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Electrocatalytic water splitting, powered by clean energy sources, represents a sustainable method for hydrogen (H2) production. Although extensive research has concentrated on performance indicators like current density and faradaic efficiency, the widespread adoption of electrocatalytic water splitting encounters challenges primarily due to high cell voltages and electricity costs. These issues stem from the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Various efforts to replace sluggish OER with thermodynamically more favorable anodic reactions have been demonstrated as pathbreaking strategies for energy‐efficient H2 evolution. In this concept, we aim to comprehensively explore alternative electrochemical oxidation reactions combined with H2 evolution and propose insights for the future development of cost‐effective integrated electrolysis for H2 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) provides a promising way for producing value‐added fuels and chemicals via renewable electricity. However, the dynamic reconstruction of electrocatalysts of atomic active sites hinders in‐depth understanding of catalytic mechanism and further industrial application, especially under ampere‐level current density conditions. In this work, electro‐induced crystallization is reported over an amorphous Indium hydroxide gel (In gel) catalyst, which generates active sites for efficient and selective CO2RR. Molecular dynamic calculation reveals the crystallization process can maintain amorphous In‐OH species on the surface while generating crystallized metallic In under electroreduction condition; structural characterizations prove that the derived partially crystallized In gel is stable consisting of amorphous/crystalline interface, even biased at a high polarization potential of −4 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. The resultant partially crystalized In gel exhibits a highly selective CO2RR performance toward formate under an ampere‐level current density up to 1200 mA cm−2 simultaneously with 91.89% Faradaic efficiency, which can motivate a high formate generation rate of 20.55 mmol h−1 cm−2. The operando Raman spectroscopic and density functional theoretic results demonstrate the optimized adsorption of *HCOO intermediate for the enhanced formate activity and selectivity over the partially crystallized In gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide reduction reaction (CO(2)RR) has emerged as a prospective and appealing strategy to realize carbon neutrality for manufacturing sustainable chemical products. Developing highly active electrocatalysts and stable devices has been demonstrated as effective approach to enhance the conversion efficiency of CO(2)RR. In order to rationally design electrocatalysts and devices, a comprehensive understanding of the intrinsic structure evolution within catalysts and micro‐environment change around electrode interface, particularly under operation conditions, is indispensable. Synchrotron radiation has been recognized as a versatile characterization platform, garnering widespread attention owing to its high brightness, elevated flux, excellent directivity, strong polarization and exceptional stability. This review systematically introduces the applications of synchrotron radiation technologies classified by radiation sources with varying wavelengths in CO(2)RR. By virtue of in situ/operando synchrotron radiationanalytical techniques, we also summarize relevant dynamic evolution processes from electronic structure, atomic configuration, molecular adsorption, crystal lattice and devices, spanning scales from the angstrom to the micrometer. The merits and limitations of diverse synchrotron characterization techniques are summarized, and their applicable scenarios in CO(2)RR are further presented. On the basis of the state‐of‐the‐art fourth‐generation synchrotron facilities, a perspective for further deeper understanding of the CO(2)RR process using synchrotron radiation analytical techniques is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polar materials with spontaneous polarization (Ps) have emerged as highly promising photocatalysts for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution owing to the Ps‐enhanced photogenerated carrier separation. However, traditional inorganic polar materials often suffer from limitations such as wide band gaps and poor carrier transport, which hinders their photocatalytic H2 evolution efficiency. Here, we rationally synthesized a series of isostructural two‐dimensional (2D) aromatic Dion–Jacobson (DJ) perovskites, namely (2‐(2‐Aminoethyl)pyridinium)PbI4 (2‐APDPI), (3‐(2‐Aminoethyl)pyridinium)PbI4 (3‐APDPI), and (4‐(2‐Aminoethyl)pyridinium)PbI4 (4‐APDPI), where 2‐APDPI and 4‐APDPI crystalize in polar space groups with piezoelectric constants (d33) of approximately 40 pm V−1 and 3‐APDPI adopts a centrosymmetric structure. Strikingly, owing to the Ps‐facilitated separation of photogenerated carriers, polar 2‐APDPI and 4‐APDPI exhibit a 3.9‐ and 2.8‐fold increase, respectively, in photocatalytic H2 evolution compared to the centrosymmetric 3‐APDPI. As a pioneering study, this work provides an efficient approach for exploring new polar photocatalysts and highlights their potential in promoting photocatalytic H2 evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic water splitting is one of the most commercially valuable pathways of hydrogen production especially combined with renewable electricity; however, efficient and durable electrocatalysts are urgently needed to reduce electric energy consumption. Here, we reported a Ru and Fe co‐doped Mo2C on nitrogen doped carbon via a controllable two‐step method, which can be used for efficient and enduring hydrogen evolution reaction. At 10, 100 and 200 mA cm−2 in acidic electrolyte, the resultant Ru‐Fe/Mo2C@NC delivered low overpotentials of 31, 78 and 103 mV, respectively, which are comparable to that of the commercial Pt/C (20 wt %). At an applied current density of 100 mA cm−2, stable hydrogen production was conducted for 120 h without obvious degradation. In alkaline media, Ru‐Fe/Mo2C@NC can also deliver a current density of 100 mA cm−2 for more than 100 h. Furthermore, the Ru‐Fe/Mo2C@NC electrocatalyst was used as cathode in an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer under industrial environments for robust hydrogen production. The characterization and electrochemical results prove the synergism effects between Ru, Fe dopants and Mo2C for promoting hydrogen evolution activity. This work would pave a new avenue to fabricate low‐cost, high‐performance hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts for industrial water electrolyzers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing highly excellent and stable catalysts for alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is gradually pivotal for clean energy development. In this work, a heterogeneous Fe‐doped Ni(OH)2 (Ni/Fe‐0.1) was developed via simple one‐step electrodeposition onto nickel mesh. The heterogeneous interface structure generates sufficient active sites, significantly improving OER performance with an overpotential of 174 mV at 10 mA cm−2 (η10), while Tafel slope is only 43.0 mV dec−1. In particular, Ni/Fe‐0.1 is still able to operate stably at a current density of 1 A cm−2 for 100 h without obvious potential decay. The oxidation of Ni2+ to Ni3+ was detected by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, proving that the heterogeneous catalyst could stabilize the high‐valence state of nickel as active sites to its superior OER performance. This work provides a convenient synthetic strategy for forming heterogeneous catalysts toward efficient water electrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to construct noble metal‐free co‐catalysts to facilitate the transport and separation of photocatalyst carriers, herein, a MOF‐based derived bimetallic NiCu0.2 co‐catalyst was loaded on NH2‐MIL‐125(Ti). The obtained NiCu0.2/NH2‐MIL‐125 exhibited a photocatalytic activity of 161.4 μmol g−1 h−1 for hydrogen evolution, 12.6 times higher than that of the Ni/NH2‐MIL‐125 and even slightly better than Pt/NH2‐MIL‐125. The work expands the development pathway of cost‐effective and highly active bimetallic co‐catalysts for photocatalytic H2 evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide provides a feasibility to achieve a carbon‐neutral energy cycle. However, there are a number of bottleneck issues to be resolved before industrial application, such as the low conversion efficiency, selectivity and reaction rate, etc. Engineering local environment is a critical way to address these challenges. Here, a monolayer MgAl‐LDH was proposed to optimize the local environment of Cu for stimulating industrial‐current‐density CO2‐to‐C2H4 electroreduction in neutral media. In situ spectroscopic results and theoretical study demonstrated that the Cu electrode modified by MgAl‐LDH (MgAl‐LDH/Cu) displayed a much higher surface pH value compared to the bare Cu, which could be attributed to the decreased energy barrier for hydrolysis on MgAl‐LDH sites with more OH− ions on the surface of the electrode. As a result, MgAl‐LDH/Cu achieved a C2H4 Faradaic efficiency of 55.1 % at a current density up to 300 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KHCO3 electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Screening promising hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts for water splitting is crucial for the industrial scalability of sustainable energy storage. As HER catalysts, two‐dimensional (2D) MXenes are promising substitution materials for platinum. Tuning the surface termination and loading a single atom can help to improve the electrocatalytic performance of 2D MXenes. We utilized density functional theory (DFT) calculations to explore the catalyst activity, thermal stability, and dynamic stability of 2D single atom‐loaded MXenes with surface terminations. We demonstrate that 21 uninvestigated 2D single‐atom MXene catalysts, among 264 promising candidates, show an electrocatalytic activity surpassing that of platinum. Among the 21 most promising HER catalysts, 7 (Ti3C2I2Ir, Ti3C2Br2Cu, Ti3C2Br2Pt, Ti3C2Cl2Cu, Ti3C2Cl2Pt, Ti3C2Se2Au, and Ti3C2Te2Nb) are dynamically and thermally stable. Furthermore, machine learning tools predicted the catalyst activity and thermal stability using elemental properties that are easily available in chemical data repositories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To simultaneously improve the hole extraction ability of the BiVO4 photoanode and accelerate the surface reaction kinetics, herein, a carbon nanolayer conformally coated Fe2O3 (C−Fe2O3) as oxygen evolution catalyst (OEC) is loaded on the H2 plasma treated nanoporous BiVO4 (BVO(H2)) surface by a hydrothermal reaction. It is found that the H2 plasma induced vacancies in BVO remarkably increases the conductivity, and the C−Fe2O3 enables hole extraction from the bulk to the surface as well as efficient hole injection to the electrolyte. As a result, the C−Fe2O3/BVO(H2) photoanode achieves a photocurrent density of 4.4 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and an ABPE value of 1.5 % at 0.68 V vs. RHE, which are 4.8‐fold and 13‐fold higher than that of BVO photoanode, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen generated by proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer holds a promising potential to complement the traditional energy structure and achieve the global target of carbon neutrality for its efficient, clean, and sustainable nature. The acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), owing to its sluggish kinetic process, remains a bottleneck that dominates the efficiency of overall water splitting. Over the past few decades, tremendous efforts have been devoted to exploring OER activity, whereas most show unsatisfying stability to meet the demand for industrial application of PEM electrolyzer. In this review, systematic considerations of the origin and strategies based on OER stability challenges are focused on. Intrinsic deactivation of the material and the extrinsic balance of plant‐induced destabilization are summarized. Accordingly, rational strategies for catalyst design including doping and leaching, support effect, coordination effect, strain engineering, phase and facet engineering are discussed for their contribution to the promoted OER stability. Moreover, advanced in situ/operando characterization techniques are put forward to shed light on the OER pathways as well as the structural evolution of the OER catalyst, giving insight into the deactivation