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Comprehensive Summary: In recent years, there has been a shift towards using non‐fullerene electron acceptors in organic solar cells (OSCs) as a replacement for fullerene derivatives. This change requires polymer donors that possess compatible physical properties, such as absorption range, HOMO energy level, miscibility, and crystallinity. Moreover, the high cost and poor batch‐to‐batch reproducibility of polymer donors also hinder future large‐scale manufacturing. These emphasize the need to explore alternative types of polymer donors. The imide‐functionalized building units possess several key attributes that make their polymers highly promising for non‐fullerene OSCs. These attributes include ease of synthesis, strong electron‐withdrawing ability, rigid and co‐planar structure, and the ability to easily tune solubility through imide side chains. In this review, we summarized the synthetic routes of imide building units, and the structural evolution of imide‐functionalized polymer donors by focusing on the effects of polymer structure on their physical, optoelectronic, and photovoltaic properties. We hope that this mini‐review will serve as a catalyst for future research on imide‐functionalized polymers toward high‐performance, cost‐effective, and durable organic solar cells (OSCs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop game‐theoretic models to study the sourcing strategies of the two competing manufacturers who face customer returns due to product design mismatch. The manufacturers have opportunities to reduce the likelihood of customer returns by putting efforts into improving product design. Each manufacturer has the option to outsource product design and production to an upstream supplier or keep product design and production internally. We show that the sourcing decisions of the two manufacturers depend on the level of relative return from design investment (determined by the cost of design efforts, degree of horizontal product differentiation, and expected costs related to returns). We identify the sourcing strategy equilibrium and show that the higher cost of design effort and/or the higher degree of horizontal product differentiation expand, while the higher costs related to returns shrink, the range in which symmetric outsourcing is an equilibrium. Furthermore, as compared to symmetric insourcing, symmetric outsourcing not only softens the price competition but may also increase design effort levels, and thus both manufacturers are better off from outsourcing. However, symmetric outsourcing may hurt both consumer surplus and social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of narrow‐bandgap nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) has boosted the efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs) over 19 %. The new features of high‐performance NFAs, such as visible‐NIR light absorption, moderate the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO), and high crystallinity, require polymer donors with matching physical properties. This emphasizes the importance of methods that can effectively tune the physical properties of polymers. Owning to very small atom size and strongest electronegativity, the fluorination has been proved the most efficient strategy to regulate the physical properties of polymer donors, including frontier energy level, absorption coefficient, dielectric constant, crystallinity and charge transport. Owing to the success of fluorination strategy, the vast majority of high‐performance polymer donors possess one or more fluorine atoms. In this review, the fluorination synthetic methods, the synthetic route of well‐known fluorinated building blocks, the fluorinated polymers which are categorized by the type of donor or acceptor units, and the relationships between the polymer structures, properties, and photovoltaic performances are comprehensively surveyed. We hope this review could provide the readers a deeper insight into fluorination strategy and lay a strong foundation for future innovation of fluorinated polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ene‐reductase (ERED)‐catalyzed asymmetric reduction of α,β‐unsaturated ketones is an attractive method in organic synthesis. Through the discovery and further structure‐guided protein engineering of BsER, an ERED from Bacillus subtilis, the selective bio‐reduction of the well‐known building blocks Hajos‐Parrish ketone (HPK, 1 a) and Wieland‐Miescher ketone (WMK, 1 b) was achieved in this study. The optically pure (R)‐HPK ((R)‐1 a) and (R)‐WMK ((R)‐1 b) with corresponding >99% and 98% enantiomeric excess (ee) values were obtained by kinetic resolution of the racemic substrates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of ERED mediated kinetic resolution of rac‐HPK and rac‐WMK. In addition, the reduction products cis‐7a‐methylhexahydro‐1H‐indene‐1,5(4H)‐dione (cis‐2 a) and cis‐8a‐methylhexahydronaphtha‐ lene‐1,6(2H,5H)‐dione (cis‐2 b) with high diastereomeric ratios (dr) were also obtained. We also developed four routes of biocatalytic cascade reduction involving BsER and ketoreductases (KREDs). Using optimized ERED‐KRED and KRED‐ERED cascades, (S)‐HPK ((S)‐1 a) and (S)‐WMK ((S)‐1 b) could be reduced stepwise, yielding the bioactive products all with >91% purity. This study presents a biocatalytic strategy for the kinetic resolution and cascade reduction of HPK and WMK (1 a and 1 b). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating new electron‐deficient unit is highly demanded to develop high‐performance polymer donors for non‐fullerene organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, we reported a multifluorinated unit 4,5,6,7‐tetrafluoronaphtho[2,1‐b : 3,4‐b′]dithio‐phene (FNT) and its polymers PFNT‐F and PFNT‐Cl. The advantages of multifluorination: (1) it enables the polymers to exhibit low‐lying HOMO (≈−5.5 eV) and wide band gap (≈2.0 eV); (2) the short interactions (F⋅⋅⋅H, F⋅⋅⋅F) endow the polymers with properties of high film crystallinity and efficient hole transport; (3) well miscibility with NFAs that leads to a more well‐defined nanofibrous morphology and face‐on orientation in the blend films. Therefore, the PFNT‐F/Cl : N3 based OSCs exhibit impressive FF values of 0.80, and remarkable PCEs of 17.53 % and 18.10 %, which make them ranked the best donor materials in OSCs. This work offers new insights into the rational design of high‐performance polymers by multifluorination strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logic operation encryption is emerging as a novel cryptographic mode, protecting logic operation from being attacked and tampered, and is a modern extension of conventional encryption system. However, the existing encryption methods are not conducive to the logic operation encryption due to the complexity, signal mode, and non‐adjustability of their design. Herein, an advanced logic operation encryption method is designed via the photoluminescence ratio of ZnTe, and the electrically and optically switchable NAND (Not AND) and NOR (Not OR) encryption based on this method is implemented. Two photoluminescence emissions can be selectively regulated by the gate voltage and excitation laser based on the different responses of band‐edge emission and defect emission. This novel approach will shed light on the development of high‐security encryption and computer information protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐security encryption has always been important in economic and military fields as well as in daily life. 2D van der Waals (vdW) rare‐earth (RE) materials have advantages in photoluminescence (PL) modulation to achieve high‐security encryption because of their multiple sharp emission peaks, which will facilitate the multimode regulation for high‐security encryption of programmable information. Here, programmable information encryption has been achieved by applying 2D vdW ErOCl via the editable electric‐tunable PL. The correct information encoded in PL outputs can be tactfully decrypted from the PL intensity ratio of 2H11/2–4I15/2 and 4S3/2–4I15/2 transitions. This strategy for ASCII codes and images encryption with high‐security is demonstrated. This novel approach, PL modulation of 2D vdW RE material based on programmable electric inputs, will mark a new path to achieve high‐security encryption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote and real‐time thermography integrated on micro–nano devices vertically can promote the integration while estimating their operation, which is hitherto challenging. Here, the ratiometric luminescence thermography integrated on micro–nano devices vertically based on 2D van der Waals (vdW) rare earth (RE) material ErOCl is demonstrated. Ratiometric luminescence intensity varies linearly with temperature deriving from the thermal activation between two thermally coupled levels. Typically, this ratiometric micro–nano thermometer has a wide sensing range (300–700 K), high relative sensitivity (2.2% K−1 at 300 K), and high repeatability. With layered structure and insulated properties, 2D ErOCl can be easily integrated on the target chips vertically without dangling bonds so that a high‐density integration can be easily realized. Therefore, 2D ErOCl is employed for thermography of a designed micro–nano device, showing real‐time, high‐resolution temperature distribution of single device even at electrodes with different morphologies. The feasibility of this temperature sensor is further proved by COMSOL simulation. This novel approach, 2D vdW RE based ratiometric luminescence thermography, provides an excellent platform to the development of high performance eletronics with higher integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light manipulation has promoted applications in all‐optical processing. 