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The construction and operation of large‐scale reservoirs alter the natural river flow regimes and destroy the original suitable reproduction and living conditions of aquatic organisms. Especially during the spawning season, the fluctuating water flow process is particularly important for fish reproduction. A bi‐objective optimization model considering both the environmental flow demand for fish spawning and the stability of hydropower output is established in this study and solved by one of the most widely used algorithms for multi‐objective problems, the Non‐Dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm‐II. The derived Pareto Front can be used to guide reservoir operation during fish spawning seasons. The model proposed in this paper is applied to the Yangqu Reservoir, currently under construction on the upper Yellow River in China. The results show that the stability of hydropower output can still be improved by 4.80% to 10.56%, even if the environmental flow demand is taken into account. Even for the scheme preferring ecological recovery, the stability of hydropower output can be increased by more than 0.85%. Highlights: Fish spawning demand and hydropower stability are considered simultaneously.Derived Pareto Front can be used for reservoir operation in fish spawning seasons.Room still exists for improving hydropower stability meeting ecological demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organometal halide perovskite photovoltaic (PV) cells have achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) comparable to the leading crystalline silicon (c‐Si) PV technology. However, despite their exceptional performance, these perovskite solar cells (PSCs) face technological challenges such as large‐area fabrication complexities and outdoor stability concerns. These challenges need to be addressed to pave the way for the commercialization of PSCs. The key to commercializing PSCs lies in developing stable, large‐area solar modules that offer both high efficiency and reliability. Overcoming the hurdles of large‐area module design and fabrication is a crucial step, and researchers are exploring innovative solutions to tackle these challenges. This review article primarily focuses on the development of large‐area PSCs, recent advancements in this field, and the obstacles related to scaling up this technology. It delves into the techniques used to fabricate perovskite films, with a special emphasis on large‐area and large‐scale PSC manufacturing methods. Moreover, the review highlights stability concerns that perovskite solar modules (PSMs) face and reports on recent progress in addressing these issues. The article concludes by summarizing potential future research directions aimed at realizing the full commercial potential of this innovative and promising solar cell technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atmospheric river (AR) is a long, narrow, and transient corridor of strong horizontal water vapor transport. Various AR detection methods have been proposed, which have introduced significant uncertainty to the identified AR characteristics. This study has designed a data fusion algorithm to merge 12 data sets of different global and regional AR identification algorithms published by the Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP) covering the period from 1980 to 2016. It aims to conduct frequency statistics to further research the global distribution, interannual variation, the trends in poleward shifting, and the impacted factors of AR occurrence. The quantitative results indicate an overall increasing trend in interannual variation, with a more pronounced growth trend observed in the oceanic region between 40 and 60ºS. Additionally, the study identifies a poleward shift in the peak latitude of AR occurrence frequency, with speeds of 0.589° and 0.769° per decade in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, respectively. This shift may be associated with the tropical poleward expansion. Upon examining the relationship between AR frequency and sea surface temperature (SST) as well as zonal wind, the study finds that distinct dominant factors influence AR in different regions. AR events near the 30°N/S ocean are influenced more significantly by zonal wind than by SST. These findings shed light on the global characteristics of AR occurrences and provide insights into the factors governing their variability across different areas. Plain Language Summary: Researchers employ an array of tools to detect a weather phenomenon event known as the atmospheric river (AR), which is a long, narrow corridor in the atmosphere that transports water vapor originating from the tropics. Each tool employs a distinct methodology for identifying these atmospheric rivers, which can lead to varying results. This diversity makes it challenging for us to select a single methodology to study AR on a global scale and over long periods. To address this problem, we have developed an innovative algorithm. This algorithm merges the results from different tools to create a more consistent and comprehensive data set of atmospheric rivers. Utilizing this novel data set, we investigated how atmospheric rivers have evolved over time and across different locations. Our research indicates a poleward shift of AR positions throughout the research period. Moreover, we also examined the sea surface temperature and wind patterns, and their connections to the frequency of atmospheric rivers. These insights could provide insightful implications for how climate changes might influence these important weather phenomena in the future. Key Points: Proposed a data fusion algorithm merging 12 Atmospheric River Detection Tools data sets based on their identification results conflictsThe