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Aims: The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) promotes wakefulness states under general anesthesia. Recent studies have shown that glutamatergic neurons within the PBN play a crucial role in facilitating emergence from anesthesia. Our previous study indicates that vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vglut2) expression neurons of the PBN extend into the extended amygdala (EA). However, the modulation of PBNvglut2‐EA in general anesthesia remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the role of PBNvglut2‐EA in alterations of consciousness during sevoflurane anesthesia. Methods: We first validated vglut2‐expressing neuron projections from the PBN to the EA using anterograde tracing. Then, we conducted immunofluorescence staining of c‐Fos to investigate the role of the EA involved in the regulation of consciousness during sevoflurane anesthesia. After, we performed calcium fiber photometry recordings to determine the changes in PBNvglut2‐EA activity. Lastly, we modulated PBNvglut2‐EA activity under sevoflurane anesthesia using optogenetics, and electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during specific optogenetic modulation. Results: The expression of vglut2 in PBN neurons projected to the EA, and c‐Fos expression in the EA was significantly reduced during sevoflurane anesthesia. Fiber photometry revealed that activity in the PBNvglut2‐EA pathway was suppressed during anesthesia induction but restored upon awakening. Optogenetic activation of the PBNvglut2‐EA delayed the induction of anesthesia. Meanwhile, EEG recordings showed significantly decreased δ oscillations and increased β and γ oscillations compared to the EYFP group. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of the PBNvglut2‐EA resulted in an acceleration of awakening from anesthesia, accompanied by decreased δ oscillations on EEG recordings. Optogenetic inhibition of PBNvglut2‐EA accelerated anesthesia induction. Surprisingly, we found a sex‐specific regulation of PBNvglut2‐EA in this study. The activity of PBNvglut2‐EA was lower in males during the induction of anesthesia and decreased more rapidly during sevoflurane anesthesia compared to females. Photoactivation of the PBNvglut2‐EA reduced the sensitivity of males to sevoflurane, showing more pronounced wakefulness behavior and EEG changes than females. Conclusions: PBNvglut2‐EA is involved in the promotion of wakefulness under sevoflurane anesthesia. Furthermore, PBNvglut2‐EA shows sex differences in the changes of consciousness induced by sevoflurane anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between expanded access to driver's licences among undocumented immigrants and the number of post‐mortem organ donors, using difference‐in‐differences modelling and event study estimation techniques. Results suggest that the adoption of laws that grant driver's licences to undocumented immigrants effectively increased the population of licensed drivers by about 2.7%. These increments eventually led to subsequent increases in the number of Hispanic organ donors by 28%, and the outcome is driven mainly by young adult Hispanic donors. Moreover, DLU laws are further credited with an approximately 17% increase in organ transplants, particularly among Hispanics, although transplant waiting list addition numbers are not significantly affected. As these laws pave the way for more undocumented drivers to register as organ donors, such legislation could help to alleviate organ shortage issues and narrow the 'ethnic waiting period gap' for organ transplants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of E‐Verify adoption on the total number of farm workers, total acres of operated farmland, and farm wages. This article finds that states with a high E‐Verify enforcement level experiences a decrease in the total number of farm workers and the total acres of operated farmland, suggesting that farms reduced their production scales after E‐Verify. However, this study finds no E‐Verify impact on farm weekly wages. This result could be a result of crop mix shift. States that adopt more stringent immigration policies should prepare the farm sector for a variety of negative shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of Omnibus Immigration Laws on the mental health of the Hispanic populations in the U.S. We use a Difference‐in‐Differences framework and data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the 2000–2016 period that contains information on more than 400 thousand Hispanics residing in the U.S. We find that the most stringent provision, namely, "show me your papers" laws, adversely affects the mental health of Hispanics and contributes to an increase of 12%–16% in the number of unhealthy mental days and an increase of 13%–18% in the probability of having frequent mental distress in the states with "show me your papers" laws. OIL provisions that enforced the use of E‐Verify or limited the use of public benefits to unauthorized immigrants did not have any effect on mental health. The study also examines (1) police stops, (2) physical health, insurance, and employment status, (3) co‐ethnic density, and (4) immigration enforcement awareness as potential mechanisms that could lead to a deterioration in the mental health of Hispanics. The evidence indicates their vulnerability to strict immigration enforcement. The social and public health cost should be carefully evaluated when formulating and implementing immigration policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of the 2008 Legal Arizona Workers Act on farm wage, production mix, farm capital use, and agricultural innovation using the synthetic control method. The findings indicate that the law significantly reduced farm worker population in Arizona. Farm wage is not affected by the decreased supply of farm labor because farms in Arizona reduced labor‐intensive crop production. The agricultural sector does not increase the use of farm capital and experiences a decrease in profits. Moreover, this study finds no impact on agricultural patents and research funding in Arizona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, metal‐halide perovskites have attracted increasing attention in optoelectronics, due to their superior optoelectronic properties. However, inherent instabilities of conventional three‐dimensional (3D) perovskites over moisture, heat, and light remain a severe challenge before the realization of commercial application of metal‐halide perovskites. Interestingly, when the dimensions of metal‐halide perovskites are reduced to two dimensions (2D), many of the novel properties will arise, such as enlarged bandgap, high photoluminescence quantum yield, and large exciton binding energy. As a result, 2D metal‐halide perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices display excellent performance, particularly as ambient stable solar cells with excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE), high‐performance light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with sharp emission peak, and high‐sensitive photodetectors. In this review, we first introduce the synthesis, structure, and physical properties of 2D perovskites. Then, the 2D perovskite‐based solar cells, LEDs, and photodetectors are discussed. Finally, a brief overview of the opportunities and challenges for 2D perovskite optoelectronics is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of the enforcement of SB 1070, a stringent immigration law, on the mental health, health‐risk behaviors, and academic performance of Hispanic adolescent residents in Arizona. Using the difference‐in‐differences method, this study finds that SB 1070 increases their probability of feeling sad and decreases their physical activeness. The impact of SB 1070 on sad feelings and level of physical activity could have serious repercussions while it lasts. In addition, obese male Hispanic adolescents are more likely than their female or non‐obese counterparts to develop mental health problems and engage in health‐risk behaviors attributable to the stringent immigration policy. This study's empirical evidence on adverse mental health repercussions for Hispanic adolescents of state‐level immigration enforcement suggests the need to be careful in formulating and implementing immigration policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of China's public health insurance program on the farm employment decisions of the rural population. Using a difference‐in‐differences (DID) model, this study indicates that the public health insurance reform led to reallocation of the rural labor force out of the farm sector by reducing the farm employment and increasing the likelihood of rural residents working in both the farm and nonfarm sectors. This research finds that rural female residents who are of a younger age and in better health were more likely to leave farm employment when covered by public health insurance. Suggestive evidence also finds that such public health insurance reform increased the individual income of the farm population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]