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Some scalar double‐well problems eventually lead to a degenerate convex minimization problem with unique stress. We consider the adaptive conforming and nonconforming finite element methods for the scalar double‐well problem with the reliable a posteriori error analysis. A number of experiments confirm the effective decay rates of the methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The delivery of biomolecules by tumor cell‐secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) is linked to the development of glioma. Here, the present study was implemented to explore the functional significance of hypoxic glioma cell‐derived EVs carrying microRNA‐10b‐5 (miR‐10b‐5p) on glioma with the involvement of polarization of M2 macrophages. Methods: EVs were isolated from hypoxia‐stimulated glioma cells, and their role in polarization of M2 macrophages was studied by co‐culturing with macrophages. miR‐10b‐5p expression in glioma tissues, glioma‐derived EVs, and macrophages co‐cultured with EVs was characterized. Interaction among miR‐10b‐5p, NEDD4L, and PIK3CA was analyzed. The macrophages or glioma cells were transfected with overexpressing plasmid or shRNA to study the effects of miR‐10b‐5p/NEDD4L/PIK3CA on M2 macrophage polarization, and glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Results: Promotive role of hypoxia‐stimulated glioma‐derived EVs in macrophage M2 polarization was confirmed. Elevation of miR‐10b‐5p occurred in glioma tissues, glioma‐derived EVs and macrophages co‐cultured with EVs, and stimulated M2 polarization of macrophages. NEDD4L was a target gene of miR‐10b‐5p. Overexpression of NEDD4L could inhibit PI3K/AKT pathway through increase in ubiquitination and degradation of PIK3CA. Hypoxic glioma‐derived EVs harboring upregulated miR‐10b‐5p triggered an M2 phenotype in macrophages as well as enhanced aggressive tumor biology of glioma cells via inhibition of PIK3CA/PI3K/AKT pathway by targeting NEDD4L. Conclusions: In summary, miR‐10b‐5p delivered by hypoxic glioma‐derived EVs accelerated macrophages M2 polarization to promote the progression of glioma via NEDD4L/PIK3CA/PI3K/AKT axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of bistable electrochromic materials is a promising way to reduce the energy consumption of displays. However, bistable devices with ideal implementation schemes and electrochromic performance still remain challenging due to the inherent limitations of existing electrochromic materials. Herein, a theory of "hydroxyl‐acids" assisted improvement of electrochromic rate and bistability of fluorane dyes is proposed and applied to solid‐state electrochromic devices. 80% hydroxypropyl acrylate‐20% methyl methacrylate copolymer‐based electrochromic film prepared by the theory of "hydroxyl‐acids" has a higher electrochromic rate (4.1 times) and bistability (5.4 times) than traditional PMMA‐based electrochromic films in the device. In addition, the optimum device is obtained by optimizing each layer component content of the device. The novel electrochromic device has good overall performance, including coloring time (7.5 s), transmittance change (>70%), coloration efficiency (872 cm2 C‐1), bistability (50 h), and reversibility (1,000 cycles). The theory of "hydroxyl‐acids" is suitable for a variety of fluorane dyes, and polychromatic bistable electrochromic windows are developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]