mechanisms. Finally, outlooks toward future efforts on the development of long‐term and practical electrocatalysts for the PEM electrolyzer are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) constructed by ligands and metal clusters, have been considered as a promising material for photocatalytic water splitting. In this work, a solvent‐assisted ligand exchange (SALE) method has been applied through partial reverse substitution of the ligand in NH2‐MIL‐125 (Ti) by 1,4‐dicarboxybenzene (BDC). This modification strategy can optimize the charge transfer dynamics together with the preserved light absorption, resulting in a 3.3 times higher hydrogen production rate compared to the pristine material under visible‐light irradiation. This work broadens the field of ligand modifications of MOFs to boost the photocatalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed and conducted to clarify the impact of RNF128 expression on malignant biological behaviors of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and the underlying mechanism. The expression of RNF128 in CRC tissues was analyzed using mRNA sequencing data of TCGA database and was validated by Western blot assay. The experimental studies on biological functions of RNF128 in vitro were conducted to assess its impact on the proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis of CRC cells. Furthermore, tumor xenograft models in nude mice were established to investigate the relationship between RNF128 expression and tumor growth in vivo. The expression levels of both RNF128 mRNA and protein were significantly increased in CRC tissues (p <.001). The knockdown of RNF128 markedly suppressed the malignant phenotype of HCT116 and SW480 cells in vitro, including cell growth, antiapoptosis, migration, and invasion (p <.001). On the other hand, knockdown of RNF128 exerted a remarkable effect on the growth inhibition of tumor xenografts in vivo (p <.001). Further investigation revealed that RNF128 knockdown lead to a significant decrease in the expression of p‐AKT and p‐PI3K protein. More importantly, the proliferative, antiapoptotic, metastatic abilities of RNF128‐knockdown cells were markedly increased by 740 Y‐P treatment (p <.001). These findings further suggested that PI3K/AKT signaling pathway played a key role in RNF128‐mediated aggressive phenotype of CRC cells. RNF128 functions as a tumor promoter in the pathogenesis of CRC via regulating PI3K/AKT pathway, and it could be a valuable target for CRC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing efficient electrocatalysts at ampere‐scale current densities is of paramount importance to advance industrial applications of alkaline water electrolysis. Herein, a hierarchical nanostructured electrocatalyst with two‐dimensional Co(OH)x nanosheets grown on one‐dimensional NiMoOx nanorods over three‐dimensional porous Ni foam substrate is designed. The resulting catalyst delivers ultrahigh hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity in the alkaline solution, which only requires overpotentials of 185 and 332 mV to achieve the current densities of −500 and −1000 mA cm–2 in 1.0 m KOH, respectively, and shows robust stability at −1000 mA cm–2 for 11 days. The unique 1D @ 2D hierarchical structures with abundant hetero‐interfaces can not only expose sufficient active sites but also boost alkaline HER kinetics with fast water dissociation ability. This present work may pave a new insight to design efficient electrocatalysts with hierarchical structures for alkaline HER with industry‐level current density and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MXene, an emerging two‐dimensional nanomaterial, possessed large specific surface area good hydrophilicity and tunable interlayer spacing which had attracted the attention of scientists. However, MXene itself was very easy to stack. Here, we reported one MXene‐based composite, using Ti3C2 as a matrix, citric acid (CA) modifying alkalized Ti3C2 (Alk‐TC) were compounded to prepare citric acid‐alkalized Ti3C2 composite (CA‐Alk‐TC) which was used subsequently as an adsorbent for adsorbing basic red 46. The results of batch adsorption experience indicated that the adsorption kinetics conformed to the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model, and the adsorption thermodynamics corresponded to the Langmuir isotherm model. When the reaction condition was 60 min, 5 mg, pH 5, 140 mg/L, and 308 K, the Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity of basic red 46 reached 230.95 mg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical CO2‐to‐CO conversion provides a possible way to address problems associated with the greenhouse effect; however, developing low‐cost electrocatalysts to mediate high‐efficiency CO2 reduction remains a challenge on account of the limited understanding of the nature of the real active sites. Herein, we reveal the Znδ+ metalloid sites as the real active sites of stable nonstoichiometric ZnOx structure derived from Zn2P2O7 through operando X‐ray absorption fine structure analysis in conjunction with evolutionary‐algorithm‐based global optimization. Furthermore, theoretical and experimental results demonstrated that Znδ+ metalloid active sites could facilitate the activation of CO2 and the hydrogenation of *CO2, thus accelerating the CO2‐to‐CO conversion. Our work establishes a critical fundamental understanding of the origin of the real active center in the zinc‐based electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐rate electrochemical CO2‐to‐CO conversion provides a favorable strategy for carbon neutrality. Molecular catalysts, especially those with isolated metal active centers, are known to be the efficient CO2‐to‐CO electrocatalysts due to their high selectivity and outstanding instinct activity; however, the controllable scale‐up synthesis and durable utilization at industrial current densities still remain a challenge. Here, it is developed a molecularly dispersed cobalt phthalocyanine loaded on carbon nanotube for high‐current long‐term CO2‐to‐CO electrolysis. The resultant catalyst exhibits a high CO selectivity with a maximum Faradaic efficiency of 97% and performs a current density of −200 mA cm−2 in a flow cell with a TOF of 83.9 s−1, which is among the best of CO‐selective electrocatalysts. With a series of impregnation loading experiments, the process of