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With the development of industrialization, chemical detection plays a vital role in many fields. As a new type of porous material, covalent organic frameworks (COF's) possess the characteristics of huge specific surface area, low density, great stability, and adjustable pore size. These characteristics make it a great prospect for chemical detection. In the article, we mainly show how to design several analytic platforms to achieve precise target detection by utilizing the special properties of COF's, put forward the relevant mechanisms of successful detections, and analyze the related parameters of analyte detection performance. Finally, the current challenges of chemical detection based on COF's are presented, and we also prospect the future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male animals may adjust their resource allocations for reproduction and other fitness functions in response to cues from rivals. For instance, adult males increase their investment in sperm for a higher paternity share when they perceive sperm competition risk in their surroundings. In nature, both juveniles and adults may coexist spatially and temporally. Yet, it is not clear how juvenile males of different ages respond to cues from adult rivals and fine‐tune their lifetime investment in sperm production and ejaculation in any insect. Here we used the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella, which produces both fertile eupyrene and infertile apyrene sperm, to explore this question. We demonstrate that the late, but not early, instar larvae are sensitive to adult male cues. As a response, they produce more sperm before emergence and their resultant adults have shorter mating latency and ejaculate more sperm in the first few matings. When the juvenile stage produces more eupyrenes, the adult stops making these sperm, but regardless of the number of apyrenes produced during the juvenile stage, the adult continues to make them. These findings suggest that the number of spermatogonia for eupyrenes may be limited and that for apyrenes may be flexible. Our results show that the insect does not trade off survival, mating frequency, body size, or testis size for sperm production in response to adult males during the larval stage. Knowledge created in the present study offers insight into the stage‐dependent sensitivity of juvenile males to cues from adult rivals and subsequent lifetime resource allocations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel recursive cascaded full‐resolution residual network (RCFRR‐Net) for abdominal four‐dimensional computed tomography (4D‐CT) image registration was proposed. The entire network was end‐to‐end and trained in the unsupervised approach, which meant that the deformation vector field, which presented the ground truth, was not needed during training. The network was designed by cascading three full‐resolution residual subnetworks with different architectures. The training loss consisted of the image similarity loss and the deformation vector field regularization loss, which were calculated based on the final warped image and the fixed image, allowing all cascades to be trained jointly and perform the progressive registration cooperatively. Extensive network testing was conducted using diverse datasets, including an internal 4D‐CT dataset, a public DIRLAB 4D‐CT dataset, and a 4D cone‐beam CT (4D‐CBCT) dataset. Compared with the iteration‐based demon method and two deep learning‐based methods (VoxelMorph and recursive cascaded network), the RCFRR‐Net achieved consistent and significant gains, which demonstrated that the proposed method had superior performance and generalization capability in medical image registration. The proposed RCFRR‐Net was a promising tool for various clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered oxychalcogenides have received extensive attention in the fields of magnetism, superconductivity, lithium battery, and luminescence due to their unique electronic, magnetic properties, and layered structure, among which layered oxyselenides have excellent and promising thermoelectric performance, such as BiCuSeO and Bi2LnO4Cu2Se2. Here, we successfully synthesized Sr2MO2Cu2Se2 (M = Co, Ni, Zn) and Sr2FeO3CuSe and investigated the thermoelectric properties at a wide temperature range (298–923 K). They have a relatively high Seebeck coefficient (>300 μV K−1) in medium to high temperature range and possess a low thermal conductivity. The power factor and ZT reach 65 μW m−1 K−1 and 0.07 at 923 K for intrinsic Sr2NiO2Cu2Se2, and a higher performance is expected to be achieved by strategies like carrier concentration optimization and band structure engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following meiotic recombination, each pair of homologous chromosomes acquires at least one crossover, which ensures accurate chromosome segregation and allows reciprocal exchange of genetic information. Recombination failure often leads to meiotic arrest, impairing fertility, but the molecular basis of recombination remains elusive. Here, we report a homozygous M1AP splicing mutation (c.1074 + 2T > C) in patients with severe oligozoospermia owing to meiotic metaphase I arrest. The mutation abolishes M1AP foci on the chromosome axes, resulting in decreased recombination intermediates and crossovers in male mouse models. M1AP interacts with the mammalian ZZS (an acronym for yeast proteins Zip2‐Zip4‐Spo16) complex components, SHOC1, TEX11, and SPO16. M1AP localizes to chromosomal axes in a SPO16‐dependent manner and colocalizes with TEX11. Ablation of M1AP does not alter SHOC1 localization but