poleward shifts of the AR frequency peak and tropical expansion have a moderate correlation during the research periodAR events near the 30° N/S ocean are influenced more significantly by zonal wind than by sea surface temperature [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, organic–inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) as novel photocatalyst materials have attracted intensive attention for an impressive variety of photocatalytic applications due to their excellent photophysical (chemical) properties. Regarding practical application and future commercialization, the air–water stability and photocatalytic performance of OIHPs need to be further improved. Accordingly, studying modification strategies and interfacial interaction mechanisms is crucial. In this review, the current progress in the development and photocatalytic fundamentals of OIHPs is summarized. Furthermore, the structural modification strategies of OIHPs, including dimensionality control, heterojunction design, encapsulation techniques, and so on for the enhancement of charge‐carrier transfer and the enlargement of long‐term stability, are elucidated. Subsequently, the interfacial mechanisms and charge‐carrier dynamics of OIHPs during the photocatalytic process are systematically specified and classified via diverse photophysical and electrochemical characterization methods, such as time‐resolved photoluminescence measurements, ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, transient photocurrent densities, and so forth. Eventually, various photocatalytic applications of OIHPs, including hydrogen evolution, CO2 reduction, pollutant degradation, and photocatalytic conversion of organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn‐ion capacitors (ZICs) take advantage of batteries and supercapacitors in delivering high energy and power densities for energy storage by using porous carbons due to their low cost, lightweight, high conductivity, and good stability. However, it remains a grand challenge to regulate the mesoporous structures of carbons, including pore sizes and surface functional groups, which are essential for ion transport and electrochemical reactions of ZICs. Herein, a bi‐directional electrolysis strategy is developed to directly reduce CO2 to oxygen‐rich mesoporous carbons (OMCs) with adjustable pore sizes and oxygen‐bearing functional groups, which are preferred for ZICs as theoretically proved by density functional theory (DFT). The designed OMCs exhibit a remarkable energy density of 216.6 Wh kg−1 and performance retention of 90% after 15000 cycles. When assembled in the flexible ZICs, the OMCs demonstrate a high capacitance of 329.5 mAh g−1. This work presents a novel strategy for synthesizing OMCs through a decarbonization process and reveals the crucial role of microstructure and surface functional groups in promoting the performance of ZICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: This case illustrates that under comprehensive management of individual and clinical needs, urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis can be performed safely without bleeding complications in patients with hemophilia A who developed end‐stage renal disease. Patients in these cases can benefit from synthetic strategy. Hemophilia A is a serious inherited bleeding disorder resulting from a deficiency of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) involvement in hemophilia is relatively rare, but there has been an upward trend in the survival time of patients with prolonged hemophilia. Although peritoneal dialysis (PD) is often used as the first treatment modality for renal replacement treatment, limited data are available on comprehensive management in the hemophilia A population, especially for urgent‐start PD. A 56‐year‐old man who had hemophilia A, was diagnosed with CKD 3 years ago and developed end‐stage renal disease was admitted to our hospital after contracting pneumonia and undergoing subsequent Type I respiratory failure. Urgent‐start PD improved his condition and health outcomes, and protected his residual renal function. This case is the first study of a Chinese male patient with hemophilia A who developed end‐stage renal disease. We summarize the clinical treatment and nursing care strategies of urgent‐start PD in a hemophilia A patient with end‐stage renal disease. This case illustrates that under comprehensive management of individual and clinical needs, urgent‐start PD can be performed safely without bleeding complications in patients with hemophilia A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP) plays a crucial role in regulating the climate and hydrology over Asia, and studies indicate that the QTP tends to be warm and humid as a whole. Although precipitation variability on the QTP has a great impact on floods, soil erosion, and droughts, it is poorly understood owing to sparse meteorological observations. This study has investigated the temporal variability of precipitation on the QTP and its surrounding areas on different time scales over the past 40 years using the standardized variability index (SVI) based on entropy as well as its changing trends. The results show that the variability of precipitation has different spatial patterns on different time scales. In general, the variability of both the precipitation days and amounts are low in the southeast and northwest corners of the plateau and high in the southwest and north. It was found that the number of light precipitation days in the high vegetation coverage area in the southeastern plateau decreased significantly, but increased greatly in the bare land and sparse vegetation coverage areas in the northern part of the plateau. Such changes are believed to be conducive for ecological restoration. Most importantly, in