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Abortion is one of the most politically divisive topics currently being discussed in the media. No study has yet attempted to make cross‐national comparisons assessing the nuances associated with various views on abortion in the English public press. Using an original hand‐coded sample of over 800 English‐language newspaper articles from 41 countries that mentioned abortion, we examine how country‐level influences and newspaper characteristics shape newspaper portrayals of abortion. Our three‐level hierarchical models find that democracy and the freedom it engenders increase the likelihood that newspapers discuss laws, policies, and government claimsmakers when abortion is mentioned. When abortion is legal, newspapers are less likely to mention social movements and protest activities, possibly because the issue may be more settled. We also provide previously untapped insight into the role that a country's religious culture and level of economic development play. Surprisingly, religion and economics have relatively little influence in shaping abortion discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Approximately one‐third of US adults have a tattoo, and the prevalence is increasing. Tattooing can result in long‐term exposure to carcinogens and inflammatory and immune responses. Methods: We examined tattooing and risk of hematologic cancers in a population‐based case–control study with 820 cases diagnosed 2019–2021 and 8200 frequency‐matched controls, ages 18–79 years. We calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using multivariable‐adjusted logistic regression models. Results: The prevalence of tattooing was 22% among Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) cases, 11% among non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases, 16% among myeloid neoplasm cases, and 15% among controls. Though there were no clear patterns of associations between ever receiving a tattoo and risk of HL, NHL, or myeloid neoplasms overall, in analyses restricted to ages 20–60 years, ever receiving a tattoo (OR 2.06 [95% CI 1.01, 4.20]) and receiving a tattoo 10+ years prior (OR 2.64 [95% CI 1.23, 5.68]) were associated with an aggregated group of rarer mature B‐cell NHLs. We also observed elevated risks for a 10+ year latency for myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myeloid leukemia (OR 1.48 [95% CI 0.40, 5.41], and OR 1.24 [95% CI 0.45, 3.43], respectively). Conclusions: Though estimates were imprecise, we found some suggestive evidence that tattooing may be associated with an increased risk of certain hematologic cancer subtypes. With an estimated 46% prevalence of tattooing in US individuals ages 30–49, additional studies are needed to understand the degree to which these exposures may be associated with hematologic cancer risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased awareness by industry of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is forcing companies to examine electrical technologies as alternatives to fossil fuel‐driven thermal ones. Spray drying of milk is recognized as a high‐energy process and is of particular importance to New Zealand. It requires inlet air temperatures higher than most existing electrically‐driven heat‐pumps can reliably achieve. Already some companies internationally are considering freezing and shipping milk concentrates rather than drying which begs the question as to whether the GHG emissions of frozen concentrate outweigh the GHG avoided by not drying. This research note assesses the relative GHG emissions and indicates a GHG advantage for frozen concentrate shipping. Practical applications: Increased awareness of the significance of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is forcing companies to examine alternatives to fossil fuel‐driven thermal technologies. Spray drying of milk is recognized as a high‐energy process and is of particular importance to New Zealand. It requires inlet air temperatures higher than most existing electrically‐driven heat‐pumps can achieve and so commonly requires fossil‐fuel use. Already some companies internationally are considering freezing and shipping milk concentrates rather than shipping dried milk. This research note assesses the relative GHG emissions of conventional (fossil‐fuelled) processes, and a novel process involving frozen concentrate. The evaluation shows that significant greenhouse gas reduction is possible by shipping frozen concentrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The replication crisis and subsequent credibility revolution in psychology have highlighted many suboptimal research practices such as p‐hacking, overgeneralizing, and a lack of transparency. These practices may have been employed reflexively but upon reflection, they are hard to defend. We suggest that current practices for reporting and discussing study limitations are another example of an area where there is much room for improvement. In this article, we call for more rigorous reporting of study limitations in social and personality psychology articles, and we offer advice for how to do this. We recommend that authors consider what the best argument is against their conclusions (which we call the "steel‐person principle"). We consider limitations as threats to construct, internal, external, and statistical conclusion validity (Shadish et al., 2002), and offer some examples for better practice reporting of common study limitations. Our advice has its own limitations — both our representation of current practices and our recommendations are largely based on our own metaresearch and opinions. Nevertheless, we hope that we can prompt researchers to write more deeply and clearly about the limitations of their research, and to hold each other to higher standards when reviewing each other's work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is still much to learn about attraction and relationship formation. Here, we introduce an innovative method that utilizes modern technology to permit large‐scale, observational study of dyadic behavior that may yield new empirical insights into how people choose partners and form relationships: virtual speed dating. In doing so, we provide a methodological overview of a recent virtual speed‐dating study that we conducted, and we provide guidance for other scholars who wish to conduct such a study. Not only does virtual speed dating permit a feasible way to conduct large‐scale speed‐dating research and observe dyadic behavior during initial meeting and dating interactions, but it can benefit relationship science in myriad other ways, including the ability to (a) study novel research questions about first‐impression formation, romantic rivalries, and affiliative behaviors, (b) study diverse types of relationships, and (c) increase representation of diverse individuals in relationship science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) metabolism is strongly influenced by two pharmacogenes, CYP2D6 and CYP2C19. However, the effectiveness of prospectively using pharmacogenetic variants to select or dose SSRIs for depression is uncertain in routine clinical practice. The objective of this prospective, multicenter, pragmatic randomized controlled trial is to determine the effectiveness of genotype‐guided selection and dosing of antidepressants on control of depression in participants who are 8 years or older