molecular‐dispersion or aggregation is investigated. In addition, the application of selective and durable electrolysis at a current of 0.25 A is realized up to 38.5 h in a scale‐up MEA configuration. Subsequent characterization shows robust durability closely related to the dispersion of CoPc. This study provides a triumph to catalyze commercial‐scale CO production using molecularly dispersed phthalocyanine electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D materials with Dirac cones, which show a linear band character near the Fermi level, exhibit many novel properties. Herein, based on first‐principles calculations, the 2D phosphorus carbide (PC5) monolayer is studied systematically. The stability is examined by calculating the formation energy, phonon dispersion, and elastic constants as well as by performing ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Due to the similarity of its structure to that of graphene, one Dirac cone is exactly located at the Fermi level, which is very robust against external biaxial and uniaxial strains. Treating the PC5 monolayer as graphene with doped P atoms along the armchair direction, a 3N rule is found similar to that of graphene nanoribbons with armchair edges. These physical properties make the PC5 monolayer a promising 2D material for emerging electronics applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Rh2O3/BiVO4 composite photoanode exhibits enhanced surface reaction kinetics and charge transfer efficiency, enabling a photocurrent density of ca. 3.5 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V (vs. RHE), which is about 3.89 times higher than that of the pristine BiVO4, with a lower onset potential of 0.29 V (vs. RHE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correct understanding of the behavior of highly stripped ions immersed in a dense plasma environment is a hitherto challenge for theory and it is of importance in various applications. Here, we developed four kinds of novel theoretical models to the determination of the spectral properties and collision dynamics of H‐like ions in dense and hot plasmas by employing the analytical potential [Li et al., Phys. Plasmas2019, 26, 033301] to describe the interactions among the charged particles: (i) The electron photon processes in plasma model within the relativistic scheme; (ii) The multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock model within the framework of relativistic self‐consistent iteration approximation; (iii) The generalized pseudospectral method within the relativistic framework; and (iv) An analytic formula based on the Hartree–Fock method and the irreducible tensor theory within the non‐relativistic regime, derived from a solution of Schrödinger equation. As a typical example, energy eigenvalues, radiative transition properties, spectral line shifts, and electron impact excitation and ionization cross sections of the selected N6+ and Ne9+ ions are determined for several temperature‐density cases, characteristic of inertial confinement fusion plasmas. A comparison of these results with each other and the results from earlier calculations as well as with the available experimental data is provided. Systematic trend is determined for all the properties under study concerning increased screening. The present study not only extends our understanding of the dense plasma shielding effects, but also opens the way for future investigations allowing accurate predictions of spectral properties of ions in dense and hot plasmas aimed at providing precision data for various practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper‐based materials are efficient electrocatalysts for the conversion of CO2 to C2+ products, and most these materials are reconstructed in situ to regenerate active species. It is a challenge to precisely design precatalysts to obtain active sites for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Herein, we develop a strategy based on local sulfur doping of a Cu‐based metal–organic framework precatalyst, in which the stable Cu−S motif is dispersed in the framework of HKUST‐1 (S‐HKUST‐1). The precatalyst exhibits a high ethylene selectivity in an H‐type cell with a maximum faradaic efficiency (FE) of 60.0 %, and delivers a current density of 400 mA cm−2 with an ethylene FE up to 57.2 % in a flow cell. Operando X‐ray absorption results demonstrate that Cuδ+ species stabilized by the Cu−S motif exist in S‐HKUST‐1 during CO2RR. Density functional theory calculations indicate the partially oxidized Cuδ+ at the Cu/CuxSy interface is favorable for coupling of the *CO intermediate due to the modest distance between coupling sites and optimized adsorption energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic water splitting provides an economically feasible way for converting solar energy into hydrogen. Great efforts have been devoted to developing efficient photocatalysts; however, the surface catalytic reactions, especially for the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER), still remain a challenge, which limits the overall photocatalytic energy efficiency. Herein, we design a Rhn cluster cocatalyst, with Rh0‐Rh3+ sites anchoring the Mo‐doped BiVO4 model photocatalytic system. The resultant photocatalyst enables a high visible‐light photocatalytic oxygen production activity of 7.11 mmol g−1 h−1 and an apparent quantum efficiency of 29.37 % at 420 nm. The turnover frequency (TOF) achieves 416.73 h−1, which is 378 times higher than that of the photocatalyst only with Rh3+ species. Operando X‐ray absorption characterization shows the OER process on the Rh0‐Rh3+ sites. The DFT calculations further illustrate a bifunctional OER mechanism over the Rh0‐Rh3+ sites, in which the oxygen intermediate attacks the Rh3+ sites with assistance of a hydrogen atom transfer to the Rh0 sites, thus breaking the scaling relationship of various oxygen intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida is the pathogen responsible for furunculosis, which is a serious disease of salmonids. This disease has a significant economic impact on the economic benefits of the global salmon farming industry. However, the pathogenesis of this disease in fish is still unknown. Members of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH) superfamily play a key role in the enzyme detoxification