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The association of molecular variants with phenotypic variation is a main issue in biology, often tackled with genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). GWAS are challenging, with increasing, but still limited, use in evolutionary biology. We used redundancy analysis (RDA) as a complimentary ordination approach to single‐ and multitrait GWAS to explore the molecular basis of pigmentation variation in brown trout (Salmo trutta) belonging to wild populations impacted by hatchery fish. Based on 75,684 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers, RDA, single‐ and multitrait GWAS allowed the extraction of 337 independent colour patterning loci (CPLs) associated with trout pigmentation traits, such as the number of red and black spots on flanks. Collectively, these CPLs (i) mapped onto 35 out of 40 brown trout linkage groups indicating a polygenic genomic architecture of pigmentation, (ii) were found to be associated with 218 candidate genes, including 197 genes formerly mentioned in the literature associated to skin pigmentation, skin patterning, differentiation or structure notably in a close relative, the rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), and (iii) related to functions relevant to pigmentation variation (e.g., calcium‐ and ion‐binding, cell adhesion). Annotated CPLs include genes with well‐known pigmentation effects (e.g., PMEL, SLC45A2, SOX10), but also markers associated with genes formerly found expressed in rainbow or brown trout skins. RDA was also shown to be useful to investigate management issues, especially the dynamics of trout pigmentation submitted to several generations of hatchery introgression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: In this study, we trace the origins and development of attitudes of trust and distrust toward Russian entrepreneurial ventures. Drawing on the results of an in‐depth comparative case analysis, we examine the patterns of cognition‐based and affect‐based trust‐building efforts in Russian entrepreneurial companies and reflect on the outcomes of these efforts at various stages of the firms' life cycle. We demonstrate that trust‐enhancing attempts undertaken by Russian entrepreneurial ventures can lead to a sense of trust or distrust toward entrepreneurial projects, depending upon the firms' initial resource endowment. We also show that trust can substitute for the lack of entrepreneurial resources available to nascent businesses in a transitioning environment. In addition, we present a novel evolutionary framework for the affect‐based trusting attitudes. Managerial Summary: Entrepreneurial firms need to develop trust toward their business projects, particularly among their customers and employees. This is especially important when entrepreneurial ventures strive to achieve their objectives in transitioning economies, which often exhibit hostility and disbelief toward entrepreneurial initiatives. We examine the development of trust and distrust in two Russian entrepreneurial companies working in the private educational sector. We show that entrepreneurial ventures create very different types of trusting and distrusting attitudes among their stakeholders, and their trust‐building efforts are determined by the initial amount of resources available to the companies at the start of their entrepreneurial projects. We compare the outcomes of the firms' efforts to promote trust and make some conclusions important to launching successful entrepreneurial ventures in transitioning economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) can be safely discontinued in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP‐CML) patients who had achieved a sustained deep molecular response. Based on the results of discontinuation trials, recommendations regarding patient selection for a treatment‐free remission (TFR) attempt had been proposed. The aims of this study were to evaluate the rate of patients eligible for TKI discontinuation and molecular recurrence‐free survival (MRFS) after stop according to recommendations. Methods: Over a 10‐year period, newly diagnosed CP‐CML patients and treated with first‐line TKI in the nine French participating centers were included. Eligibility to treatment discontinuation and MRFS were analyzed and compared according to selection criteria defined by recommendations and first‐line treatments. Results: From January 2006 to December 2015, 398 patients were considered. Among them, 73% and 27% of patients received imatinib or either second or third generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors as frontline treatment, respectively. Considering the selection criteria defined by recommendations, up to 55% of the patients were selected as optimal candidates for treatment discontinuation. Overall 95/398 (24%) discontinued treatment. MRFS was 51.8% [95% CI 41.41–62.19] at 2 years and 43.8% [31.45–56.15] at 5 years. Patients receiving frontline second‐generation TKI and fulfilling the eligibility criteria suggested by recommendations had the lowest probability of molecular relapse after TKI stop when compare to others. Conclusion: One third of CP‐CML patients treated with TKI frontline fulfilled the selection criteria suggested by European LeukemiaNet TFR recommendations. Meeting selection criteria and second‐generation TKI frontline were associated with the highest MRFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When young children confront a vast array of adults' testimonial claims, they should decide which testimony to endorse. If they are unable to immediately verify the content of testimonial assertions, children adopt or reject their informants' statements on the basis of forming trust in the sources of testimony. This kind of trust needs to be based on some underlying reasons. The rational choice theory, which currently dominates the social, cognitive, and psychological sciences, posits that trust should be formed on a rational basis, as a result of probabilistic assessments and utility‐maximizing calculations. In this paper, the predictions stemming from the rational choice approach to trust are systematically compared with the empirical evidence from the field of developmental psychology on how children establish their trust in testimonial statements. The results of this comparison demonstrate an obvious inadequacy of the rational choice explanation of the emergence and development of children's testimonial trust, regardless of which form of trust rationality—weighting, threshold, or ordering—is examined. As none of the three forms of rationality of children's trust in testimony squares with the empirical data, this paper introduces a new version of trust rationality, adaptively rational trust. It explores the compatibility of the concept of adaptively rational trust with the recent empirical findings in the area of developmental psychology and addresses some