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Endomorphin‐2 demonstrates potent antinociceptive effects in various pain models. The objectives of the present study were to explore the role of endomorphin‐2 in the modulation of orofacial pain induced by orthodontic tooth movement in rats. An orthodontic pain model was established in male Sprague‐Dawley rats by ligating coiled springs to mimic orthodontic force (40 g). On days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 following orthodontic tooth movement, bite force was recorded as a surrogate measure of orthodontic pain. Ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia, trigeminal nucleus caudalis, and periodontal tissues were harvested for immunostaining. Endomorphin‐2, endomorphin‐2 + naloxone (a non‐selective opioid receptor antagonist), naloxone, and saline were injected into trigeminal ganglia and periodontal tissues to explore the role of endomorphin‐2 on orthodontic pain. The results showed that following orthodontic tooth movement, endomorphin‐2 expression levels in trigeminal ganglia were elevated on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Orthodontic pain levels were increased on days 1, 3, and 5. The administration of endomorphin‐2 into both trigeminal ganglia and periodontal tissues alleviated orthodontic pain. Moreover, the effects of endomorphin‐2 could be blocked by naloxone completely in trigeminal ganglia but only partially in periodontal tissues. Therefore, endomorphin‐2 plays an important role in the modulation of orthodontic pain both centrally and peripherally, probably through different pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates molecular markers linked with adult plant resistance (APR) to powdery mildew in the common wheat cultivar Massey. Genetics of APR to powdery mildew in wheat; Application of microsatellite markers in wheat genetic mapping; Marker assisted-selection for resistance to powdery mildew.

Abstract: Previously accurate genomic predictions for Bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) resistance in rainbow trout were obtained using a medium‐density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. Here, the impact of lower‐density SNP panels on the accuracy of genomic predictions was investigated in a commercial rainbow trout breeding population. Using progeny performance data, the accuracy of genomic breeding values (GEBV) using 35K, 10K, 3K, 1K, 500, 300 and 200 SNP panels as well as a panel with 70 quantitative trait loci (QTL)‐flanking SNP was compared. The GEBVs were estimated using the Bayesian method BayesB, single‐step GBLUP (ssGBLUP) and weighted ssGBLUP (wssGBLUP). The accuracy of GEBVs remained high despite the sharp reductions in SNP density, and even with 500 SNP accuracy was higher than the pedigree‐based prediction (0.50–0.56 versus 0.36). Furthermore, the prediction accuracy with the 70 QTL‐flanking SNP (0.65–0.72) was similar to the panel with 35K SNP (0.65–0.71). Genomewide linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis revealed strong LD (r2 ≥ 0.25) spanning on average over 1 Mb across the rainbow trout genome. This long‐range LD likely contributed to the accurate genomic predictions with the low‐density SNP panels. Population structure analysis supported the hypothesis that long‐range LD in this population may be caused by admixture. Results suggest that lower‐cost, low‐density SNP panels can be used for implementing genomic selection for BCWD resistance in rainbow trout breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonid fishes exhibit extensive local adaptations owing to abundant environmental variation and precise natal homing. This extensive local adaptation makes conservation and restoration of salmonids a challenge. For example, defining unambiguous units of conservation is difficult, and restoration attempts often fail owing to inadequate adaptive matching of translocated populations. A better understanding of the genetic architecture of local adaptation in salmonids could provide valuable information to assist in conserving and restoring natural populations of these important species. Here, we use a combination of laboratory crosses and next-generation sequencing to investigate the genetic architecture of the parallel adaptation of rapid development rate in two geographically and genetically distant populations of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Strikingly, we find that not only is a parallel genetic mechanism used but that a conserved haplotype is responsible for this intriguing adaptation. The repeated use of adaptive genetic variation across distant geographical areas could be a general theme in salmonids and have important implications for conservation and restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]