of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes. In this study, we obtained a recombinant aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 (ALDH7A1) protein to find its functions on Atlantic salmon infected by A. salmonicida. The transcriptional response in the liver of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with differing levels of A. salmonicida infection was analysed and compared in order to reveal mechanisms by which ALDH7A1 may confer infection resistance. With the addition of ALDH7A1 protein, it was found that a total of 13,369 genes were annotated with one or more KEGG and localized to 360 KEGG pathways in the high concentration infection group. The differential expression genes were more enriched in immune signalling pathways such as the Toll‐like receptor signalling pathway, NF‐kappa B signalling pathway and TNF signalling pathway. On the other hand, at low concentrations of infection, KEGG enriched a smaller number of differential expression genes. However, these differential genes were more concentrated in immune signalling pathways such as the PI3K‐Akt signalling pathway, JAK‐STAT signalling pathway and complement and coagulation cascades. In addition, several known immune‐related genes including HSP90α, HSP70, DNA damage‐inducible transcript 4, integrin alpha 5 and microtubule‐associated protein 2 were among the differentially expressed transcripts. These data provide the first insights into the host–ALDH7A1 vaccine interactome. The results of this study contribute to identifying the potential resistance mechanisms of Atlantic salmon to A. salmonicida infection and determining future treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Takifugu rubripes and Dicentrarchus labrax are important commercial fish in China that are under serious threat from Cryptocaryon irritans. C. irritans is a ciliated obligate parasite that causes marine white spot disease and leads to heavy economic losses. We analysed the transcriptome in the gills of T. rubripes and D. labrax to compare differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways during infection with C. irritans. In total, we identified 6,901 and 35,736 DEGs from T. rubripes and D. labrax, respectively. All DEGs were annotated into GO terms; 6,901 DEGs from T. rubripes were assigned into 991 sub‐categories, and 35,736 DEGs from D. labrax were assigned into 8,517 sub‐categories. We mapped DEGs to the KEGG database and obtained 153 and 350 KEGG signalling pathways from T. rubripes and D. labrax, respectively. Immune‐related categories included Toll‐like receptors, MAPK, lysosome, C‐type lectin receptor and NOD‐like receptor signalling pathways were significantly enriched pathways. In immune‐related signalling pathways, we found that AP‐1, P38, IL‐1β, HSP90 and PLA were significantly up‐regulated DEGs in T. rubripes, but P38 and PLA were significantly down‐regulated in D. labrax. In this study, transcriptome was used to analyse the difference between scaly and non‐scaly fish infection by C. irritans, which not only provided a theoretical basis for the infection mechanism of C. irritans, but also laid a foundation for effectively inhibiting the occurrence of this disease. Our work provides further insight into the immune response of host resistance to C. irritans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the simultaneously broken inversion symmetries along multiple directions, ABP2X6 (A = Cu or Ag, B = In or Bi, and X = S or Se) monolayers exhibit the coexistence of sizable piezoelectric coefficients d11, d21, and d31, under unidirectional in‐plane strains or stresses, as determined from first‐principles calculations. Remarkably, the AgBiP2S6 and AgBiP2Se6 monolayers possess d11 coefficients of 17.33 and 17.25 pm V−1, respectively; these are much higher than those of extensively studied 2D piezoelectric materials. Meanwhile, the out‐of‐plane d31 coefficient of AgBiP2Se6 is as high as 0.36 pm V−1. The ABP2X6 monolayers possessing unique multidirectional piezoelectricity pave novel avenues for the application of piezoelectric devices with multiple functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the requirements for sustainable development, photocatalytic applications including water splitting, CO2 reduction, pollutant degradation, and organic conversion reactions have become hot topics for research, due to the predictable advantages of energy storage and transportation. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) featured with porosity, crystallinity, and tunable constitution offer enormous potential in photocatalytic applications. Herein, a critical overview of MOFs‐based photocatalysts is presented. Following a concise introduction of the structural characteristics of MOFs, the synthesis methods of MOFs‐based photocatalysts are summarized. Moreover, subtle modification strategies for MOFs inspired by the development of other inorganic photocatalysts are also discussed on the basis of the photocatalytic mechanisms of light absorption, electron transfer, and surface catalytic reactions. Furthermore, the applications of certain MOFs‐based photocatalysts are introduced in detail. In addition, other organic frameworks‐based photocatalytic materials, such as covalent organic frameworks and covalent triazine frameworks, are also described to provide a guided insight into the rational design and fabrication of efficient frameworks‐based photocatalysts. Finally, a brief conclusion and perspective on the opportunities and challenges for the future development of MOFs‐based photocatalysts are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For renewable and sustainable energy, developing cut‐price and high‐efficiency electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by alkaline water electrolysis is of paramount importance. In this study, a compound electrocatalyst composed of nickel–vanadium sesquioxide nanoparticles supported on porous nickel foam (Ni‐V2O3/NF) is found to exhibit electrocatalytic performance towards HER that is superior to that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst, with nearly zero onset overpotential, an extremely low overpotential of 25 mV to obtain a current density of −10 mA cm−2, a Tafel slope of 58 mV dec−1, and a good durability for 24 h in 1.0 m KOH. Theoretical calculations reveal that the presence of V2O3 optimizes the electronic structure of