reduces the recruitment of TEX11 to recombination intermediates. M1AP shows cytoplasmic localization in fetal oocytes and is dispensable for fertility and crossover formation in female mice. Our study provides the first evidence that M1AP acts as a copartner of the ZZS complex to promote crossover formation and meiotic progression in males. Synopsis: M1AP acts as a male‐specific copartner of the ZZS complex to stabilize recombination intermediates and promote crossover formation. Disruption of M1AP causes meiotic metaphase I arrest and impairs male fertility in humans and mice. M1AP deficiency reduces crossover formation and causes meiosis arrest at the metaphase I stage in males but not females.M1AP colocalizes with TEX11 in a SPO16‐dependent manner in spermatocytes but shows cytoplasmic localization in fetal oocytes.M1AP interacts with the ZZS complex and promotes the recruitment of TEX11 at the recombination intermediates in spermatocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male animals often adjust their sperm investment in response to sperm competition environment. To date, only a few studies have investigated how juvenile sociosexual settings affect sperm production before adulthood and sperm allocation during the first mating. Yet, it is unclear whether juvenile sociosexual experience (1) determines lifetime sperm production and allocation in any animal species; (2) alters the eupyrene : apyrene sperm ratio in lifetime ejaculates of any lepidopteran insects, and (3) influences lifetime ejaculation patterns, number of matings and adult longevity. Here we used a polygamous moth, Ephestia kuehniella, to address these questions. Upon male adult emergence from juveniles reared at different density and sex ratio, we paired each male with a virgin female daily until his death. We dissected each mated female to count the sperm transferred and recorded male longevity and lifetime number of matings. We demonstrate for the first time that males ejaculated significantly more eupyrenes and apyrenes in their lifetime after their young were exposed to juvenile rivals. Adult moths continued to produce eupyrene sperm, contradicting the previous predictions for lepidopterans. The eupyrene : apyrene ratio in the lifetime ejaculates remained unchanged in all treatments, suggesting that the sperm ratio is critical for reproductive success. Male juvenile exposure to other juveniles regardless of sex ratio caused significantly shorter adult longevity and faster decline in sperm ejaculation over successive matings. However, males from all treatments achieved similar number of matings in their lifetime. This study provides insight into adaptive resource allocation by males in response to juvenile sociosexual environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A kind of hierarchical ZSM‐5 submicron sphere composed of zeolite nanocrystals was one‐pot synthesized with polydiene dimethyl ammonium chloride as template. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that the hierarchical ZSM‐5 submicron spheres have good crystallinity. N2 adsorption‐desorption isotherm and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images indicate that the hierarchical ZSM‐5 submicron spheres have both micropores and mesopores. The results show that the hierarchical ZSM‐5 submicron spheres are formed by stacking nanocrystals, exhibits high crystallinity, microporous, mesoporous structures and higher catalytic activity in the catalytic cracking of 1, 3, 5‐triisopropylbenzene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent progress in studying copper‐dependent targets and pathways in the context of tumor treatment has provided new insights into therapeutic strategies of leveraging copper‐dependent disease vulnerabilities and pharmacological manipulation of intratumor copper transportation to improve chemotherapy. Here, we developed reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐sensitive nanoparticles loaded with copper chaperone inhibitor DC_AC50 and cisplatin(IV) prodrug. The released DC_AC50 can promote a remarkable accumulation of intracellular cisplatin and copper through inhibition of the Atox1‐ATPase pathways, thereby enhancing the chemotherapeutic effect of cisplatin and inducing significant ROS generation. Excessive ROS then elicits intense endoplasmic reticulin (ER) stress which facilitates the immunogenic cell death (ICD) spurring a sustained immune response. Our study suggests that nanoparticle‐mediated copper chaperone inhibition via DC_AC50 can restore the immunogenicity of tumor cells for enhanced chemotherapy and cancer immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subalpine vegetation across the Tibetan Plateau is globally one of the most sensitive to climate change. However, the potential landscape‐scale effects of climate change on subalpine forest dynamics remain largely unexplored. Here, we used a forest landscape model (LANDIS‐II) coupled with a forest ecosystem process model (PnET‐II) to simulate forest dynamics under future climate change in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve in the eastern subalpine region of the Tibetan Plateau. We examined changes in the composition, distribution and aboveground biomass of cold temperate coniferous forests, temperate coniferous forests, deciduous broad‐leaved forests and redwood forest under four climate change scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5 and the current climate) from 2016 to 2096. Our model predicts that by 2096, (i) cold temperate coniferous forests will expand and increase by 7.92%, 8.18%, 8.65% and 7.02% under current climate, RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively; (ii) distribution