the southern foothills of the Himalayas, many light precipitation days have turned into moderate and heavy precipitation days, and a significant increase in annual precipitation has also been noted, which are likely to cause natural disasters considering the local topographical conditions, such as landslides and mudslides. Highlights: In QTP, SVIME in May is closer to summer mode, indicating monsoon beginning have advanced to May.Extreme precipitation significantly influences precipitation variability.Daily SVIAE decreases in grassland/barren/sparsely vegetated land, good for ecology.Light rain days increased in bare land/sparse vegetation areas, benefiting vegetation restoration.In southern Himalayas, light rain changed to moderate/heavy rain, leading to natural disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Williams syndrome (WS) is a multisystem neurodevelopmental disorder caused by microdeletions in 7q11.23. This study aims to characterize the clinical phenotypes of Chinese children with WS to help for the early diagnosis and intervention of this disease. Methods: 231 children diagnosed with WS were retrospectively recruited to the study. Clinical data were analyzed to obtain the incidence of different clinical phenotypes. The occurrence of phenotypes and the influence of gender and age on the incidence of different phenotypes were analyzed. Results: All WS exhibited facial dysmorphism (100.0%). The majority had neurodevelopmental disorder (91.8%), hoarseness (87.4%) and cardiovascular anomalies (85.7%). The incidence of short stature (46.9%), inguinal hernia (47.2%), hypercalciuria (29.10%), hypercalcemia (9.1%), subclinical hypothyroidism (26.4%) and hypothyroidism (7.4%) were relatively higher. Gender differences were found in supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS, p <.001), ventricular septal defect (VSD, p <.05), inguinal hernia (p <.001), superior pulmonary stenosis (SVPS, p <.05) and neurodevelopmental disorder (p <.05). The incidence of neurodevelopmental disorder in WS increased with age (p <.05) while cardiovascular anomalies (p <.001), short stature (p <.001), hypercalciuria (p <.001) and hypercalcemia (p <.01) decreased with age. Conclusions: Facial dysmorphism, neurodevelopmental disorder, hoarseness and cardiovascular anomalies were the most common phenotypes. Genetic testing should be suggested to confirm the diagnosis for children with the above abnormalities. Gender and age should be taken into account when making diagnosis and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To investigate the effect of erythropoietin (EPO) on the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs)/neural progenitors (NPs) in the treatment of hypoxic–ischemic injury and its potential mechanisms. Methods: Fetal NSCs/NPs were treated with EPO after oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation of NSCs/NPs were detected by CellTiter‐Glo, Edu assay, flow cytometry, and quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR). Immunofluorescence staining, co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP), and western blotting were used to test the existence of EPO receptor/β common receptor (EPOR/βCR) heterodimer on NSCs/NPs and the possible pathway. Results: EPO treatment at different time points increased cell viability without affecting proliferation. EPO treatment immediately after OGD/R promoted oligodendrocyte and astrocyte differentiation, while decreasing neuronal differentiation of NSCs/NPs. EPOR/βCR heterodimer existed on the cell surface of the fetal cortical NSCs/NPs, EPO treatment significantly increased the mRNA expression of βCR and elevated the correlation between EPOR and βCR levels. In addition, mass spectrometry analysis identified Syne‐1 as a downstream signaling molecule of the EPOR/βCR heterodimer. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting indicated that the βCR/Syne‐1/H3K9me3 pathway was possibly involved in the differentiation of fetal neural stem cells into the glial cell effect of EPO. Conclusion: EPO treatment immediately after OGD/R could not facilitate fetal NSCs/NPs neurogenesis but promoted the formation of the EPOR/βCR heterodimer on fetal NSCs/NPs, which mediates its function in glial differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photocatalytic system using hydrohalic acid (HX) for hydrogen production is a promising strategy to generate clean and renewable fuels as well as value‐added chemicals (such as X2/X3−). However, it is still challenging to develop a visible‐light active and strong‐acid resistive photocatalyst. Hybrid perovskites have been recognized as a potential photocatalyst for photovoltaic HX splitting. Herein, a novel environmentally friendly mixed halide perovskite MA3Bi2Cl9–xIx with a bandgap funnel structure is developed, i.e., confirmed by energy dispersive X‐ray analysis and density functional theory calculations. Due to gradient neutral formation energy within iodine‐doped MA3Bi2Cl9, the concentration of iodide element decreases from the surface to the interior across the MA3Bi2Cl9–xIx perovskite. Because of the aligned energy levels of iodide/chloride‐mixed MA3Bi2Cl9–xIx, a graded bandgap funnel structure is therefore formed, leading to the promotion of photoinduced charge transfer from the interior to the surface for efficient photocatalytic redox reaction. As a result, the hydrogen generation rate of the optimized MA3Bi2Cl9–xIx is enhanced up to ≈341 ± 61.7 µmol h−1 with a Pt co‐catalyst under visible light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nowadays, microbial electrochemistry is widely used to produce valuable products (CH4, CH3CH2OH, CH3COOH, etc.) from carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, given that low‐value nitrogen (N2) is abundantly available as a feedstock