active Ni components and continuously accelerates the dissociation of water molecules, which in turn improves the HER kinetics. The present work will advance the development of highly efficient nanocomposite electrocatalysts for alkaline water electrocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal variations in the transports of total alkalinity (TAlk) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the Lower Changjiang (Yangtze) River/Estuary to the East China Sea were investigated based on a series of field surveys in 2015–2017, including monthly samplings at Datong Station and seasonal mapping cruises in the Changjiang Estuary and the adjacent northwestern East China Sea. In comparison with historical data sets, the Changjiang TAlk flux varied around a nearly stable average over the past 55 years. This is much different from some American rivers, where TAlk export fluxes increased for a century long. To assess effects of riverine carbonate inputs on coastal carbonate chemistry, we compared several cases showing freshwater‐dilution‐induced decline in coastal aragonite saturation state (Ωarag), including rainwater dilution and riverine water dilution. Without riverine carbonate inputs, the effect of a unit of salinity decrease (due to rainwater dilution) on Ωarag was expected to be counteracted by a DIC removal of 10 μmol/kg relative to the baseline value along relevant conservative mixing line, when coastal Ωarag was close to a critical value of 1.5. Considering terrestrial carbonate inputs from Changjiang, however, the freshwater‐dilution‐induced coastal Ωarag suppression decreased by 12%. Our data also showed that more than 10% of wet‐season DIC flux discharged from the Changjiang Estuary was sequestered by biological activities in nearshore areas, while the TAlk flux was rarely affected. This biological alteration effectively transformed the terrestrial carbonate system from a feature of DIC:TAlk >1.0 to the usual seawater feature of DIC:TAlk <0.9. Plain Language Summary: Changjiang (Yangtze River) serves as the second largest carbonate contributor to the ocean among the world large rivers. We examined riverine/estuarine transport fluxes of total alkalinity (TAlk) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the continuum from the Lower Changjiang to its estuary and to the adjacent northwestern East China Sea. In comparison with historical data, the Changjiang TAlk flux varied around a nearly stable average over the past 55 years, which was much different from the American case of century‐long TAlk increase in some rivers. We also assessed effects of riverine carbonate inputs on the coastal carbonate chemistry. Results suggest that terrestrial carbonate inputs decreased the freshwater‐dilution‐induced carbonate mineral suppression in coastal zones. Based on field data, we estimated that more than 10% of wet‐season DIC flux discharged from the Changjiang Estuary was sequestered by biological activities in nearshore areas, while the TAlk flux was rarely affected. We explained how biological drawdown of riverine DIC transformed the terrestrial feature of DIC:TAlk ratio higher than 1.0 to the usual seawater feature of DIC:TAlk ratio less than 0.9, supporting Alfred C. Redfield's argument on "the influence of organisms on the composition of seawater" in the 1960s or earlier. Key Points: Changjiang (Yangtze River) export flux of total alkalinity varied around a nearly stable average over the past 55 yearsTerrestrial carbonate input from Changjiang decreased the freshwater‐dilution‐induced coastal aragonite saturation state suppression by 12%More than 10% of wet‐season DIC flux discharged from Changjiang was sequestered in coastal zones, while the TAlk flux was rarely affected [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bohai Sea to the west of the North Yellow Sea in the Northwest Pacific is a semienclosed shallow‐water marginal sea on a critical path of eutrophication and environmental degradation. To better understand the Bohai Sea metabolism‐induced summertime dissolved oxygen (DO) decline and acidification, eight field surveys were conducted between August 2011 and September 2017, investigating seasonal and interannual variations in DO and carbonate system parameters in the central Bohai Sea. The historically lowest Bohai Sea DO was recorded at 66 μmol O2/kg in subsurface waters in early September 2015. By comparing our data set with literature data obtained in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, the emergence history of summertime hypoxia in this marginal sea was shown. Associated with the seasonal DO shortage, the metabolism‐enhanced CO2 accumulation in subsurface waters in summer resulted in critical aragonite saturation states of close to or even less than 1.5, threatening calcifiers with potentially severe consequences for valuable shellfish fisheries. Based on model results combining the aerobic respiration (as indicated by apparent oxygen utilization) and the given wintertime/springtime atmospheric CO2 level of the time, this study suggests that combined stresses of the seasonal DO shortage and CO2 acidification capable of threatening Bohai Sea ecosystems could develop within decades. Plain Language Summary: More and more coastal oceans are subject to eutrophication‐induced seasonal deoxygenation and CO2 acidification. The Bohai Sea, a semienclosed and shallow‐water inland sea of China, was subject to stepwise decline in summertime bottom water dissolved oxygen after the launch of the China "Reform and Openness" policy in 1978. In early September 2015, the historically lowest bottom water dissolved oxygen concentration in the Bohai Sea was recorded at 2.14–2.21 mg/L, very close to a so‐called hypoxia. Associated with the seasonal dissolved oxygen shortage, the Bohai Sea subsurface waters accumulated respiration‐derived CO2 in summer, lowering bottom water pH and aragonite saturation state to critical levels for the Bohai Sea shellfish fisheries to be maintained. The combined stresses of the seasonal dissolved oxygen shortage and CO2 acidification may have changed the structure and function of the Bohai Sea benthic communities. Despite a regional research, this study demonstrated a simple procedure in the projection of future coastal carbonate mineral suppression under the combined stresses of global atmospheric CO2 intrusion and