with ≥3 months of depressive symptoms who require new or revised therapy. Those randomized to the intervention arm undergo pharmacogenetic testing at baseline and receive a pharmacy consult and/or automated clinical decision support intervention based on an actionable phenotype, while those randomized to the control arm have pharmacogenetic testing at the end of 6‐months. In both groups, depression and drug tolerability outcomes are assessed at baseline, 1 month, 3 months (primary), and 6 months. The primary end point is defined by change in Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Depression score assessed at 3 months versus baseline. Secondary end points include change inpatient health questionnaire (PHQ‐8) measure of depression severity, remission rates defined by PROMIS score < 16, medication adherence, and medication side effects. The primary analysis will compare the PROMIS score difference between trial arms among those with an actionable CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 genetic result or a CYP2D6 drug–drug interaction. The trial has completed accrual of 1461 participants, of which 562 were found to have an actionable phenotype to date, and follow‐up will be complete in April of 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ability to perform transvenous temporary cardiac pacing (TV‐TP) is critical to stabilize horses with symptomatic bradyarrhythmias. Reports of successful TV‐TP in horses are limited, and only briefly describe short‐term pacing. Objective: To describe temporary, medium‐term (24 h) transvenous right ventricular pacing in awake horses using a bipolar torque‐directed pacing catheter. Animals: Six healthy adult institutional teaching horses. Methods: Prospective experimental study with 2 immediately successive TV‐TP lead placements in each horse with a target location of the RV apex. One placement was performed primarily with echocardiographic guidance and 1 primarily with fluoroscopic guidance. In all placements, corresponding images were obtained with both imaging modalities. Horses were then paced for 24 h, unrestricted in a stall with continuous telemetric ECG monitoring. Echocardiographically determined lead position, episodes of pacing failure in the preceding 6 h, and pacing thresholds were recorded every 6 h. Pacing failure was defined as a period of loss of capture longer than 20 s. Results: Pacing leads were placed with both guidance methods and maintained for 24 h with no complications. Two horses with leads angled caudally in the right ventricular apex had no pacing failure, the remaining 4 horses had varying degrees of loss of capture. Leads located in the right ventricular apex had longer time to pacing failure and lower capture thresholds P < 0.05. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Medium‐term TV‐TP is feasible and has potential for stabilization of horses with symptomatic bradyarrhythmias. Lead position in the right ventricular apex appears optimal. Continuous ECG monitoring is recommended to detect pacing failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being seen as a midlife construct, generativity (i.e., care and concern for the next generation) has significant utilization among emerging adults. However, the measures developed and recommended by seminal scholars to research generativity have had challenges when applied to the emerging adult population. Therefore, the current article outlines the history of generativity measurement, generativity measurement among emerging adults, recommendations for utilizing generativity measures in practice, and future research directions for generativity measurement among emerging adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early leader and leadership development experiences that develop generativity and therefore social responsibility will become increasingly imperative in preparing a young workforce to shoulder the burden of a substantial leadership transfer in the wake of Baby Boomer retirements. While generativity is considered a midlife construct, recent and emergent research is documenting an association between developmental relationships, such as mentoring, coaching, and advising, and generativity in young adults. The current article highlights the recent research and addresses its implications for leadership practitioners, scholars, and educators. The article concludes with a discourse on future research directions that considers the nuances of particular methodological approaches that will be needed to understand how developmental relationships encourage generativity over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undergraduate students not only have the rare opportunity to experience mentoring from both the perspective of the mentor as well as the mentee, but also have the rare opportunity to experience the impact of mentoring on their leader and leadership development (LD) from both mentor and mentee perspectives. While mentoring is considered one of the most potent tools for LD, having a mentor or being a mentor does not automatically stimulate effective LD. This article will highlight cornerstones of effective mentoring practice when undergraduates are mentees versus mentors and will also offer new frontiers in undergraduate student mentoring research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of the climate and hydrochemistry of Mars is still a mystery but it must have been at least occasionally warm and wet to have formed the ancient fluvial and lacustrine landforms observed today. Terrestrial examples and geochemical modeling under proposed early Mars conditions show that zeolite minerals are likely to have formed under alkaline (pH > 8) conditions with low water/rock ratio and surface temperatures below 150°C. The identification and spatial association of zeolites on the surface of Mars could thus be used to reconstruct the paleoclimate, paleohydrochemistry, and geological evolution of some locations on Mars. Previous studies identified the zeolite analcime and discuss the difficulties of identifying other zeolite species on the surface of Mars using orbital spectroscopy. We used published global mineralogical, geological, geomorphological, hydrological, physical, and elemental abundance maps and the locations of hydrous minerals detected and mapped using orbital data to create a map that delineates favorable areas to look for zeolites on Mars. We used the data‐driven fuzzy‐based Weights‐of‐Evidence method to identify and map favorable areas for zeolites on the surface of Mars up to ±40° latitude toward the poles. The final map shows that the eastern and western Arabia deposits, some sites in the Medusae Fossae formation, and some areas within and near Valles Marineris, Mawrth Vallis, highlands north of Hellas, and the Terra Cimmeria and Terra Sirenum regions would be favorable areas to look for zeolites using targeted orbital spectral analysis or future in situ observations. Plain Language Summary: Our knowledge of early Mars environmental conditions is limited. Field examples from the Earth and computer models that simulate how zeolites form under early martian conditions showed that they prefer water‐limited, high pH conditions and surface temperatures below 150°C. Therefore, if zeolite minerals are present in certain locations on the surface of Mars, based on their presence, we can infer the geological and environmental history of that location. We