for chemicals, thus ammonia (NH3) synthesis using bioelectrochemistry is still a promising technology. However, considering N2 stability and ammonium (NH4+) adsorption with a proton exchange membrane, developing suitable microbial systems for NH3 synthesis still faces challenges. Based on this, we developed a single‐chamber biocathode bioelectrochemical system for efficient NH3 production. Results: For the reaction system that we constructed, NH4+ production reached 6.31 mg L−1 within 10 days, and NH4+ production was positively correlated with current density. A C2H2 reduction assay further verified the activity of nitrogenase enzyme. Microbial community analysis revealed that Clostridia plays a crucial role in the N2 fixation process, and the synergistic interaction between different microorganisms favors electron transfer and an increase in NH3 production. Conclusions: The results of a series of experiments have proved that this green and economical method can be used to efficiently generate NH4+. This reaction system not only utilizes the advantages of obtaining electrons for reduction reaction, but also improves electron transfer and avoids the shortcomings of NH4+ adsorption. Additionally, this in‐depth study of N2 fixation mechanism provides a theoretical reference for other applications of bioelectrochemical systems. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiobjective optimization has been widely applied to reservoir operations in order to provide balanced operational schemes considering their multiple functions, including flood control, power generation, and ecological objectives. The Pareto front derived from multiobjective optimization is a set of optimal solutions that cannot quickly provide direct guidance for decision‐makers. In this study, a shrinking method is proposed to reduce the selection range of the optimal solutions on the Pareto front. Based on two proposed indices, that is, competitiveness and the competition efficiency between each pair of dual objectives, the optimal solutions are shrunk twice to accurately focus on the optimal solution region and reduce the difficulty of decision‐making. The proposed methodology is applied to a large‐scale reservoir on the upper reach of the Yellow River, China, simultaneously considering power generation, hydropower output stability, and ecological objectives. The results show that the proposed method could reduce the Pareto front to the solutions performing well in objectives and can be generalized for other multiobjective optimization models. Key Points: A method of evaluating competitiveness among multiobjectives is proposedCompetition efficiency indices between dual objectives determine the decision directionsThe bilevel Pareto front shrinking approach narrows down the Pareto solutions by nearly 1 order [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A structure with high crystallinity and orderly molecular packing is a requirement for high‐performance optoelectronic devices. However, growing large‐area, long‐range order, highly crystalline micro or nanostructures remains a challenge. Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) are spherical π‐conjugated molecules with unique electronic structures, hence they can be easily assembled into highly ordered crystals through intermolecular π–π interactions. In this work, large‐area single‐crystal microwire arrays of M3N@Ih‐C80 (M = Sc, Lu) are prepared with the assistance of a pillar‐structured template, and the microwire diameter can be tuned via the fullerene concentration. A field‐effect transistor is fabricated using Sc3N@Ih‐C80 microwire arrays, exhibiting a record‐high charge carrier mobility (6.16 cm2 V−1 s−1) among EMF‐based devices. Further, microwire‐based photodetectors are developed, with a response time as low as 0.1 s. The precise arrangement of the M3N@Ih‐C80 molecules helps improve the electron transportation channels, thereby enhancing the device performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important species in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, the roles played by plateau pikas in grassland degradation and protection are controversial. The behavior characteristics and population density of this species are important in answering this question, but these traits have not been fully elucidated to date. Camera‐capture methods have been used widely in recent years to characterize or calculate population density with the advantage of simple operation and nonintrusive investigation. However, establishing the relationship between actual population density and monitoring data with the condition that individual identification is not possible is a major challenge for this method. In this study, a model composed of a behavioral module and a burrow system module is proposed and applied to simulate the moving path of each individual pika. Based on Monte Carlo method, the model is used to develop the relationship between population density and recorded capture number, which is compared with the results derived from the random encounter model (REM) based on field observations. The simulated results mixed with the calculated density based on observation data could reach R2 = 0.98 using linear fitting, with proper parameter settings. A novel index named activity intensity of pikas per population density is also proposed, providing information on both the ecological physical characteristics and monitoring space. The influence of different parameters on this index, mainly the pika number per burrow system, pika activity time outside the burrow, and activity intensity, is discussed. The proposed methodology can be applied to different scenarios in further studies when behavioral characteristics of pikas change for such reasons as climate change and vegetation degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the spongy bone structures, three‐dimensional (3D) sponge‐like carbons with meso‐microporous structures are synthesized through one‐step electro‐reduction of CO2 in molten carbonate Li2CO3−Na2CO3−K2CO3 at 580 °C. SPC4‐0.5 (spongy porous carbon obtained by electrolysis of CO2 at 4 A for 0.5 h) is synthesized with the current efficiency of 96.9 %. SPC4‐0.5 possesses large electrolyte ion accessible surface area, excellent wettability and electronical conductivity, ensuring the fast and effective mass and charge transfer, which make it an advcanced supercapacitor electrode material. SPC4‐0.5 exhibits a specific capacitance as high as 373.7 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, excellent cycling stability (retaining 95.9 % of the initial capacitance after 10000 cycles at 10 A g−1), as well as high energy density. The applications of SPC4‐0.5 in quasi‐solid‐state symmetric supercapacitor and all‐solid‐state flexible devices for energy storage and wearable piezoelectric sensor are investigated. Both devices show considerable capacitive performances. This work not only presents a controllable and facile synthetic route for the porous carbons but also provides a promising way for effective carbon reduction and green energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Known as "China's Water Tower," the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) becomes warm and humid in the short term but faces drought in the long term because of global climate change. Atmospheric water resources seem to be the only choice in the QTP region to alleviate drought conditions. Analysis of water vapour distribution and evaluation of exploitation modes of atmospheric water resources are carried out in this study. Different exploitation modes of atmospheric water resources including routine, selective, and emergency‐oriented exploitation are distinguished using water vapour budget and its distribution entropy. Zoning of the QTP indicates that routine exploitation, that is, long‐term, continuous, and fixed‐point exploitation, can only be carried out in its eastern part, while the middle and western parts are suitable for selective exploitation. Such entropy‐based assessment and zoning can be used as a reference for the exploitation of atmospheric water in the QTP in the future. Furthermore, the proposed zoning criteria can be used to estimate the exploitability of atmospheric water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the function of long noncoding RNA RHPN1 antisense RNA 1 (lncRNA RHPN1‐AS1) in the progression of endometrial cancer (EC) and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: The RHPN1‐AS1 expression was measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) in EC tissues and cells. The cell clones, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, migration and invasion in Ishikawa and HEC‐1A cells were respectively measured by colony formation assay, cell counting kit‐8 assay (CCK‐8) assay, flow cytometry, wound healing assay and transwell assay. In addition, the protein expressions in Ishikawa and HEC‐1A cells were measured using western blot and Immunofluorescence assay. Results: Our data showed the RHPN1‐AS1 expression was significantly upregulated in both EC tissues and cells. The expression of RHPN1‐AS1 was significantly correlated with FIGO stage, histological grade, and lymph node metastasis. Additionally, silencing RHPN1‐AS1 could inhibit proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration and invasion, and also promote apoptosis in Ishikawa and HEC‐1A cells. Moreover, silencing RHPN1‐AS1 could markedly elevate the expressions of caspase‐3 and Bax, but reduce the Bcl‐2 expression in Ishikawa and HEC‐1A cells. We also found that silencing RHPN1‐AS1 could significantly inhibit the phosphorylation of MEK and ERK in Ishikawa and HEC‐1A cells. After U0126 pretreatment, the inhibition effect of silencing RHPN1‐AS1 on the phosphorylation of MEK and ERK was strengthened. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that RHPN1‐AS1 could facilitate cell proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as inhibit apoptosis via activating ERK/MAPK pathway in EC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The massive release of the greenhouse gas CO2 has resulted in numerous environmental issues. In searching for advanced technologies for CO2 capture/conversions, recent advances in electrochemical reduction of CO2 in molten salts shed a light on potential solutions to CO2 mitigation. Electro‐reduction of CO2 in molten salts exhibits features like high selectivity and efficiency towards sustainable carbons and fuels, low toxicity, and possibility to combine with in situ CO2 capture. In this Minireview, we highlight the tuning of the products in this process and mainly discuss two categories of electrolyte, carbonate‐based molten salts (CMS) and those based on halides (HMS). Depending on the synthetic conditions, fuels such as CO or hydrocarbons (in the presence of hydrogen source, i. e. LiOH, NaOH, or KOH in the electrolyte) as well as high‐value nanostructured carbons including carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nano‐onions, and graphene can be obtained with high efficiency. The synthesis parameters are compared, and the applications of as‐obtained carbons are briefly summarized. Additionally, some perspectives on this technology are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uranium is a key resource for the development of the nuclear industry, and extracting uranium from the natural seawater is one of the most promising ways to address the shortage of uranium resources. Herein, a semiconducting covalent organic framework (named NDA‐TN‐AO) with excellent photocatalytic and photoelectric activities was