2D anisotropic rare earth (RE) materials are promising for light modulation to realize information transmission and encryption due to the unique optical behaviors of RE ions. Here, image transmission and encryption have been realized by using 2D anisotropic RE material Eu2O3. The polarized photoluminescence (PL) of Eu2O3 has been innovatively applied for information transmission by switching the on/off states. The opposite two modes of polarization‐dependent PL have been applied to grayscale‐resolved image transmission and encryption with high security. This novel approach, polarization manipulation on the PL of 2D anisotropic RE materials, will shed light on the development of information processing, all‐optical switch, and all‐optical computation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D materials have shown great promise for next‐generation high‐performance photodetectors. However, the performance of photodetectors based on 2D materials is generally limited by the tradeoff between photoresponsivity and photodetectivity. Here, a novel junction field‐effect transistor (JFET) photodetector consisting of a PdSe2 gate and MoS2 channel is constructed to realize high responsivity and high detectivity through effective modulation of top junction gate and back gate. The JFET exhibits high carrier mobility of 213 cm2 V−1 s−1. What is more, the high responsivity of 6 × 102 A W−1, as well as the high detectivity of 1011 Jones, are achieved simultaneously through the dual‐gate modulation. The high performance is attributed to the modulation of the depletion region by the dual‐gate, which can effectively suppress the dark current and enhance the photocurrent, thereby realizing high detectivity and responsivity. The JFET photodetector provides a new approach to realize photodetectors with high responsivity and detectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercalation is an effective approach to tune the physical and chemical properties of 2D materials due to their abundant van der Waals gaps that can host high‐density intercalated guest matters. This approach has been widely employed to modulate the optical, electrical, and photoelectrical properties of 2D materials for their applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Thus it is necessary to review the recent progress of the intercalation strategy in 2D materials and their applications in devices. Herein, various intercalation strategies and the novel properties of the intercalated 2D materials as well as their applications in electronics and optoelectronics are summarized. In the end, the development tendency of this promising approach for 2D materials is also outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a renewed interest in 2D metal chalcogenide heterostructures (2DMCHs) in the context of their exceptional optoelectronic properties and potential for a wide variety of practical applications. However, the controllable synthesis of 2DMCHs remains a huge challenge. Recently, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been proposed to be an efficient way to realize high‐quality, large‐scale, and layer‐controllable 2D materials and has also shown high feasibility in 2DMCHs. Here, the latest controllable CVD growth strategies of 2DMCHs are introduced. The designed growth techniques mainly focus on three vital factors in CVD: source supply, mass transport, and substrate engineering. Then, the emerging novel applications of 2DMCHs are also systematically reviewed with particular attention to memory, infrared photodetector, and moiré superlattice, which have demonstrated significant progress in recent years. Finally, future opportunities and remaining challenges concerning the developments of 2DMCHs are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrared photodetectors have been widely applied in various fields, including thermal imaging, biomedical imaging, and communication. Van der Waals (vdW) integration based on 2D materials provides a new solution for high‐performance infrared photodetectors due to the versatile device configurations and excellent photoelectric properties. In recent years, great progress has been made in infrared photodetectors based on vdW integration. In this review, recent progress in vdW integration‐based infrared photodetectors is presented. First, the working mechanisms and advantages of photodetectors with different structures and band alignments are presented. Then, the recent progress of vdW integration‐based infrared photodetectors is reviewed, focusing on 2D/nD (n = 0, 1, 2, 3) vdW integration, and the band engineering as well as the performance of the photodetectors are discussed in detail. Finally, a summary is delivered, and the challenges and future directions of vdW integration‐based infrared photodetectors are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraordinary mechanical compliance of 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) makes it an ideal candidate for strain modulation of various electrical and optical properties. However, developing facile methods for accurate and stable engineering of strain still remains a major challenge. Here, a novel and effective method is demonstrated for introducing periodic strain into monolayer MoS2 by direct growth on nano‐patterned sapphire substrates (NPSS). A mixed aqueous solution of Na2MoO4 and NaOH is spin‐coated on the NPSS and sulfurated in one step by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Highly