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Dopant‐free hole transport layers (HTLs) play a crucial role in achieving high‐efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, only a limited number of these HTLs have demonstrated power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) surpassing 21%. Herein, the design and synthesis of two polymeric HTLs with a novel DA'D–A backbone are presented. The incorporation of two A units (benzothiazole and imide functionalized aromatics) in the polymer imparts a rigid backbone, high mobility, appropriate film morphology, excellent thermal stability, and a deeper highest occupied molecular orbital energy level, crucial for achieving a more suitable energy‐level alignment between HTL and perovskite layer. Notably, the champion PSC based on our HTLs exhibits a remarkable PCE of 22.02% with minimal hysteresis and excellent thermal stability, surpassing the performance of devices based on the benchmark polymeric HTL PTAA under identical conditions. These findings underscore the immense potential of our DA'D‐A backbone strategy in developing high‐performance dopant‐free polymer HTLs for enhancing the PCE of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: All‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) have attracted considerable attention due to their inherent advantages over other types of organic solar cells, including superior optical and thermal stability, as well as exceptional mechanical durability. Recently, all‐PSCs have experienced remarkable advancements in device performance thanks to the invention of polymerized small‐molecule acceptors (PSMAs) since 2017. Among these PSMAs, PY‐IT has garnered immense interest from the scientific community due to its exceptional performance in all‐PSCs. In this review, we presented the design principles of PY‐IT and discussed the various strategies employed in device engineering for PY‐IT‐based all‐PSCs. These strategies include additive and interface engineering, layer‐by‐layer processing methods, meniscus‐assisted coating methods, and ternary strategy. Furthermore, this review highlighted several novel polymeric donor materials that are paired with PY‐IT to achieve efficient all‐PSCs. Lastly, we summarized the inspiring strategies for further advancing all‐PSCs based on PY‐IT. These strategies aim to enhance the overall performance and stability of all‐PSCs by exploring new materials, optimizing device architectures, and improving fabrication techniques. By leveraging these approaches, we anticipate significant progress in the development of all‐PSCs and their potential as a viable renewable energy source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: All‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) have attracted considerable attention due to their inherent advantages over other types of organic solar cells, including superior optical and thermal stability, as well as exceptional mechanical durability. Recently, all‐PSCs have experienced remarkable advancements in device performance thanks to the invention of polymerized small‐molecule acceptors (PSMAs) since 2017. Among these PSMAs, PY‐IT has garnered immense interest from the scientific community due to its exceptional performance in all‐PSCs. In this review, we presented the design principles of PY‐IT and discussed the various strategies employed in device engineering for PY‐IT‐based all‐PSCs. These strategies include additive and interface engineering, layer‐by‐layer processing methods, meniscus‐assisted coating methods, and ternary strategy. Furthermore, this review highlighted several novel polymeric donor materials that are paired with PY‐IT to achieve efficient all‐PSCs. Lastly, we summarized the inspiring strategies for further advancing all‐PSCs based on PY‐IT. These strategies aim to enhance the overall performance and stability of all‐PSCs by exploring new materials, optimizing device architectures, and improving fabrication techniques. By leveraging these approaches, we anticipate significant progress in the development of all‐PSCs and their potential as a viable renewable energy source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymerized small molecule acceptors have recently greatly facilitated the development of all‐polymer solar cells (All‐PSCs) with respect to the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). However, high‐performance and low‐cost polymer donors for All‐PSCs are still lacking, limiting further large‐scale manufacturing of All‐PSCs. Herein, this work designs and synthesizes a new thiophene derivative, FETVT, featuring vinyl‐bridged fluorine and ester‐substituted monothiophene. Incorporation of FETVT into a polymer yields a high‐performance polythiophene derivative PFETVT‐T, which exhibits deep‐lying HOMO level, suitable solution pre‐aggregation ability, finely‐tuned polymer crystallinity, and appropriate thermodynamic miscibility with the polymer acceptor L15. As a result, binary based on PFETVT‐T achieves a record PCE of 11.81% with agood stability, representing a breakthrough for polythiophenes and their derivatives‐based All‐PSCs, which is also significantly higher than that (1.92%) of All‐PSCs based on its isomerized analog. Remarkably, PFETVT‐T achieves an impressive PCE exceeding 16% via the implementation of a ternary blend design. These findings offer a hopeful pathway toward attaining high‐performance, stable, and cost‐effective PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an intracellular parasite, the virus usurps cellular machinery and modulates cellular metabolism pathways to replicate itself in cells. Lipid droplets (LDs) are universally conserved energy storage organelles that not only play vital roles in maintaining lipid homeostasis but are also involved in viral replication. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that viruses take advantage of cellular lipid metabolism by targeting the biogenesis, hydrolysis, and lipophagy of LD during viral infection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the modulation of cellular LD by different viruses, with a special emphasis on the Hepatitis C virus, Dengue virus, and SARS‐CoV‐2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) Omicron variant is undergoing continuous evolution and convergent mutation. These new subvariants are raising concerns that they may evade neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We investigated the serum neutralization efficacy of Evusheld (cilgavimab and tixagevimab) against SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron BA.2, BA.2.75, BA.2.76, BA.5, BF.7, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1.5. A total of 90 serum samples from healthy individuals were collected in Shanghai. Anti‐RBD antibodies were measured and symptoms of infection with COVID‐19 were compared among those individuals. The neutralizing activity of serum against Omicron variants was analyzed by pseudovirus neutralization assays in 22 samples. Evusheld retained neutralizing activity against BA.2, BA.2.75, and BA.5, albeit with somewhat reduced titers. However, the neutralizing activity of Evusheld against BA.2.76, BF.7, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1.5 significantly decreased, with XBB.1.5 showing the greatest escape activity among the subvariants. We also observed that Evusheld recipients displayed elevated antibody levels in their serum, which efficiently neutralized the original variant, and exhibited different characteristics of infection than those who did not receive Evusheld. The mAb has partial neutralization activity against Omicron sublineages. However, the increasing doses of mAb and a larger size of population should be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kaposi sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of several human diseases, including Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and a subset of multicentric Castleman's disease. KSHV uses its gene products to manipulate many aspects of the host responses during its life cycles. Among KSHV‐encoded proteins, ORF45 is unique in both temporal and spatial expression: it is expressed as an immediate‐early gene product and is an abundant tegument protein contained in the virion. ORF45 is specific to the gammaherpesvirinae subfamily but the homologs share only very limited homology and differ dramatically in protein length. In the past two decades, we and others have shown that ORF45 plays critical roles in immune evasion, viral replication, and virion assembly by targeting various host and viral factors. Herein, we summarize our current knowledge of ORF45 throughout the KSHV life cycle. We discuss the cellular processes targeted by ORF45 with emphasis on the modulation of host innate immune responses and rewiring the host signaling through impacting three major posttranslational modifications: phosphorylation, SUMOylation, and ubiquitination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection leads to the accumulation of lipid droplets (LD), the central hubs of the lipid metabolism, in vitro or in type II pneumocytes and monocytes from coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) patients and blockage of LD formation by specific inhibitors impedes SARS‐CoV‐2 replication. Here, we showed that ORF3a is necessary and sufficient to trigger LD accumulation during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, leading to efficient virus replication. Although highly mutated during evolution, ORF3a‐mediated LD modulation is conserved in most SARS‐CoV‐2 variants except the Beta strain and is a major difference between SARS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2 that depends on the genetic variations on the amino acid position 171, 193, and 219 of ORF3a. Importantly, T223I substitution in recent Omicron strains (BA.2‐BF.8) impairs ORF3a‐Vps39 association and LD accumulation, leading to less efficient replication and potentially contributing to lower pathogenesis of the Omicron strains. Our work characterized how SARS‐CoV‐2 modulates cellular lipid homeostasis to benefit its replication during virus evolution, making ORF3a‐LD axis a promising drug target for the treatment of COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strain of Zika virus (ZIKV) that circulated during the 2015 epidemic in Brazil has been associated with more than 2000 cases of microcephaly from September 2015 through November 2016. The viral genome determines the biology and pathogenesis of a virus and the virus employs its own gene products to evade host immune surveillance, manipulate cellular machineries, and establish efficient replication. Therefore, understanding the functions of virus‐encoded protein not only aids the knowledge of ZIKV biology but also guides the development of anti‐ZIKV drugs. In this review, we focus on 10 proteins encoded by ZIKV and summarize their functions in ZIKV replication and pathogenesis according to studies published in the past 6 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]