synthesized. The excellent photocatalytic effect endowed NDA‐TN‐AO with a high anti‐biofouling activity by generating biotoxic reactive oxygen species and promoting photoelectrons to reduce the adsorbed UVI to insoluble UIV, thereby increasing the uranium extraction capacity. Owing to the photoinduced effect, the adsorption capacity of NDA‐TN‐AO to uranium in seawater reaches 6.07 mg g−1, which is 1.33 times of that in dark. The NDA‐TN‐AO with enhanced adsorption capacity is a promising material for extracting uranium from the natural seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia is critical for food and chemical production; however, NH3 synthesis is one of the largest industrial greenhouse gas producers. We report a path to an exceptionally high rate (2.3 × 10–9 mol of NH3 s–1 cm–2), CO2 free NH3 electrosynthesis from H2O and air under ambient electrolysis conditions (60 °C, 1 atm). Iron oxide (dispersed in hydroxide electrolyte) catalyzed NH3 synthesis is probed at intermediate temperature (20–200 °C) and pressure (1–10 atm) with Monel mesh electrodes. Iron calcination preparation of the iron oxide catalyst is optimized by size, and then physically constrained to the reactive domain of the electrolysis cell cathode through use of mesh electrodes at even lower temperatures, allowing for an ambient, preferred electrosynthesis. These novel constraints enhance NH3 catalyst utilization at low temperature and open future pathways to the addition of ion‐specific membranes to the high rate NH3 synthesis cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemistry of cationic forms of clusterfullerenes remain less explored than that of the corresponding neutral or anionic species. In the present work, M3N@Ih‐C80 (M=Sc or Lu) cations were generated by both electrochemical and chemical oxidation methods. The as‐obtained cations successfully underwent the typical Bingel–Hirsch reaction that fails with neutral Sc3N@Ih‐C80. Two isomeric Sc3N@Ih‐C80 cation derivatives, [5,6]‐open and [6,6]‐open adducts, were synthesized, and the former has never been prepared by means of a Bingel–Hirsch reaction with neutral clusterfullerenes. In the case of the Lu3N@Ih‐C80 cation, however, only a [6,6]‐open adduct was obtained. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that the oxidized M3N@Ih‐C80 was much more reactive than the neutral compound upon addition of the diethyl bromomalonate anion. The Bingel–Hirsch reaction of M3N@Ih‐C80 cations occurred by means of an unusual outer‐sphere single‐electron transfer (SET) process from the diethyl bromomalonate anion to the stable intermediate [M3N@C80(C2H5COO)2CBr].. Remarkably, the diethyl bromomalonate anion was found to act as both a nucleophile and an electron donor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial neural network (ANN) combined with signal decomposing methods is effective for long‐term streamflow time series forecasting. ANN is a kind of machine learning method utilized widely for streamflow time series, and which performs well in forecasting nonstationary time series without the need of physical analysis for complex and dynamic hydrological processes. Most studies take multiple factors determining the streamflow as inputs such as rainfall. In this study, a long‐term streamflow forecasting model depending only on the historical streamflow data is proposed. Various preprocessing techniques, including empirical mode decomposition (EMD), ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT), are first used to decompose the streamflow time series into simple components with different timescale characteristics, and the relation between these components and the original streamflow at the next time step is analyzed by ANN. Hybrid models EMD‐ANN, EEMD‐ANN and DWT‐ANN are developed in this study for long‐term daily streamflow forecasting, and performance measures root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) indicate that the proposed EEMD‐ANN method performs better than EMD‐ANN and DWT‐ANN models, especially in high flow forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydropower can be an ideal compensation for fluctuant photovoltaic (PV) power due to its flexibility. In this study, a multiobjective optimization model considering energy generation and consumption simultaneously for a hydro‐PV hybrid power system is proposed. With the daily mean radiation intensity and temperature, the PV power output is calculated. Taking reservoir release as the decision variable, the total energy generation of the hydro‐PV system is maximized. Meanwhile, the gap between the energy generation and the energy consumption is minimized to reduce the abandoned PV power or hydropower. The proposed multiobjective model is optimized by Non‐dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithms‐II (NSGA‐II). The Longyangxia Project, the largest hydro‐photovoltaic hybrid power system in the world is taken as the study case to estimate the optimal operational strategies for different objectives in wet year, normal year, and dry year, respectively. The optimal operation process of the reservoir is presented, which is instructive for the operation in the future. Both maximizing energy generation and minimizing the gap between energy generation and consumption are taken into account simultaneously. The proposed multiobjective optimization model is optimized by NSGA‐II, and applied to the largest hydro‐PV project in the world. The methodology can be generalized to any other hydro/PV hybrid systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: The link of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) has been established for decades. Although an abnormal high level of EBV sero‐antibody spectrum and cell‐free circulating EBV DNA loads were exhibited in NPC patients, oral EBV DNA