used a computer model to identify where zeolite minerals can be present on Mars, based on existing maps and data sets of martian surface features, properties, and compositions. Using that model, we identified several areas of Mars that would have been favorable for zeolites, which could be targeted for future more detailed studies. Key Points: This study creates a map to delineate the favorable areas to look for zeolites on the surface of MarsWe used the data‐driven fuzzy‐based Weights‐of‐Evidence method to identify and map favorable areas for zeolites using published global maps on MarsThe final map shows the prospective areas for zeolites which could be used for more detailed orbital data analysis or future in situ observations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in FOXA1 (forkhead box protein A1) protein levels are well associated with prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Unfortunately, direct targeting of FOXA1 in progressive PCa remains challenging due to variations in FOXA1 protein levels, increased FOXA1 mutations at different stages of PCa, and elusive post‐translational FOXA1 regulating mechanisms. Here, we show that SKP2 (S‐phase kinase‐associated protein 2) catalyzes K6‐ and K29‐linked polyubiquitination of FOXA1 for lysosomal‐dependent degradation. Our data indicate increased SKP2:FOXA1 protein ratios in stage IV human PCa compared to stages I–III, together with a strong inverse correlation (r = −0.9659) between SKP2 and FOXA1 levels, suggesting that SKP2–FOXA1 protein interactions play a significant role in PCa progression. Prostate tumors of Pten/Trp53 mice displayed increased Skp2–Foxa1–Pcna signaling and colocalization, whereas disruption of the Skp2–Foxa1 interplay in Pten/Trp53/Skp2 triple‐null mice demonstrated decreased Pcna levels and increased expression of Foxa1 and luminal positive cells. Treatment of xenograft mice with the SKP2 inhibitor SZL P1‐41 decreased tumor proliferation, SKP2:FOXA1 ratios, and colocalization. Thus, our results highlight the significance of the SKP2–FOXA1 interplay on the luminal lineage in PCa and the potential of therapeutically targeting FOXA1 through SKP2 to improve PCa control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Within older Veterans, multiple factors may contribute to cognitive difficulties. Beyond Alzheimer's disease (AD), military‐related exposures leading to vascular disease (e.g., agent orange), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and traumatic brain injury (TBI) may also impact cognition. This study aimed to derive groups based on objective cognition, subjective cognition, and amyloid burden, and then compare groups on demographic, clinical, and biomarker characteristics. Method: A hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted on 233 Vietnam‐Era Veterans without dementia from the Department of Defense‐Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Variables entered in the cluster analysis included: immediate and delayed memory, language, and attention/executive functioning domain scores; subjective cognitive decline (SCD) severity; and cortical amyloid PET SUVR. A discriminate function analysis (DFA) tested the extent to which the individual variables predicted cluster‐group membership. ANOVAs and chi‐squared tests examined demographic, clinical, and biomarker characteristics by group. Result: Cluster analysis identified 4 groups: Group 1 with high cognition, low SCD, and average amyloid (n = 41); Group 2 with average cognition, average SCD, and low amyloid (n = 121); Group 3 with low attention/executive functioning, average SCD, and high amyloid (n = 28); and Group 4 with low memory/language, high SCD, and average amyloid (n = 43; Figure 1). The DFA correctly classified 88.8% of participants. Group 3 had the greatest proportion of APOE ε4 carriers and individuals with TBI, highest tau burden, and lowest hippocampal volume. Group 4 had the fewest years of education, highest proportion of Hispanic/Latino participants, PTSD, and worst sleep quality. Groups did not differ on age, depressive symptoms, hypertension, or substance use (Table 1). Conclusion: Within Vietnam‐Era Veterans, there were high and average cognition groups (Groups 1 and 2), both with low amyloid burden. Group 3 was most consistent with biological AD, yet attention/executive function was the lowest score. The complexity of older Veterans' co‐morbid conditions may interact with AD pathology to show attention/executive dysfunction (rather than memory) as a prominent early symptom. Group 4 had the worst cognitive scores and highest SCD despite low amyloid; education, PTSD symptoms, sleep quality, and perhaps sociocultural factors may be contributing to this profile. Future work will investigate longitudinal cognitive and functional declines by group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Little is known regarding the association between insurance status and treatment delays in women with breast cancer and whether this association varies by neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation status. Methods: In this cohort study, we used medical record data of women diagnosed with breast cancer between 2004 and 2022 at two Georgia‐based healthcare systems. Treatment delay was defined as >90 days to surgery or >120 days to systemic treatment. Insurance coverage was categorized as private, Medicaid, Medicare, other public, or uninsured. Area deprivation index (ADI) was used as a proxy for neighborhood‐level socioeconomic status. Associations between delayed treatment and insurance status were analyzed using logistic regression, with an interaction term assessing effect modification by ADI. Results: Of the 14,195 women with breast cancer, 54% were non‐Hispanic Black and 52% were privately insured. Compared with privately insured patients, those who were uninsured, Medicaid enrollees, and Medicare enrollees had 79%, 75%, and 27% higher odds of delayed treatment, respectively (odds ratio [OR]: 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.32–2.43; OR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.43–2.13; OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.06–1.51). Among patients living in low–deprivation areas, those who were uninsured, Medicaid enrollees, and Medicare enrollees had 100%, 84%, and 26% higher odds of delayed treatment than privately insured patients (OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.44–2.78; OR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.48–2.30; OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.05–1.53). No differences in the odds of delayed treatment by insurance status were observed in patients living in high‐deprivation areas. Discussion/Conclusion: Insurance status was associated with treatment delays for women living in low‐deprivation neighborhoods. However, for women living in neighborhoods with high deprivation, treatment delays were observed regardless of insurance status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores numerous complexities involved in assessing and measuring leadership identity development. It also reviews leader and leadership identity as well as prior attempts to assess leader and leadership identity development. Recommendations for effective assessment and measurement practices when diagnosing development in leader and leadership identity are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nursing home (NH) residents are vulnerable to mortality after natural disasters. We examined NH residents' excess all-cause mortality associated with Hurricane Harvey, a unique disaster with long-lasting flooding effects. We also explored how mortality differed between short-stay and longstay residents and by chronic conditions. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of Texas NH residents, comparing 30- and 90-day mortality among residents exposed to Hurricane Harvey in August 2017 to residents not exposed in the same location and time period during the previous 2 years. Data came from the Minimum Data Set Assessments and the Medicare Beneficiary Summary File. We used linear probability models to examine the association between hurricane exposure and mortality, adjusting for resident demographics, clinical acuity, and NH fixed effects. Models were stratified by short-stay and long-stay status. We also described differences in mortality by residents' chronic conditions. Results: In 2017, 18,479 Texas NH residents were exposed to Hurricane Harvey. Exposure to Hurricane Harvey was not significantly associated with 30-day mortality. However, 7.6% (95% CI: 7.2, 7.9) of long-stay residents died 90 days after exposure to Harvey, compared to 6.3% (95% CI: 6.0, 6.7) during 2015. Apparently, this effect was driven by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as approximately 9.2% of these residents died within 90 days after Harvey landing compared to 7.2% in 2015 (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Hurricane exposure appears to have significant consequences for mortality among long-stay NH residents, which appear to materialize over the long-term (90 days post-hurricane in our study) and may not be apparent immediately (30 days post-hurricane in our study). NH residents with COPD may be particularly vulnerable to increased mortality risk following hurricane exposure. The results highlight the need to pay special attention to mortality risk in NH residents, particularly those with COPD, following hurricane exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report presents testing of a prototype cantilevered liquid-nitrogen-cooled silicon mirror. This mirror was designed to be the first mirror for the new soft X-ray beamlines to be built as part of the Advanced Light Source Upgrade. Test activities focused on fracture, heat transfer, modal response and distortion, and indicated that the mirror functions as intended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common renal malignancy in children. Children with favorable histology WT achieve survival rates of over 90%. Twelve percent of patients present with metastatic disease, most commonly to the lungs. The presence of a pleural effusion at the time of diagnosis of WT may be noted on staging imaging; however, minimal data exist regarding the significance and prognostic importance of this finding. The objectives of our study are to identify the incidence of pleural effusions in patients with WT, and to determine the potential impact on oncologic outcomes. A multi‐institutional retrospective review was performed from January 2009 to December 2019, including children with WT and a pleural effusion on diagnostic imaging treated at Pediatric Surgical Oncology Research Collaborative (PSORC) participating institutions. Of 1259 children with a new WT diagnosis, 94 (7.5%) had a pleural effusion. Patients with a pleural effusion were older than those without (median 4.3 vs 3.5 years; P =.004), and advanced stages were more common (local stage III 85.9% vs 51.9%; P <.0001). Only 14 patients underwent a thoracentesis for fluid evaluation; 3 had cytopathologic evidence of malignant cells. Event‐free and overall survival of all children with WT and pleural effusions was 86.2% and 91.5%, respectively. The rate and significance of malignant cells present in pleural fluid is unknown due to low incidence of cytopathologic analysis in our cohort; therefore, the presence of an effusion does not appear to necessitate a change in therapy. Excellent survival can be expected with current stage‐specific treatment regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does electing Islamist parties help or hurt women? Due to Ennahda winning a plurality in the 2011 elections and women from all parties winning 31% of seats, Tunisia offers an opportunity to test the impact of legislator gender and Islamist orientation on women's representation. Using original 2012 surveys of 40 Tunisian parliamentarians (MPs) and 1200 citizens, we find that electing female and Islamists MPs improves women's symbolic and service responsiveness by increasing the likelihood that female citizens are aware of and contact MPs. Electing Islamist female MPs has a positive impact on women's symbolic and service responsiveness, but decreases the likelihood that men will interact with legislators. We argue that Islamist deputies are more responsive to women due to an Islamic mandate effect—that is, Islamist parties' efforts to institutionalize their constituency relations, provide services to the marginalized through direct contact with citizens, and respect norms of piety by using female parliamentarians to reach women in sex‐segregated spaces. While Islamist parties positively impact some dimensions of women's representation, they also reinforce traditional gender relations. Our results extend the literature on Islam, gender, and governance by demonstrating that quotas and party institutionalization improve women's representation in clientelistic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The authors identified tumor, treatment, and patient characteristics that may contribute to differences in breast cancer (BC) mortality by race, rurality, and area-level socioeconomic status (SES) among women diagnosed with stage IIIB-IV BC in Georgia.Methods: Using the Georgia Cancer Registry, 3084 patients with stage IIIB-IV primary BC (2013-2017) were identified. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing mortality among non-Hispanic Black (NHB) versus non-Hispanic White (NHW), residents of rural versus urban neighborhoods, and residents of low- versus high-SES neighborhoods by tumor, treatment, and patient characteristics. The mediating effects of specific characteristics on the association between race and BC mortality were estimated.Results: Among the study population, 41% were NHB, 21% resided in rural counties, and 72% resided in low SES neighborhoods. The authors observed mortality disparities by race (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.13, 1.41) and rurality (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.00, 1.30), but not by SES (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.91, 1.19). In the stratified analyses, racial disparities were the most pronounced among women with HER2 overexpressing tumors (HR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.53, 3.45). Residing in a rural county was associated with increased mortality among uninsured women (HR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.31, 3.86), and the most pronounced SES disparities were among younger women (<40 years: HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 0.88, 2.42).Conclusions: There is considerable variation in racial, regional, and socioeconomic disparities in late-stage BC mortality by tumor, treatment, and patient characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the field of leadership education continues to grow in terms of number of programs, students, and associated professional educators, our rigorous understanding of the impact of these programs has continued to lag behind such growth. Higher education/student affairs master's students' preparation and development as leadership educators (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Thus, we are learning that LD programs must be multi-level (Day et al., 2014; DeRue & Myers, 2014; O'Connell, 2014) - LD cannot focus on individual leader development and expect the team to get better, but rather team leadership capacity must also be enhanced. Advancements in leadership education have also taught us that leadership learning must be longitudinal - LD is too complex to think leadership education efforts will enact significant change as a result of a two- or three-day workshop or event (Day & Liu, 2019). [Extracted from the article]