the regional metabolism enhancement. This approach may have applicability in many other shallow‐water coastal oceans with seasonal stratification and eutrophication‐related dissolved oxygen depletion. Key Points: The emergence history of metabolism‐induced summertime hypoxia in the Bohai Sea was documented for the first timeThe Bohai Sea accumulates respiration‐induced CO2 in summer, lowering aragonite saturation states of subsurface waters to a critical levelCarbonate mineral suppression in Bohai Sea may threaten calcifiers with potentially severe consequences for valuable shellfish fisheries [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction is a key reaction for carbon dioxide conversion to valuable fuels and chemicals. Due to the intrinsic stability of the carbon dioxide molecule, a catalyst is required to minimize the energy input and improve the reaction rates. Although the developed catalysts still suffer from low catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability, these could be enhanced by the involvement of sharp tip structure. Here, we report a nanowire‐like zinc electrocatalyst with sharp tips for carbon dioxide reduction. The catalyst achieves a geometry current density of −40 mA cm−2 at a potential of −0.95 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode over 35 hours with a stable carbon monoxide Faradaic efficiency of 98±2 %. The carbon monoxide partial current density surpasses by 60 % of that of the best reported zinc catalyst. The nanowire‐like Zn with a sharp tip can act as a stable electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction resulting in the highest CO partial current density among all reported Zn catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A simple cadmium sulfide nanomaterial is found to be an efficient and stable electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction in aqueous medium for more than 40 h with a steady CO faradaic efficiency of approximately 95 %. Moreover, it can realize a current density of −10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of −0.55 V on a porous substrate with similar selectivity. Theoretical and experimental results confirm that the high selectivity for CO2 reduction is due to its (0 0 0 2) face with sulfur vacancies that prefers CO2 molecule reduction in aqueous medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Although the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is close to crystalline silicon solar cells, the instability of perovskite, especially in humid condition, still hinders its commercialization. As an effective method to improve their stability, surface functionalization, by using hydrophobic molecules, has been extensively investigated, but usually accompanied with the loss of device efficiencies owing to their intrinsic electrical insulation. In this work, for the first time, it is demonstrated that 3‐alkylthiophene‐based hydrophobic molecules can be used as both water‐resistant and interface‐modified layers, which could simultaneously enhance both stability and performance significantly. Benefitting from their unique structures of thiophene rings, the π‐electrons are highly delocalized and thus enhance the charge transfer and collection at the interface. The device based on 3‐hexylthiophene treatment exhibits a champion energy conversion efficiency of 19.89% with a dramatic 10% enhancement compared with the pristine one (18.08%) of Cs0.05 FA0.81 MA0.14 PbBr0.45 I2.55‐based PSCs. More importantly, the degradation of the long‐term efficiency of unsealed device is less than 20% in Cs0.05 FA0.81 MA0.14 PbBr0.45I2.55‐based PSCs after more than 700 h storage in air. This finding provides an avenue for further improvement of both the efficiency and stability of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Boosting the sluggish kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline environments is key for the large‐scale application of water–alkali and chlor–alkali electrolysis. In this study, nitrogen atoms are used to precisely modulate electrochemical active sites on the surface of nickel oxide with low‐coordinated oxygen atoms, to achieve enhanced kinetics in alkaline hydrogen evolution. Theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that surface charge redistribution after modulation facilitates both the initial water dissociation step and the subsequent recombination of Had from low‐coordinated oxygen sites and desorption of OHad− from nickel sites, thus accelerating the overall hydrogen evolution process. The N‐modulated nickel oxide enriched in low‐coordinated oxygen atoms exhibits significantly enhanced activity with a small overpotential of −100 mV at the current density of −10 mA cm−2 and a robust stability over 90 h for hydrogen evolution in 1.0  m KOH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction and Objectives: To investigate the clinical value of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in lung cancer patients. Methods: A total of 172 healthy control subjects and 164 patients with histopathologically confirmed lung cancer were enrolled in this study. The FeNO measurements and pulmonary function tests were conducted in the Chinese PLA General Hospital. The recorded data included FeNO, the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), the forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, the FEV1 (% predicted), the demographic characteristics, the presence of complications and the smoking status. Results: The patients with lung cancer had a significantly higher level of eNO than the healthy control subjects (33.85 ± 15.63 ppb, n = 163; 16.83 ± 4.17 ppb, n = 172; P < 0.01). The areas under receiver operating characteristic curves for eNO predicting airway inflammation in lung cancer subjects and healthy control subjects was 0.932 (95% confidence interval: 0.904–0.961). In the lung cancer group, the eNO levels in the squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small‐cell lung cancer and lung carcinoid tumor groups were significantly different (P < 0.01). Lung cancer patients with a predicted FEV1% value <80% had a higher level of eNO than the patients with a predicted FEV1% value ≥80%. Conclusions: The eNO levels in patients with lung cancer were higher than the normal level, especially in the patients with squamous cell carcinoma and small‐cell