loads, which are primarily responsible for the EBV transmission, has not been previously studied in NPC patients. We conducted an epidemiological study to measure the oral EBV loads, viral components, and the relationship with the serum antibody titers in a large case‐control population (968 cases and 1656 controls) and a family‐based population (91 cases and 165 unaffected family members). EBV DNA loads were detected by quantitative PCR approach targeting the BamHI‐W region. Although a large individualized variation existed, we still observed a decreased oral EBV DNA loads in the population of NPC patients compared to that of healthy controls (ORs were 1.00, 0.69, 0.62, 0.33 classified by the quartiles of viral loads, Ptrend < .001) and family members. In contrast, the elevated levels of oral EBV loads were present in asymptomatic males and elders, suggesting a different important source for EBV transmission. Notably, oral EBV loads were inversely associated with serum antibody titers of VCA‐IgA, EA‐IgA (All Ptrend < .001) in the cases but not in the controls. Our study provides the first epidemiological data of oral EBV loads and viral components in NPC patients and controls in the highest risk area of Southern China, indicating that NPC status is unlikely to be an important determinant of EBV transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single‐pot electrolytic synthesis of hydrogen and carbon fuels is achieved through the use of a mixed, hydroxide/carbonate electrolyte, nickel anode (generating O2), and nickel or steel cathode (generating graphite and hydrogen). Low hydroxide fractions in the electrolyte ensure efficient carbon formation, while high fractions form only H2 at the cathode; added barium and lithium salts ensure effective nickel anode stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cage-cluster complementarity is of crucial importance in determining the sizes and structures, as well as the properties of endohedral fullerenes. The encapsulated atoms or clusters, which are typically in a positively charged state, are irreversibly, mechanically, and electrostatically trapped inside the typically negatively charged cages. These rather exotic compounds exhibit exquisitely complementary properties between their components. Here, we present a short overview to show that size and shape are crucial in determining the specific structures that are formed, and the presence of electrostatic interactions result in structural motifs that are never observed for pristine fullerene cages. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the unique structural and electronic properties of C60, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) containing C60 linkers are expected to exhibit interesting characteristics. A new hexakisfullerene derivative possessing two pairs of phenyl pyridine groups attached to two methano-carbon atoms located at the trans-1 positions was designed and synthesized. The four pyridyl nitrogen atoms define a perfectly planar rectangle. This new C60 derivative was used to assemble the first fullerene-linked two-dimensional MOF by coordination with Cd2+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the different oxidation potentials of endohedral fullerenes Sc3N@C80 Ih and D5 h and Sc3N@C78, an efficient and useful method that avoids HPLC has been developed for their separation. Selective chemical oxidation of the Sc3N@ D5 h-C80 isomer and Sc3N@C78 by using an acetylferrocenium salt [Fe(COCH3C5H4)Cp]+ followed by column chromatographic separation and reduction with CH3SNa resulted in the isolation of pure Sc3N@ Ih-C80, Sc3N@C78, and a mixture of Sc3N@ D5 h-C80 and Sc3N@C68. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the different oxidation potentials of endohedral fullerenes Sc3N@C80 Ih and D5 h and Sc3N@C78, an efficient and useful method that avoids HPLC has been developed for their separation. Selective chemical oxidation of the Sc3N@ D5 h-C80 isomer and Sc3N@C78 by using an acetylferrocenium salt [Fe(COCH3C5H4)Cp]+ followed by column chromatographic separation and reduction with CH3SNa resulted in the isolation of pure Sc3N@ Ih-C80, Sc3N@C78, and a mixture of Sc3N@ D5 h-C80 and Sc3N@C68. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of the study was to better understand blonanserin population pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics in Chinese healthy subjects. Methods Data from two studies with 50 subjects were analyzed to investigate the population PK characteristics of blonanserin at single dose (4, 8, and 12 mg) under fasting, multidose (4 mg bid or 8 mg qd for 7 days) and under food intake condition (single dose, 8 mg). Blonanserin plasma concentrations were detected using the high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). A nonlinear mixed-effects model was developed to describe the blonanserin concentration-time profiles. Results A two compartment model with first-order absorption was built to describe the time-course of blonanserin. The population-predicted system apparent clearance ( CL/ F), volume of apparent distribution in center ( V1/ F), and the first-order absorption rate constant ( Ka) of blonanserin under fasting was 1230 L/h, 9500 L, and 3.02 h−1, respectively. Food intake decreased Ka of blonanserin to 0.78 h−1. The relative bioavailability between fasting and food intake estimated by the final model was 55%. No clinically significant safety issues were identified. Conclusion This is the first study assessing the PK profile of blonanserin with population PKs method. The results can be used for simulation in further clinical trial and optimize individual dosage regimens using a Bayesian methodology in patients. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Begomoviruses are exclusively transmitted by whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci) in a circulative, non-propagative manner. The influences of begomoviruses on whitefly vector are complex with both direct and indirect effects. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood and the transcriptional profiles of whitefly on healthy and virus-infected plants have not yet been studied. Using suppression subtractive hybridization, we investigated the differentially expressed genes in whitefly Middle East - Asia Minor 1 feeding on healthy and Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) infected tobacco. From the forward cDNA library, 124 differentially expressed expression sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained which represent up-regulated genes in the whiteflies feeding on the infected tobacco. From the reverse library, 112 ESTs were isolated which represent down-regulated genes. Among the up-regulated genes, we identified several genes that are probably involved in direct interaction between whitefly and TYLCCNV, including a 26/29-kDa proteinase that appears to participate in the elimination of foreign proteins, heparan sulfate proteoglycan which mediates the entry of several viruses into host cells and two genes of Rickettsia-a secondary endosymbiotic bacterium of whitefly. In addition, we identified a number of genes involved in metabolism, transcription and translation which might be the result of indirect effects of TYLCCNV on the whitefly via host plants. Collectively, our results suggest that TYLCCNV-infected tobacco changes the gene expression profiles of whitefly via both direct and indirect interactions. This study revealed a number of genes involved in whitefly-TYLCCNV-tobacco interactions and provided useful information for future study on this complex system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing advanced electrocatalysts is crucial for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A balance in adsorption energy for each reaction intermediate on the catalyst determines the overall catalytic rate. This balance is closely linked to the d‐band center, which is, in turn, controlled by the electronic structure of the active sites. Herein, C60 molecules with electron‐withdrawing properties and manganese (Mn) atoms with electron‐donating properties to drive charge redistribution on Ru active sites are strategically utilized. The synergistic and complementary effects of C60 and Mn regulate the d‐band centers of Ru sites to an optimal position, optimizing both the water adsorption and hydrogen desorption of the synthesized Ru catalysts. The constructed MnRu/C60‐3 catalyst exhibits a low overpotential of 8 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a large TOF value of 15.5 s−1, and a high mass activity of 2.39 A mg−1Ru at an overpotential of 100 mV in 1.0 m KOH. The anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer, assembled with MnRu/C60‐3 as the cathode, demonstrates excellent water electrolysis performance and high stability under industrial operational conditions. This work offers a fresh perspective on catalyst design principles by manipulating the d‐band centers of active sites using two complementary components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fullerene‐based carbons are promising electrode materials for supercapacitors due to their unique carbon structures and tunable architectures at the molecular level. By introducing various functional groups with many elements on the fullerene cages, diverse in situ metal/nonmetal‐doped carbon materials with enhanced pseudocapacitances and/or double layer capacitances can be prepared. In the present work, a fullerene derivative, ferrocenylpyrrolidine C60, containing nitrogen and iron, is chosen as the only precursor. A unique microstructure is fabricated by a liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation process. Subsequently, a facile, one‐step annealing of the microstructure at different temperatures is performed. A series of in situ N and Fe‐codoped laminated 3D hierarchical carbon composites in the shape of a cross are successfully synthesized. The as‐prepared N and Fe‐codoped carbon material treated at 700 °C exhibits a high specific capacitance of 505.4 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. To the best knowledge, this is the highest supercapacitor capacitance based on fullerene electrode materials. The use of a fullerene derivative as an in‐situ doped carbon for applications in energy storage opens a new avenue for developing future synthetic strategies to extend the repertoire of electrode materials with high performance. N and Fe‐codoped cross‐like 3D hierarchical carbon materials for high‐performance supercapacitors are successfully synthesized from an in‐situ doped fullerene, ferrocenylpyrrolidine C60 containing nitrogen and iron. The use of a fullerene derivative for applications in energy storage opens a new avenue for developing new synthetic strategies to extend the repertoire of electrode materials with remarkable performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single pot electrolytic synthesis of hydrogen and carbon fuels is achieved through the use of a mixed, hydroxide/carbonate electrolyte, a nickel anode (generating O2), and a nickel or steel cathode. In article number 1401791 Stuart Licht and co‐workers report that the generation of hydrogen and carbon fuels is driven with conventional power or efficiently generated from sunlight using solar thermal and electric (CPV) energy as STEP (solar thermal electrochemical process) fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia is produced by electrolysis of air and steam in a molten 0.5NaOH/0.5KOH suspension of nano-Fe2O3 (200 °C, 1.2 V, 2 mA/cm2, 35% coulombic efficiency). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]