The author discusses the article "Evaluating California Nursing Homes' Emergency Preparedness for Wildlife Exposure" by Festa et al which raises additional concerns about nursing home preparedness. Topics include the number of nursing homes across California, limitations of nursing home regulations, and the responsive regulation approach described by N. Festa and colleagues.

Intestinal macrophages play a vital role in the maintenance of gut homeostasis through signals derived from the microbiota. We previously demonstrated that microbial‐derived metabolites can shape the metabolic functions of macrophages. Here, we show that antibiotic‐induced disruption of the intestinal microbiota dramatically alters both the local metabolite environment and the metabolic functions of macrophages in the colon. Broad‐spectrum antibiotic administration in mice increased the expression of the large neutral amino acid transporter LAT1 and accordingly, amino acid uptake. Subsequently, antibiotic administration enhanced the metabolic functions of colonic macrophages, increasing phosphorylation of components of mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin signalling pathways, with increased expression of genes involved in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), increased mitochondrial function, increased rate of extracellular acidification (ECAR; measure of glycolysis) and increased rate of oxygen consumption (OCR; measure of OXPHOS). Small bowel macrophages were less metabolically active than their colonic counterparts, with macrophage metabolism in the small intestine being independent of the microbiota. Finally, we reveal tissue‐resident Tim4+ CD4+ macrophages exhibit enhanced fatty acid uptake alongside reduced fatty acid synthesis compared to recruited macrophages. Thus, the microbiota shapes gut macrophage metabolism in a compartment‐specific manner, with important implications for monocyte recruitment and macrophage differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is tentative evidence that infants can learn preferences through evaluative conditioning to socioemotional stimuli. However, the early development of evaluative conditioning and the factors that may explain infants’ capacity to learn through evaluative conditioning are not well understood. Infants (N = 319; 50.2% boys) participated in a longitudinal study where an evaluative conditioning paradigm using socioemotional stimuli was conducted on two occasions (when infants were 7 and 14 months old, on average). We tested whether repeatedly pairing neutral stimuli (triangular and square shapes) with affective stimuli (angry and happy faces) affects infants’ preferences for these shapes. At both timepoints, the majority of infants did not choose the shape that was paired with happy faces, indicating that, in general, learning through evaluative conditioning was not present. However, as expected, individual differences were evident such that infants who spent more time fixating on faces compared to shapes (face-preferrers) during the conditioning trials were significantly more likely than non-face-preferrers to choose the shape paired with happy faces, and this effect strengthened with increasing age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncertainty quantification (UQ) in eruption source parameters, like tephra volume, plume height, and umbrella cloud radius, is a challenge for volcano scientists because tephra deposits are often sparsely sampled due to burial, erosion, and related factors. We find that UQ is improved by coupling an advection‐diffusion model with two Bayesian inversion approaches: (a) a robust but computationally expensive Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation algorithm, and (b) a more approximate but inexpensive parameter estimation algorithm combined with first‐order, second‐moment uncertainty estimation. We apply the two inversion methods to one sparsely sampled tephra fall unit from the 2070 BP El Misti (Peru) eruption and obtain: Tephra mass 0.78–1.4 × 1011 kg; umbrella cloud radius 4.5–16.5 km, and plume height 8–35 km (95% confidence intervals). These broad ranges demonstrate the significance of UQ for eruption classification based on mapped deposits, which has implications for hazard management. Plain Language Summary: Volcanologists use ashfall deposits to estimate the magnitudes and intensities of past or unobserved eruptions. Different processes can affect the ash deposits during and after the eruption (e.g., burial, remobilisation, and erosion) resulting in sparse sampling of the deposit and uncertainty in the deposit thickness where it is sampled. Uncertain data results in uncertain estimates of erupted volume, plume height, and umbrella cloud dimensions, which are essential parameters used to estimate future volcanic hazards. Here we present two methods to quantify the uncertainty in these parameter estimates from deposit data. As a case study, we estimate eruption parameters for a sparsely sampled ashfall deposit from the 2070 BP eruption of El Misti, Peru. We find that for this sampled unit the mass of the erupted tephra was 0.78–1.4 × 1011 kg, umbrella cloud radius was 4.5–16.5 km, and plume height was 8–35 km. These ranges are 95% confidence intervals, giving a much better idea of the eruption magnitude and intensity than that is achieved from point estimates, such as reporting the erupted mass as a single value. Key Points: Characterising volcanic eruptions based on incompletely preserved and sampled tephra deposits leads to uncertainty in classificationWe couple a tephra forward model to two inversion techniques to quantify eruption parameter uncertaintyResults show uncertainty quantification is crucial for sparsely sampled deposits because range in eruption parameters can be substantial [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study evaluated the association between preexisting stress‐related diagnoses and mortality in a Danish population–based cancer cohort. Methods: This study included Danish patients with cancer diagnosed in 1995‐2011 who had a stress‐related diagnosis before their cancer diagnosis. Cancer patients without a prior stress‐related diagnosis were matched 5:1 to the stress disorder cohort by cancer site, age group, calendar period, and sex. The 5‐year cumulative incidence of cancer‐specific and all‐cause mortality was computed by stress‐related diagnosis category. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associating stress‐related diagnoses with mortality were computed by follow‐up time, stress‐related diagnosis category, stage, comorbidity status, and cancer type. Results: This study identified 4437 cancer patients with a preexisting stress‐related diagnosis and 22,060 matched cancer cohort members. The 5‐year cumulative risk of cancer‐specific mortality was 33% (95% CI, 32%‐35%) for those with a preexisting stress‐related diagnosis and 29% (95% CI, 28%‐29%) for those without a prior stress‐related diagnosis. Cancer patients with a preexisting stress‐related diagnosis had a 1.3 times higher cancer‐specific mortality rate than the comparison cohort members (95% CI, 1.2‐1.5). This increase persisted across categories of stress‐related diagnosis. The association varied by stage and cancer type, with more pronounced associations found among those with a late stage at diagnosis and hematological malignancies. Conclusions: Cancer patients with preexisting stress‐related diagnoses had increased rates of cancer‐specific and all‐cause mortality. The results suggest that psychiatric comorbidities may be an important consideration for cancer prognosis, and cancer treatment informed by a patient's history may improve outcomes. Cancer patients with preexisting stress‐related diagnoses have increased rates of cancer‐specific and all‐cause mortality. The results of this study suggest that psychiatric comorbidities may be an important consideration for cancer prognosis, and cancer treatment informed by a patient's history may improve outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) reflects cognitive deficits without significant functional decline in activities of daily living (1). MCI subtypes correspond to phenotypic cognitive impairment patterns in memory, attention, language, executive, and visuospatial compared to age‐adjusted norms: Amnestic single domain (ASD) or multi‐domain (AMD), Nonamnestic single domain (NASD), or Nonamnestic multi‐domain (NAMD). Previous studies have suggested nonamnestic subtypes are more likely to represent non‐AD prodromes, but conclusions have been limited by small sample sizes (1). Method: Using the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) database (grant U24 AG072122), we selected all initial Uniform Data Set (UDS) assessments diagnosed as MCI with subtyping. The NACC data was collected from 37 participating Alzheimer's disease Research Centers. Baseline clinical features, primary etiology and associated medical conditions were collected. Results: 9852 individuals with MCI on baseline UDS visits were analyzed: 45.6% were diagnosed with AD (Table 1). AD was the most common primary etiology in all subtypes, more frequent in amnestic than nonamnestic subtypes (AMD 54.1%; ASD 50.5%; NAMD 20.0%; NASD 18.8%). Overall, 6% were diagnosed with DLB and 3.1% with PD; NAMD and NASD were more frequent than AMD or ASD. The most frequently associated medical conditions were hypercholesterolemia, HTN, depression, anxiety, sleep apnea and diabetes (table 2). The highest percentage of depression and anxiety were in nonamnetsic subtypes. Recent stroke was most frequent in NAMD. Conclusion: MCI is a heterogeneous disorder, and its classification by subtypes is essential in understanding prodromal stages and neurodegenerative neuropathology. Dementia risk modulation and prevention is linked to identification and treatment of associated medical conditions including frequent neuropsychiatric comorbidity (2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) reflects cognitive deficits without significant functional decline in activities of daily living. MCI subtypes correspond to phenotypic cognitive impairment patterns in memory, attention, language, executive, and visuospatial compared to age‐adjusted norms: Amnestic single domain (ASD) or multi‐domain (AMD), Nonamestic single domain (NASD), or Nonamnestic multi‐domain (NAMD). Previous studies have suggested Nonanmestic subtypes demonstrate more likely represent non‐AD prodromes, but conclusions have been limited by small sample sizes. The present study attempts to see correlates of htese proposed differences as evident by cognitive testing battery. Method: Using the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) database (grant U24 AG072122), we selected all initial Uniform Data Set (UDS) assessments diagnosed as MCI with subtyping. The NACC data was collected from 37 participating Alzheimer's disease Research Centers. Baseline demographic, clinical features, Neuropsychiatric symptoms, and AD biomarkers were collected. One‐way ANOVA analyses were used to compare cognitive performance on all UDS cognitive tests across MCI subtypes. Result: 9852 individuals with MCI on baseline UDS visits were analyzed: 45.4% AMD, 33.7% ASD, 12.6% NASD, 8.2% NAMD. There were significant differences (P<.001 or greater) on all measures which is not unexpected given large sample size. Notable differences between ASD/AMD, NASD/NAMD were prominent on Trails B, Craft story immediate and delayed recall, and Benton immediate recall minus delayed recall. See table for complete summary of scores.Trails B, mean (SD) times were ASD (113±62), AMD (157±82), NASD (143±78),NAMD (171±83). Craft story showed clear differences between groups on immediate recall (ASD14.9 (6.4)/AMD 14.2 (6.76)/NASD 18.0 (8.0/NAMD 17.9 (6.9)) and delayed recall (ASD 9.9 (7.0)/AMD 10.1 (6.7)/NASD 15.2 (6.4)/NAMD 15.5 (6.2)). Benton immediate minus delayed recall differences were ASD 8.1/AMD 7.9 versus NASD 4.2, NAMD 4.9) Conclusion: Nonamnestic MCI subtypes are characterized by lower performance on executive tasks such as Trails B. Conversely, memory tasks show lower performance in NACC UDS participants with amnestic subtypes of MCI. This would support the concept that Nonamnestic MCI may represent prodromal stages of non‐AD dementia more frequently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) reflects cognitive deficits without significant functional decline in activities of daily living. MCI subtypes correspond to phenotypic cognitive impairment patterns in memory, attention, language, executive, and visuospatial compared to age‐adjusted norms: Amnestic single domain (ASD) or multi‐domain (AMD), Nonamnestic single domain (NASD), or Nonamnestic multi‐domain (NAMD. In this study, we explore frequencies of domain impairment by MCI subtype, and frequency of each combination of (memory ±) all combinations of Language, Attention, Executive and Visuospatial impairment in the NACC database. This is of practical importance for both localization of amyloid or tau deposition as well as relative localization of areas of deficit. Method: Using the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) database (grant U24 AG072122), we selected all initial Uniform Data Set (UDS) assessments diagnosed as MCI with sub‐typing. The NACC data was collected from 37 participating Alzheimer's disease Research Centers. 