mortality (PROM). TAVR patients in the MSTCVS-QC database were also matched with those in the Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry to determine their Heart Team-designated risk category., Results: During the study period 9517 SAVR and 4470 TAVR cases were performed. Total annual AVR volume increased by 40.0% (from 2086 to 2920), with a 13.3% decrease in number of SAVR cases (from 1892 to 1640) and a 560% increase in number of TAVR cases (from 194 to 1280). Greater than 90% of SAVR patients had PROM ≤8%. While >70% of TAVR patients had PROM ≤ 8%, they were mostly designated as high or extreme risk by a Heart Team., Conclusions: During the study period, SAVR volume gradually declined and TAVR volume dramatically increased. This was mostly due to a new group of patients with lower STS PROM who were designated as higher risk by a Heart Team due to characteristics not completely captured by the STS PROM score., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)