lung cancer. The differences in eNO among the lung cancer subtypes were statistically significant. Measuring eNO will be helpful in diagnosing airway inflammation in lung cancer and in the classification of lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic Ni3P/Ni can be used as a co-catalyst to replace noble metal Pt for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, due to its excellent trapping-electron ability. The applications of metallic Ni3P/Ni co-catalyst on CdS, Zn0.5Cd0.5S, TiO2 (Degussa P25) and g-C3N4 are further confirmed, indicating its versatile applicability nature like Pt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrared nonlinear optical (IR NLO) materials are the key materials in the modern laser frequency conversion technology that are widely applied in many fields. Yet, the major issue is lacking of high performance materials with large nonlinear susceptibility and high laser damage threshold, which are two correlated and contradictory parameters. Here, the novel dual ion substitution synergy leads to the discovery of Ba4MGa4Se10Cl2 (M = Zn, 1; Cd, 2; Mn, 3; Cu/Ga, 4; Co, 5; and Fe, 6), crystallizing in the tetragonal I 4 ¯. Polycrystalline 1–4 exhibits very strong IR second harmonic generations (SHG). (1: 59×; 2: 52×; 4: 39×; and 3: 30× that of IR benchmark NLO material AgGaS2). Remarkably, the laser‐induced damage threshold of 1 is 143.6 MW cm–2, roughly 17 times that of benchmark AgGaS2. These distinguish 1 as a new promising NLO material. In addition, 1, 2, and 4 illustrate the coexistence of NLO and photoluminescence properties. Especially, 3 demonstrate for the first time the coexistence of triple properties (NLO, photoluminescence, and magnetism) in a single crystal structure. The insights of the driving force of the synergetic substitution, SHG origin, and microscopic contributions of the building units open a new route to discovering novel multi‐functional NLO materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocatalyst, oxygen evolution reaction, photocatalysts, rhodium Innenrücktitelbild: Boosting Photocatalytic Water Oxidation Over Bifunctional Rh0-Rh3+ Sites (Angew. Keywords: cocatalyst; oxygen evolution reaction; photocatalysts; rhodium EN cocatalyst oxygen evolution reaction photocatalysts rhodium 23211 23211 1 10/06/21 20211011 NES 211011 B Bifunktionale Rh SP 0 sp -Rh SP 3+ sp -Zentren b , die auf Mo-dotiertem BiVO SB 4 sb verankert sind, zeigen eine hohe photokatalytische Aktivität in der Sauerstoffproduktion unter sichtbarem Licht, wie Peng Fei Liu, Zheng Jiang, Hua Gui Yang und Mitarbeiter in ihrem Forschungsartikel auf S. 22943 berichten. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: cocatalyst; oxygen evolution reaction; photocatalysts; rhodium EN cocatalyst oxygen evolution reaction photocatalysts rhodium 23027 23027 1 10/06/21 20211011 NES 211011 B Bifunctional Rh SP 0 sp -Rh SP 3+ sp sites b anchored on Mo-doped BiVO SB 4 sb show a high visible-light photocatalytic oxygen production activity, as reported by Peng Fei Liu, Zheng Jiang, Hua Gui Yang, and co-workers in their Research Article on page 22761. Inside Back Cover: Boosting Photocatalytic Water Oxidation Over Bifunctional Rh0-Rh3+ Sites (Angew. Cocatalyst, oxygen evolution reaction, photocatalysts, rhodium. [Extracted from the article]

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis holds great promise for green hydrogen production, but suffering from high loading of platinum‐group metals (PGM) for large‐scale deployment. Anchoring PGM‐based materials on supports can not only improve the atomic utilization of active sites but also enhance the intrinsic activity. However, in practical PEM electrolysis, it is still challenging to mediate hydrogen adsorption/desorption pathways with high coverage of hydrogen intermediates over catalyst surface. Here, operando generated stable palladium (Pd) hydride nanoclusters anchored on tungsten carbide (WCx) supports were constructed for hydrogen evolution in PEM electrolysis. Under PEM operando conditions, hydrogen intercalation induces formation of Pd hydrides (PdHx) featuring weakened hydrogen binding energy (HBE), thus triggering reverse hydrogen spillover from WCx (strong HBE) supports to PdHx sites, which have been evidenced by operando characterizations, electrochemical results and theoretical studies. This PdHx‐WCx material can be directly utilized as cathode electrocatalysts in PEM electrolysis with ultralow Pd loading of 0.022 mg cm−2, delivering the current density of 1 A cm−2 at the cell voltage of ~1.66 V and continuously running for 200 hours without obvious degradation. This innovative strategy via tuning the operando characteristics to mediate reverse hydrogen spillover provide new insights for designing high‐performance supported PGM‐based electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) into valuable chemicals represents an effective approach for realizing carbon neutralization goals. Copper oxide‐derived catalysts are particularly promising due to their tunable electronic structures. In this study, we focused on investigating the Ag2Cu2O3 model catalyst and a mixture of CuO and Ag2O with an identical metal molar ratio (denoted an as M–CuAgO). Electrochemical CO2RR tests revealed that Ag2Cu2O3 exhibited selectivity towards ethanol, while M–CuAgO showed no selectivity towards multi‐carbon products. Characterizations of the post‐reaction materials showed differences in the specific crystal structures of the two catalysts. Further X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the Ag2Cu2O3 structure, after the reaction, facilitated the transfer of electrons from Cu to Ag, thereby promoting the formation of multi‐carbon products. This work underscores the significance of structural design in precatalysts and opens up new avenues for the design of high‐performance catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In article no. 1800073, Jianhua Zhou, Lei Miao, and co‐workers prepare ink‐stained paper via a two‐step ultrasonic treatment, which acts as an excellent solar power absorber for solar steam generation. A photothermal conversion efficiency of 85.8% is achieved in the mimetic tree system under one‐sun illumination for the ink‐stained paper, which can be used for solar heavy metal ion treatment and desalination as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]