9852 individuals with MCI on baseline UDS visits were analyzed: 45.4% AMD, 33.7% ASD, 12.6% NASD, 8.2% NAMD. Result: Figure one shows the distribution overall of domain specific impairment by MCI subtype. Except for ASD, Executive function was the most common domain affected, and visuospatial was the least common. NAMD had higher percentages affected for all domains compared to AMD. In Figure 2, all combinations of language, executive, attention and visuospatial are compared. The most frequent combination was Language‐Executive, and the least common combination was Language‐Attention‐Visuospatial. The mean absolute percentage difference between AMD and NAMD was 2.2%. The Spearman's rho of AMD vs. NAMD was 0.845. Conclusion: Within an MCI subtype, there is substantial variability in the frequency of individual domains. However, comparison of AMD and NAMD shows striking uniformity in frequency of combinations of individual domains with very correlation. The latter findings suggests that Amnestic and Nonamnestic multidomain subtypes may be closely related in pathophysiology but show greater heterogeneity within a MCI subtype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine the effect of Hurricane Irma on staff‐related financial expenditures and daily direct‐care nurse staffing levels. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: September 3–24, 2017 in the state of Florida, United States. Hurricane Irma made landfall on September 10, 2017. Participants: Six hundred and fifty‐three nursing homes (NHs), 81 evacuated facilities, and 572 facilities that sheltered‐in‐place. Measurements: This study used data from Payroll‐Based Journaling (PBJ), Certification and Survey Provider Enhanced Reports (CASPER), and Florida's health providers' emergency reporting system. PBJ provided estimates of daily direct‐care nurse staffing levels for registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and certified nursing assistants. CASPER reported facility‐level characteristics such as profit status, chain membership, and special care unit availability. Florida's emergency reporting system identified evacuation status during Hurricane Irma. Linear mixed‐effects models were used to estimate the unique contribution of evacuation status on daily staffing increases over time from September 3 to 10. Results: Among all facilities, we found significant increases in staffing for licensed practical nurses (p = 0.02) and certified nursing assistants (p < 0.001), but not for registered nurses (p = 0.10) before Hurricane Irma made landfall. From 1 week before landfall to 2 weeks after landfall (September 3–24), an additional estimated $2.41 million was spent on direct‐care nurse staffing. In comparison to facilities that sheltered‐in‐place, evacuated facilities increased staffing levels of all nurse types (all p < 0.001). At landfall, evacuated facilities spent an estimated $93.74 on nurse staffing per resident whereas facilities that sheltered‐in‐place spent $76.10 on nurse staffing per resident. Conclusion: NHs face unprecedented challenges during hurricanes, including maintaining adequate direct‐care nurse staffing levels to meet the needs of their residents. NHs that evacuated residents had an increase in direct‐care nurse staffing that was greater than that seen in NHs that sheltered‐in‐place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is emerging evidence that resident microbiota communities, that is, the microbiota, play a key role in cancer outcomes and anticancer responses. Although this has been relatively well studied in colorectal cancer and melanoma, other cancers, such as breast cancer (BrCa), have been largely overlooked to date. Importantly, many of the environmental factors associated with BrCa incidence and progression are also known to impact the microbiota, for example, diet and antibiotics. Here, we explore BrCa risk factors from large epidemiology studies and microbiota associations, and more recent studies that have directly profiled BrCa patients' gut microbiotas. We also discuss how in vivo studies have begun to unravel the immune mechanisms whereby the microbiota may influence BrCa responses, and finally we examine how diet and specific nutrients are also linked to BrCa outcomes. We also consider future research avenues and important considerations with respect to study design and implementation, and we highlight some of the important unresolved questions, which currently limit our overall understanding of the mechanisms underpinning microbiota‐BrCa responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensory information is transmitted from peripheral nerves, through the spinal cord, and up to the brain ("bottom up" pathway). Some of this information may be modulated by "top‐down" projections from the brain to the spinal cord. Discovering endogenous mechanisms for reducing pain and itch holds enormous potential for developing new treatments. However, neurons mediating the top‐down inhibition of pain are not well understood, nor has any such pathway been identified for itch sensation. Here, we identify a novel population of GABAergic neurons in the ventral brainstem, distinguished by prodynorphin expression, which we named LJA5. LJA5 neurons provide the only known inhibitory projection specifically to lamina I of the spinal cord, which contains sensory neurons that transmit pain and itch information up to the brain. Chemogenetically activating LJA5 neurons in male mice reduces capsaicin‐induced pain and histamine‐induced itch. Identifying this new pathway opens new treatment opportunities for chronic, refractory pain, and pruritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If changes to the material structures of work have ushered us into a "new economy," cultural scholars assume that there must also be changes to ideological structures of work. Extant scholarship on precarious professionals and on the role of emotions in 21st‐century work find that passion may be an important cultural component of white‐collar work in the new economy. Using data from engineers, nurses, and graphic designers who work in either less precarious or more precarious contexts, this paper contributes the first emic definition of work passion as the experiences of attraction, enjoyment, motivation, and perseverance. Because I find overwhelming adherence and conceptual consistency among professionals in my sample, I argue that the pursuit of work passion constitutes a coherent ideology of work, which I call the passion paradigm. I argue that the passion paradigm is compatible with and protects structures of work in the new economy because its logic of hyper individualism motivates workers to work hard and work well as a practice of self‐care, shifting the locus of critique further away from institutions and more toward the self. Adherence to and institutionalization of the passion paradigm may have myriad consequences, opening up broad areas of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensory information is transmitted from peripheral nerves, through the spinal cord, and up to the brain. Sensory information may be modulated by projections from the brain to the spinal cord, but the neural substrates for top‐down sensory control are incompletely understood. We identified a novel population of inhibitory neurons in the mouse brainstem, distinguished by their expression of prodynorphin, which we named LJA5. Here, we identify a similar group of Pdyn+ neurons in the human brainstem, and we define the efferent and afferent projection patterns of LJA5 neurons in mouse. Using specific genetic tools, we selectively traced the projections of the Pdyn‐expressing LJA5 neurons through the brain and spinal cord. Terminal fields were densest in the lateral and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG), lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB), caudal pressor area, and lamina I of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and all