oriented monolayer MoS2 single‐crystal nanosheets with high quality and few sulfur vacancies are achieved conformally on the NPSS via a liquid‐mediated growth mode. Notably, the periodically distributed blue shift of the PL emission peak demonstrated periodic compressive strain is introduced into the nano‐patterned MoS2 via the thermal expansion difference between MoS2 and substrates. Furthermore, photodetectors fabricated using the nano‐patterned monolayer MoS2 exhibit a high photo‐to‐dark current ratio (PDCR) over 106, an excellent detectivity of 5.4 × 1013 Jones, and a fast photoresponse of 7.7 ms, owing to the strain‐induced back‐to‐back built‐in electric field, enhanced light absorption by light‐scattering effect and fewer S vacancy defects. The scanning imaging demonstration based on the single‐pixel nano‐patterned MoS2 photodetector further confirms its great potential in image sensors. This work hereby presents a pathway for direct conformal growth of nano‐patterned monolayer MoS2 with precisely periodic strain, which should inspire the applications for high‐performance optoelectronic devices via the strategy of patterned substrate engineering by the periodic nanostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: In recent years, there has been a shift towards using non‐fullerene electron acceptors in organic solar cells (OSCs) as a replacement for fullerene derivatives. This change requires polymer donors that possess compatible physical properties, such as absorption range, HOMO energy level, miscibility, and crystallinity. Moreover, the high cost and poor batch‐to‐batch reproducibility of polymer donors also hinder future large‐scale manufacturing. These emphasize the need to explore alternative types of polymer donors. The imide‐functionalized building units possess several key attributes that make their polymers highly promising for non‐fullerene OSCs. These attributes include ease of synthesis, strong electron‐withdrawing ability, rigid and co‐planar structure, and the ability to easily tune solubility through imide side chains. In this review, we summarized the synthetic routes of imide building units, and the structural evolution of imide‐functionalized polymer donors by focusing on the effects of polymer structure on their physical, optoelectronic, and photovoltaic properties. We hope that this mini‐review will serve as a catalyst for future research on imide‐functionalized polymers toward high‐performance, cost‐effective, and durable organic solar cells (OSCs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of plasmonic anti‐counterfeiting labels is designed on the basis of Au@SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles (Au@SiO2 NPs) and electrospun fibers. The fingerprint information of Raman active molecules is amplified by the plasmonic Au nanoparticles, and silica layers endow the stability of encoding information. Electrospun fibers with unordered breathable structure play the role of polymer matrix and own the flexible features. Au@SiO2 NPs are first adsorbed on the surface of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (PMMA/P4VP) fibers by noncovalent interactions, and then are decorated in/on the fibers by controlling the temperature. That is, when the temperature is higher than the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymer matrix, partial Au@SiO2 NPs are embedded in the PMMA/P4VP fibers. The composite fibers based on the Au@SiO2 and PMMA/P4VP fibers are fabricated, and the signals of Raman active molecules are amplified in the Au@SiO2/PMMA/P4VP fibers. The peak positions and intensity of spectra from surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy are transferred into plasmonic anti‐counterfeiting labels with different spaces and widths. The anti‐counterfeiting labels are further encrypted into quick response (QR) codes and decrypted by the smartphone. The QR codes are difficult to copy and easy to authenticate, and composite fibers possess superior stability and show potential application in the field of anti‐counterfeiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D rare earth (RE) materials have received considerable attention in recent years due to the fascinating luminescence, magnetism, and electric properties originated from RE associated with sharp and various emission peaks, intrinsic 2D ferromagnetism, and incommensurate charge density wave. These materials might open up a new prospect in next‐generation lighting, magnetic devices, and phototransistors. Herein, a comprehensive review of 2D RE materials is presented, focusing on their recent progresses. First, the crystal structures of 2D RE materials are discussed. Then, typical synthesis methods such as mechanical exfoliation, molecular beam epitaxy, pulsed laser deposition, and chemical vapor deposition are introduced. Furthermore, various properties in luminescence, magnetism, and electronics are summarized. The recently reported RE‐based 2D novel photodetectors are outlined as three constructions: MoS2/RE, graphene/RE, and perovskite/RE, which show promising applications for both narrow