of forests as a whole shows upward elevational range shift, especially under RCP8.5 scenario and (iii) total aboveground biomass slowly increases at first and then decreases to 12%–16% of current distribution under RCPs. These results show that climate change can be expected to significantly influence forest composition, distribution and aboveground biomass in the subalpine forests of eastern Tibetan Plateau. This study is the first to simulate forest dynamics at the landscape scale in subalpine areas of the Tibetan Plateau, which provides an important step in developing more effective strategies of forest management for expected climate change, not only in China but also around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiotherapy is one of the most important treatments for chest tumours. Although there are plenty of strategies to prevent damage to normal lung tissues, it cannot be avoided with the emergence of radiation‐induced lung injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential radioprotective effects of glucosamine, which exerted anti‐inflammatory activity in joint inflammation. In this study, we found glucosamine relieved inflammatory response and structural damages in lung tissues after radiation via HE staining. Then, we detected the level of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition marker in vitro and in vivo, which we could clearly observe that glucosamine treatment inhibited epithelial‐mesenchymal transition. Besides, we found glucosamine could inhibit apoptosis and promote proliferation of normal lung epithelial cells in vitro caused by radiation. In conclusion, our data showed that glucosamine alleviated radiation‐induced lung injury via inhibiting epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, which indicated glucosamine could be a novel potential radioprotector for radiation‐induced lung injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A transparent and stretchable strain sensor based on Ag nanowires (NWs) and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene‐sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) patterned microstructure is presented. The regular patterns are achieved by a facile replication and transfer process from near‐field electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) grids on the surfaces of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates. Owing to the combined advantages for the unique microstructure of sensor, strong adhesion of polymer PEDOT:PSS to underlying layer, and outstanding conductivity of long Ag NWs, the transparent strain sensor possesses the excellent aspects of high sensitivity (gauge factor = 10.2), wide sensing range (0–100%), long‐term reliability for at least 2000 cycles, and distinct temperature responses. Moreover, the patterned strain sensor can be mounted on different body parts to detect a wide range of human movements and temperature responses in real time, providing multifunctional applications in human/machine interaction, electronic skins, and wearable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male animals usually raise their sperm allocation after detecting sperm competition risk. To date, only a few studies have investigated the cues used by males to sense and respond to rivals. Yet, it is still largely unknown whether males respond to single or combined cues and whether they can increase their lifetime spermatozoal investment after a perception of rival cue(s).Here we postulate that males increase ejaculation and production of sperm after detecting combined cues from rivals, but such response quickly diminishes after the cues are removed. We exposed newly emerged and virgin focal males of the moth Ephestia kuehniella to various rival cues and then permanently removed the cues. We introduced a virgin female to an exposed focal male and an unexposed focal male, respectively, per day and counted the number of sperm transferred by the focal males in each mating and recovered in their body after death.We demonstrate that males significantly increased their lifetime sperm allocation and production after premating detection of either single (acoustic or chemical) or combined cues (acoustic + chemical or acoustic + chemical + tactile) from their rivals with combined cues (acoustic + chemical + tactile) somewhat strengthening such response in eupyrene production.The number of sperm ejaculated by males significantly decreased over successive matings in their lifetime regardless of whether they were exposed to rival cues, but the decline was significantly faster in rival‐cue‐exposed males than in unexposed ones. This suggests that the increase in spermatogenesis cannot fully compensate for that of sperm expenditure in response to rival cues.We show that 10‐hr premating rival exposure was sufficient to maximize males' response in sperm ejaculation and production. The impact of the rival perception on sperm transfer persisted for most of males' reproductive life, suggesting that the moth males have a long‐term memory of sperm competition risk experienced in the early adulthood. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Chopped carbon fibers (CCFs) coated by poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were treated using 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (Si), and then used for fabricating thermally conductive polycarbonate/CCF (PC/(Si + PET)@CCFi) composites with various filler contents. Optical microscopy measurements indicated that CCF fillers in the composites had a wide length distribution and, with CCF content increasing, the mean fiber length and mean fiber aspect ratio steadily decreased. Compared to PC/(Si + PET)@CCF0, the molten flowability of composites declined. Thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry characterizations showed that introducing CCFs could enhance the thermal stability of the composites and restrict the pyrolytic degradation of the polymer matrix. Moreover, both in‐plane and through‐thickness thermal conductivities increased with increasing CCF content. These conductivities at 50% CCF content reached 2.45 and 0.59 W m−1 K−1, and were improved by 11.25 and 1.95, respectively. Furthermore, the tensile and flexural properties of the composites continuously enhanced, accompanying decreased impact strength and elongation at break. Fractography revealed that fillers dispersed in matrix uniformly and a great many fiber cross‐sections and circular cavities coexisted in fracture surface, besides a clear interface and reduced long fibers. And the fracture behavior was mainly the breaking and peeling of fibers from matrix. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An advanced method for determining the spatially resolved series resistance of silicon solar cells by lock-in photoluminescence (LIPL) is presented, which only needs two LIPL images taken at different illumination levels similarly to the photoluminescence (PL) method. However, the LIPL approach does not require the calibration images at short circuit conditions, and it has the merit of improving the signal to noise ratio (SNR) in comparison with the PL method. Furthermore, the Rs images obtained by LIPL are in good agreement with PL, and the LIPL method seems more independent of the acquisition time which could make the acquisition time short. Thus, LIPL could provide a possible approach to achieve more accurate inline characterization of spatially resolved information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease mediated by Th2 cell immune responses. Currently, immunotherapies based on immune deviation are attractive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for asthma. Many studies have shown that intracellular bacterial infections such as mycobacteria and their components can suppress asthmatic reactions by enhancing Th1 responses, while helminth infections and their proteins can inhibit allergic asthma via immune regulation. However, some helminth proteins such as SmP40, the major egg antigen of Schistosoma mansoni, are found as Th1 type antigens. Using a panel of overlapping peptides, we identified T-cell epitopes on SjP40 protein of Schistosoma japonicum, which can induce Th1 cytokine and inhibit the production of Th2 cytokines and airway inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma. These results reveal a novel form of immune protective mechanism, which may play an important role in the modulating effect of helminth infection on allergic asthmatic reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally quantitative long-pass filtered lock-in carrierography (LIC) or lock-in photoluminescence (LIP) imaging and perform comparisons with lock-in thermography (LIT) imaging of industrial Si solar cells. Optoelectronic LIP and thermoelectronic LIT imaging modalities are used for non-destructive, non-contact measurements of the electrical parameters of solar cells from images obtained at various external load resistances. It is shown that quantitative surface-averaged pixel brightness statistical distributions derived from near-infrared (NIR) LIP and mid-infrared LIT images can be used to measure, among other parameters, photogeneration current density, diode saturation current density, ideality factor, and maximum power photovoltage of a multi-crystalline Si solar cell. LIP images were found to have superior contrast and spatial resolution to the respective LIT images. The electrical parameter values measured from the images were found to be in very good agreement with each other and with electrical measurements (EM). The theory further allows for the generation of derivative diode saturation current density and ideality factor images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CXCR3, predominately expressed on memory/activated T cells, is a receptor for both interferon-γ inducible protein-10/CXC ligand 10 (CXCL10) and monokine induced by interferon-γ/CXCL9. We reported here that CXCR3 was highly up-regulated on infiltrating eosinophils in Schistosoma japonicum egg-induced granuloma in the mouse liver. It was also highly and functionally up-regulated on peritoneal exudate eosinophils in mice infected with S. japonicum. The phenomena were demonstrated at protein and mRNA levels using immunohisto- and immunocytochemistry evaluation of biopsy, flow cytometry and real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction technique, and verified by Northern blotting and chemotaxis assay in vitro. We also found that CCR3 expression on the infiltrating and peritoneal exudate cells was significantly decreased, CXCR4 expression was unchanged during the 42-day period of infection. We screened mRNA expression levels of the all known chemokine receptors in purified peritoneal exudate eosinophils and liver granuloma dominated by eosinophils. CXCR3 was highly and functionally up-regulated on peritoneal exudate eosinophils in mice infected with S. japonicum, meanwhile CCR3 was significantly and functionally down-regulated in these cells. The findings could lead to a better understanding of the chemokine receptor expression pattern of eosinophils at inflamed tissue sites caused by parasites. These could be also crucial for establishing a therapeutic strategy for eosinophilic inflammation via intervention in chemokine actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]