avenues for future research on the rationality of testimonial trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This observational, prospective study assessed, in a daily clinical practice, the molecular response, safety, quality of life (QoL) and treatment adherence in 183 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase (CML‐CP), receiving nilotinib as first‐line treatment. Premature study termination before 24 months of follow‐up occurred in 61 patients (33·3%), and was essentially due to nilotinib treatment discontinuation (n = 53; 29%), motivated by treatment intolerance (n = 29; 15·8%) and inefficacy (n = 19; 10·4%). After 24 months of treatment, 112/122 patients (91·8%) had a molecular assessment, 95·5% of whom achieved a major molecular response (MMR), 32·1% achieved uMR4, defined as an undetectable molecular disease with 4‐log molecular response sensitivity (≥10 000 ABL1 transcripts). The Morisky Green Levine Medication Adherence Scale was completed by 94/122 patients (77·0%), and 89·4% of these patients obtained a satisfactory level of treatment adherence, defined as a score ≥3. Patients' QoL was good at baseline and stable during the follow‐up period. The two most common nilotinib‐related adverse events (AEs) were pruritus (14·8%) and asthenia (13·7%). Seven patients (3·8%) experienced at least one cardiovascular ischaemic AE. This French nationwide cohort study provides relevant information in daily clinical practice indicating that nilotinib is a valuable first‐line treatment option for CML‐CP patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the incidence of BCR‐ABL kinase domain (KD) mutation detection and its prognostic significance in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP‐CML) patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Patients and Methods: We analyzed characteristics and outcome of 253 CP‐CML patients who had at least one mutation analysis performed using direct sequencing. Of them, 187 patients were early CP (ECP) and 66 were late CP late chronic phase (LCP) and 88% were treated with Imatinib as first‐line TKI. Results: Overall, 80 (32%) patients harbored BCR‐ABL KD mutations. A BCR‐ABL KD mutation was identified in 57% of patients, who progressed to accelerated or blastic phases (AP‐BP), and 47%, 29%, 35%, 16% and 26% in patients in CP‐CML at the time of mutation analysis who lost a complete hematologic response, failed to achieve or loss of a prior complete cytogenetic and major molecular response, respectively. Overall survival and cumulative incidence of CML‐related death were significantly correlated with the disease phase whatever the absence or presence of a mutation was and for the latter the mutation subgroup (T315I vs P‐loop vs non‐T315I non‐P‐loop) (P<.001). Considering patients who were in CP at the time of mutation analysis, LCP mutated patients had a significantly worse outcome than ECP‐mutated patients despite a lower incidence of T315I and P‐loop mutations (P<.001). With a median follow‐up from mutation analysis to last follow‐up of 5 years, T315I and P‐loop mutations were not associated with a worse outcome in ECP patients (P = .817). Conclusion: Our results suggest that early mutation detection together with accessibility to 2nd and 3rd generation TKIs have reversed the worst outcome associated with BCR‐ABL KD mutations whatever the mutation subgroup in CP‐CML patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aciclovir (ACV)-resistant Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) infections are observed commonly in patients also infected with HIV-1. The use of foscarnet (FOS) in these patients may also lead to resistance. This situation can become a difficult therapeutic challenge. Four cases of patients infected with HIV and with mucocutaneous HSV-2 resistant to ACV and FOS are reported. These patients were treated successfully with topical 5% imiquimod. Imiquimod treatment also appeared to delay the time to recurrence of HSV lesions. J. Med. Virol. 84:194-197, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiitis of the central nervous system (CNS) in patients infected with HIV-1-is often associated with concomitant infection or lymphoproliferative disease of the CNS. Four HAART naïve patients infected with HIV-1 with severe stroke are described. Evidence of vasculitis was found by magnetic resonance angiography. Extensive investigations excluded concomitant opportunistic, lymphoproliferative or autoimmune disorders leading to the diagnosis of primary angiitis of the CNS. Despite initiation of HAART and prolonged suppression of viral replication, these patients remained severely immunosuppressed. The addition of corticosteroids led to a significant improvement of clinical symptoms. Primary angiitis of the CNS should be considered in patients with HIV and stroke. The prognosis of these patients remain poor despite HAART. These observations suggest that the vascular inflammatory process persists despite the control of viral load under HAART in patients with persistent immunosuppression. J. Med. Virol. 81:578-581, 2009 © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variability of mesohabitat used by populations of brown trout Salmo trutta was studied in seven rivers of the central Pyrenees, France. Physical habitat preferences of individuals, intraspecific competition, season, and diversity of adjacent channel unit segments explained the trout density variation among different types of mesohabitat. Total trout density, size-class densities, and redd densities differed significantly among mesohabitats and 18 subgroups of a hierarchical classification. The total density followed a gradient from deep channel morphodynamic units to shallow rapids including step channel, glides, riffles, and cascades. The different size-classes of trout expressed a strong spatial segregation between fry and adult stages. Fry were more often found in riffles and glides, whereas adults concentrated in deep habitats. During the reproduction period, the highest redd densities were observed in glides and riffles. The density of trout in deep mesohabitat increased in relation to the diversity of mesohabitat type and the percentage of riffles in the adjacent segment. These results clearly showed the importance of the diversity of hydrodynamic conditions for the life cycle of brown trout in mountain streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

7-11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

7-11 November 2010, Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Glasgow, UK [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract is presented of the research paper "Virological outcomes in ARV-naïve patients switching or not from a first successful boosted PI-regimen to efavirenz, nevirapine or abacavir regimens," by A. Simon and colleagues, which was presented at the Tenth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection held in Scotland in November 2010.