levels of the spinal cord. We then labeled cell types in the PAG, LPB, medulla, and spinal cord to better define the specific targets of LJA5 boutons. LJA5 neurons send the only known inhibitory descending projection specifically to lamina I of the spinal cord, which transmits afferent pain, temperature, and itch information up to the brain. Using retrograde tracing, we found LJA5 neurons receive inputs from sensory and stress areas such as somatosensory/insular cortex, preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus and lateral hypothalamus, PAG, and LPB. This pattern of inputs and outputs suggest LJA5 neurons are uniquely positioned to be activated by sensation and stress, and in turn, inhibit pain and itch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective mentoring for leadership development requires nuanced practical considerations. The authors of this chapter outline aspects of effective mentorship, highlight considerations for practitioners and mentoring programs, and offer critical perspectives on mentoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability initiatives in higher education are growing in importance. This case study may guide faculty at other institutions seeking to gain deeper insight into the state of sustainability education where they work. Members of the Vancouver Island University Sustainability Advisory Committee hosted a workshop for faculty members, students and staff to explore how sustainability is incorporated into teaching and learning at the institution, to share perspectives, and examine ways to enhance individual and collective pedagogical practices. A World Café posed four questions for participants to answer as they rotated between tables. The resulting qualitative data were content analysed and interpreted. Key themes and categories from data concerning participants' successes and inspirations while teaching and learning at Vancouver Island University (VIU), challenges and barriers in blending sustainability into coursework, faculty's perceptions of student perspectives of sustainability in VIU courses and about resources and opportunities to integrate sustainability in interdisciplinary courses are reported and discussed. This case study differs from others in that it does not describe an evaluation of a programme but, rather, explicates a process by faculty working at a new university to elicit information from their peers and develop networks that will engage the university in interdisciplinary sustainability for years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory predicts that species requiring multiple habitat types simultaneously should have heightened sensitivity to anthropogenic pressures, yet tests of this prediction are especially rare. We tested whether breeding site occupancy of the threatened marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) was driven by the synergistic effects of nesting habitat loss in forests, and changing ocean conditions. We paired 70,700 murrelet surveys at 19,837 sites across 20 years from the Oregon Coast Range with annual data on the extent of old forest and biophysical ocean conditions. Dynamic occupancy models indicated that local murrelet colonization rates were strongly reduced during warm ocean conditions with low prey availability. Landscapes that contained more old forest and were closer to the ocean showed reduced rates of local extinction. Given predictions of accelerated ocean warming and increased global timber demand, our results suggest murrelets may continue to be imperiled by deterioration of the two habitats upon which they depend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Extensive research has provided an important understanding of the impact of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on nutrient intake, requirements and metabolism. By contrast, there has been limited research examining the psychosocial aspects of food, eating and drinking in IBD. The present study aimed to address this unmet need. Methods: Qualitative semi‐structured interviews regarding the perceptions and psychosocial impact of food, eating and drinking were undertaken with 28 purposively selected people with IBD. Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. Colaizzi's framework was used to structure the data analysis. Results: Five major themes were identified. IBD symptoms and both surgical and medical treatments were described as having a direct impact on eating and drinking, with participants also using different food‐related strategies to control IBD symptoms. These included a process of experimentation to identify trigger foods, following a severely restricted and limited diet, eating small portions, and eating more frequently. However, their limited knowledge about if, and how, food affected their symptoms, often resulted in negative coping strategies that impacted on psychosocial functioning, including a lack of enjoyment of eating, being afraid to eat and finding social occasions stressful. Managing food and drinking also made food shopping and preparation more burdensome, creating problems with families, at work and for social life, as well as the need for careful preparation and advanced planning of activities. Conclusions: Inflammatory bowel disease has a profound impact on psychosocial aspects of food and nutrition, which impacts on 'food‐related quality of life' (FRQoL). Further research is required to identify interventions that will improve FRQoL in patients with IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harbour seal populations have declined over the last 20 years in some regions around Britain. Causes are unknown but could include a reduction in prey availability which may potentially be influenced by competition with grey seals. The diets of these two marine predators overlap considerably, indicating that there could potentially be competition for prey.In this study, the diets of harbour and grey seals in 2010/2012 were compared regionally and seasonally in relation to: (a) regional variation in population trends around Britain; (b) previous information on diet; and (c) changes in the stock size of key prey to investigate whether or not patterns could be consistent with reduction in prey availability or competition.Diet was estimated from comprehensive sampling of scats around Scotland and eastern England. In total, 65,534 otoliths and beaks were recovered from 1976 harbour seal scats and 68,465 otoliths and beaks were recovered from 2205 grey seal scats collected in 2010/2012. Results showed considerable seasonal and regional variability; overall, sandeel and large gadids were the two main prey types.Patterns in diet and trends in seal population size and prey stock size indicate that harbour seals have declined in regions where they appear to be reliant on sandeel and where sandeel stocks have declined, but not in regions where sandeel have never been an important component of the diet. A possible contributing reason for the harbour seal declines may therefore be a reduction in the availability of sandeel in these regions.Sandeel continue to be an important (although reduced) prey in the diet of grey seals in regions where harbour seals have declined. If sandeel are a limiting resource, it is possible, therefore, that grey seals may reduce prey availability to harbour seals and contribute to their decline through competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]