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Diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic disease worldwide that causes numerous complications, including male infertility. The prevalence of DM is 451 million people and estimated that would increase to 693 million in 2045. Fluorosis caused by drinking water contaminated with inorganic fluoride is a public health problem in many areas around the world. Previous studies have shown that fluoride exposure damages the male reproductive function. This study aimed to evaluate the fluoride sub-chronic exposure on the spermatozoa function in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. After confirming diabetes by measuring blood glucose levels, the male mice received 45.2 ppm of fluoride added or deionized water. We evaluated several parameters in diabetic mice exposed to fluoride: standard quality analysis, the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ψm), the caspase activity in spermatozoa, urinary fluoride excretion, and histological evaluation in the testes. After 60 days of fluoride-exposure, diabetic mice, significantly decreased sperm quality (motility, viability, and concentration). Spermatozoa from fluoride-exposure in diabetic mice presented a significant decrease in ψm and a significant increase in activity caspase 3/7. Urinary fluoride excretion was decreased in diabetic mice exposed to fluoride. Subchronic fluoride exposure of mice with STZ-induced diabetes aggravated testicular damage and the spermatozoa function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a common disease that may cause severe damage to human health. Imipramine (IMI) and desipramine (DES) are medicaments used for treatment, yet studies on their genotoxic potential have given controversial results. Therefore, we designed the present assay to determine their effect as inducers of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPE) and micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes (MNNE) in mice. The study was carried out in animals administered daily with the compounds for 4 weeks, and the determination of micronuclei was done each week. We also evaluated the bone marrow cytotoxicity induced by the chemicals. Besides, the same determinations were carried out in the following 4 consecutive weeks, but in this period the animals were not treated with the tested compounds. Our results showed a significant increase in both MNPE and MNNE induced by both compounds from the first week of administration. At the fourth week, IMI increased three times the control level, while the effect of DES was about seven times such level. In the second, 4-week phase, we observed a reduction in the rate of micronuclei approaching the control level. We also detected a bone marrow-mitotic division decrease by the evaluated chemicals. Our results point to the need for cautiousness in the clinical use of the compounds as well as for testing the effect in patients under treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]