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Background: Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may benefit from probiotics and prebiotics, but the effects are unclear. To determine whether probiotics and prebiotics affect children with ADHD, a systematic review was conducted. Methods: The present systematic review analyzed cohort studies and randomized controlled trials that examined whether prebiotics and probiotics are associated with ADHD. Seven randomized controlled trials and two cohort studies met our inclusion criteria. Results: Research on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) probiotic supplementation showed that children with ADHD had better emotional, physical, social, and school functioning, and a higher health‐related quality of life compared to the placebo group. The studies also showed that Synbiotic 2000 reduces markers of intestinal and vascular inflammation in children with ADHD, in part through increasing SCFA levels. Conclusion: The use of probiotics and prebiotics as adjuvants therapy in patients with ADHD is beneficial. Further studies with longer duration, including more participants and a variety of age groups, and using various evaluation techniques such as in vivo observation are required to examine the effects of prebiotics and probiotics on ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of corporate governance mechanisms on the cost of equity (COE) of Iranian and Iraqi nonfinancial companies listed in the Iran‐Iraq Stock Exchange. In order to achieve the purpose of the study all listed companies on the Iran‐Iraq Stock Exchange, was considered as population of the study during the period of 2012–2017 (137 Iranian listed companies and 34 Iraqi listed companies). In order to test the relationship between variables, the researchers used a set of statistics to estimate the multiple regression model appropriate to the study. Our results indicate a significant positive role for the board size and CEO tenure in reducing the COE. Finally, our results reveal a positive role in audit quality in reducing the COE in the Iranian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An alternative investment theory to the widely utilized efficient market hypothesis, fractal market hypothesis analyses the daily randomness of the market and the turbulence witnessed during crashes and crises. The framework of the fractal market hypothesis proposes a clear explanation of investor behaviour throughout a market cycle, including booms and busts. Nowadays, the importance and advantages of forecasting in decision and policy making from different dimensions are undeniably accepted. Naturally, the techniques that face the lowest forecasting errors are capable of survival and proper function. Successful structural models have not been recently employed in the field of forecasting; therefore, other tests have been proposed among which L‐Co‐R algorithm is the most notably known for time series analysis. The present study applies L‐Co‐R coevolutionary algorithm for forecasting and analysis of time series stock returns. The current study examines daily, monthly, and yearly time series stock returns on Tehran Stock Exchange and London Stock Exchange over a period from 2007 to 2013. The statistical analysis in London Stock Exchange shows that the L‐Co‐R algorithm outperforms to the other methods, regardless of the horizon, and is capable of predicting short, medium, or long horizons using real known values. The statistical analysis in Tehran Stock Exchange shows that the L‐Co‐R algorithm outperforms to the other methods and is capable of predicting only short and medium terms. Thus, fractal market hypothesis was accepted for Tehran Stock Exchange and rejected for London Stock Exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]