and broad band detection arised from the special absorption windows of different RE elements. Finally, the conclusions and outlook of this area are proposed, such as exploring novel 2D RE compounds, improving stability, and broadening applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarized photodetection based on anisotropic two‐dimensional materials display promising prospects for practical application in optical communication and optoelectronic fields. However, most of the reported polarized photodetection are limited by the lack of valid tunable strategy and low linear dichroism ratio. A peculiar noble metal dichalcogenide—PdSe2 with a puckered pentagonal structure and abnormal linear dichroism conversion—potentially removes these restrictions and is demonstrated in this study. Herein, azimuth‐dependent reflectance difference microscopy combined with anisotropic electrical transport measurements indicate strong in‐plane anisotropic optical and electrical properties of two‐dimensional PdSe2. Remarkably, the typical polarization‐resolved photodetection exhibits anisotropic photodetection characteristics with a dichroic ratio up to ≈1.8 at 532 nm and ≈2.2 at 369 nm, and their dominant polarization orientation differs by 90° corresponding to the a‐axis and b‐axis, respectively. The unique orientation selection behavior in polarization‐dependent photodetection can be attributed to the intrinsic linear dichroism conversion. The results make 2D PdSe2 a promising platform for investigating anisotropic structure–property correlations and integrated optical applications for novel polarization‐sensitive photodetection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe oligozoospermia (SO) is an important cause of male infertility. Its etiology and pathogenesis are associated with genetic abnormalities; however, the genetic causes of the majority of idiopathic human SO remain unclear. Here, we report a homozygous splice‐site mutation in M1AP (meiosis 1 associated protein; NM_138804, c.1435‐1G>A) observed in a patient with SO from a consanguineous Han Chinese family. His parents and fertile brother were heterozygous for the mutation. The splice variant led to a lack of M1AP protein in the patient's spermatozoa. Ultrastructural and immunostaining analyses of patient's spermatozoa showed highly aberrant swollen mitochondrial sheaths with normal axonemal structures. Subsequent mutation screening identified three additional heterozygous M1AP variants in 4/243 subjects with idiopathic SO, but no M1AP variants among 223 fertile subjects. Additionally, a previously study reported that M1ap knock‐out mice exhibited SO due to meiotic arrest. Hence, our findings indicate that M1AP mutation might represent novel genetic alteration responsible for human SO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Hajos-Parrish/Wieland-Miescher ketones; kinetic resolution; cascade reduction; ene-reductase; ketoreductase EN Hajos-Parrish/Wieland-Miescher ketones kinetic resolution cascade reduction ene-reductase ketoreductase 2764 2764 1 09/07/23 20230905 NES 230905 The inside cover picture illustrates that the stepwise reduction of Hajos-Parrish ketone (HPK) by ene-reductase (ERED)/ketoreductase (KRED) and KRED/ERED cascade. Hajos-Parrish/Wieland-Miescher ketones, kinetic resolution, cascade reduction, ene-reductase, ketoreductase Cover Picture: Discovery and Engineering of an Ene-reductase for Kinetic Resolution and Cascade Reduction of Hajos-Parrish/Wieland-Miescher Ketones (Adv. [Extracted from the article]

ABSTRACT A sensitive, rapid and simple liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed for the quantitative determination of cyclobenzaprine in human plasma, to study the pharmacokinetic behavior of cyclobenzaprine capsule in healthy Chinese volunteers. With escitalopram as the internal standard (IS), sample pretreatment involved a one-step liquid-liquid extraction using saturated sodium carbonate solution and hexane-diethyl ether (3:1, v/v). The separation was performed on an Ultimate XB-CN column (150 × 2.1 mm, 5 µm). Isocratic elution was applied using acetonitrile-water (40:60, v/v) containing 10 m M ammonium acetate and 0.1% formic acid. The detection was carried out on a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode via electrospray ionization. The ion-pairs including m/ z 276.2-216.2 for cyclobenzaprine and m/ z 325.2-109.1 for IS were used for monitoring. Linear calibration curves were obtained over the range of 0.049-29.81 ng/mL with the lower limit of quantification at 0.049 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precision showed ≤6.5% relative standard deviation. The established method laid the groundwork for follow-up studies and provided basis for the clinical administration of cyclobenzaprine. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cover image is based on the Original Article Molecular characterisation of Spanish patients with MECP2 duplication syndrome by Ainhoa Pascual‐Alonso et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/cge.13718. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]