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Background: Polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard for sleep bruxism (SB) assessment, it is expensive, not widely accessible, and time‐consuming. Objective: Given the increasing prevalence of SB, there is a growing need for an alternative, readily available, reliable and cost‐effective diagnostic method. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic validity of portable respiratory polygraphy (PRPG) compared with PSG for SB diagnosis. Methods: One hundred and three subjects underwent simultaneous examinations using PRPG (NOX T3, NOX Medical) and PSG (NOX A1, NOX Medical) in a sleep laboratory. Results: The mean Bruxism Episodes Index (BEI) measured by PRPG was 4.70 ± 3.98, whereas PSG yielded a mean BEI of 3.79 ± 3.08. The sensitivity for detecting sleep bruxism (BEI >2) by PRPG was 48.3%, with a specificity of 81.2%. The positive predictive value was estimated at 51.9%, and the negative predictive value at 78.9%. However, when distinguishing between mild bruxism (BEI >2 < 4) and severe bruxism (BEI >4), PRPG demonstrated a sensitivity of 77.8% and 68.3% and a specificity of 48.6% and 71.4%, respectively. Conclusion: Polysomnography continues to be the SB diagnostic gold standard tool, as the sensitivity and specificity of PRPG are significantly lower when compared with PSG. Nevertheless, PRPG could serve as an alternative tool for SB screening or diagnosis, despite its limitations. Furthermore, our data indicate that comorbidities such as sleep apnea and sleep quality do not influence the diagnostic accuracy of PSG, suggesting its potential as a screening instrument in individuals with other sleep disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The objective of the current study was to evaluate the clinical utility of bruxism episode index in predicting the level of masticatory muscle pain intensity. The study involved adults (n = 220) recruited from the Outpatient Clinic of Temporomandibular Disorders at the Department of Experimental Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, during the period 2017–2022. Participants underwent medical interview and dental examination, focusing on signs and symptoms of sleep bruxism. The intensity of masticatory muscle pain was gauged using the Numeric Rating Scale. Patients identified with probable sleep bruxism underwent further evaluation through video‐polysomnography. Statistical analyses included the Shapiro–Wilk test, Spearman's rank correlation test, association rules, receiver operating characteristic curves, linear regression, multivariate regression and prediction accuracy analyses. The analysis of correlation and one‐factor linear regression revealed no statistically significant relationships between bruxism episode index and Numeric Rating Scale (p > 0.05 for all analyses). Examination of receiver operating characteristic curves and prediction accuracy indicated a lack of predictive utility for bruxism episode index in relation to masticatory muscle pain intensity. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated no discernible relationship between bruxism episode index and Numeric Rating Scale across all examined masticatory muscles. In conclusion, bruxism episode index and masticatory muscle pain intensity exhibit no correlation, and bruxism episode index lacks predictive value for masticatory muscle pain. Clinicians are advised to refrain from employing the frequency of masticatory muscle activity as a method for assessing the association between masticatory muscle pain and sleep bruxism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA) is a periodic muscle activity that characterises sleep bruxism (SB) events. These can occur as a single event, in pairs, or in clusters. Since RMMA episodes often occur in clusters and the relevance of this occurrence is unknown, we conducted a study to investigate the effect of RMMA clusters on sleep fragmentation and the severity of orofacial muscle pain. This study involved a secondary analysis using data from 184 adult subjects with orofacial muscle pain who underwent definitive polysomnography (PSG) for sleep bruxism diagnosis. Self‐reported orofacial muscle pain (OFMP) was assessed using the numeric rating scale, and additional evaluation of side‐to‐side equivalence (symmetry) was described using a binary system. Among the 184 participants, 60.8% (n = 112) did not exhibit clusters and among the 72 participants with clusters, 36.1% (n = 26) and 63.9% (n = 46) were in the high and low RMMA frequency groups, respectively. The high SB group had significantly three times more phasic RMMA events than the noncluster group. A total of 89.67% (n = 165) of subjects reported orofacial muscle pain. While there was no difference in the severity of OFMP among groups, a significant decrease in symmetry between the severity of temporal muscle pain on the left and right sides was noted in the cluster group compared with the noncluster group. Clustering of RMMA events is associated with sleep fragmentation. The asymmetry of temporal muscle pain is related to the presence of RMMA clusters in sleep bruxism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Sleep‐related rhythmic movement disorder is characterised by stereotyped and repetitive rhythmic movements involving large muscle groups during sleep with frequencies between 0.5 and 2 Hz. Most of the published studies on sleep‐related rhythmic movement disorder have focussed on children. Therefore, we performed a systematic review on this topic focussing on the adult population. The review is followed by a case report. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses 2020 guidelines. A total of seven manuscripts (n = 32 individuals) were included in the review. The clinical manifestation of body or head rolling predominated in the majority of included cases (53.13% and 43.75%, respectively). In n = 11 (34.37%) cases, a combination of rhythmic movements was observed. The literature review also revealed a wide spectrum of co‐morbidities: insomnia, restless leg syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, ischaemic stroke, epilepsy, hypertension, alcohol and drug dependency, mild depression, and diabetes mellitus. The case report presented a 33‐year‐old female who was referred to the sleep laboratory due to a suspicion of sleep bruxism and obstructive sleep apnea. Although the patient was initially suspected of having obstructive sleep apnea and sleep bruxism, after conducting video‐polysomnography she met the criteria for sleep‐related rhythmic movement disorder as she presented body rolling, which were surprisingly most evident during the rapid eye movement sleep stage. In summary, the prevalence of sleep‐related rhythmic movement disorder among adults has not been determined yet. The present review and case report is a good starting point for discussion regarding rhythmic movement disorder in adults and further research on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Due to potential issues, several sleep laboratories conduct sleep bruxism diagnosis without the use of a camera, instead relying mostly on electromyographic monitoring. The purpose of the study was to determine if a camera is necessary for the polysomnographic evaluation of sleep bruxism and how sleep bruxism parameters change when a camera is not utilised. The study material was actual polysomnographic recordings made in the years 2017–2020. A total of 199 single‐night video‐polysomnographic recordings of patients who were suspected of having sleep bruxism were chosen at random. The first analysis involved the evaluation of the video recording, while in the second video recording was not used. The findings revealed that all the examined sleep bruxism indices had statistically significantly higher values for the recordings made without the use of a camera. According to the findings, noncamera recordings had decreased sensitivity and specificity when the criteria of bruxism and mild‐to‐moderate bruxism were taken into account, and decreased sensitivity in the case of the criterion of severe bruxism. Sleep efficiency, the apnea/hypopnea index, and arousals had independent effects on the bruxism episode index value in the analysis of noncamera recordings. In conclusion, camera‐based polysomnography still appears to be the most reliable way to assess the severity of sleep bruxism, particularly in patients who also report other sleep disturbances. The presence of symptoms of sleep‐disordered breathing, insomnia, or other sleep disorders should prompt us to use camera‐based diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep bruxism (SB) is a complex behaviour that seems to be associated with the serotoninergic pathway. Objectives: This exploratory research aimed to evaluate the levels of serotonin in individuals with sleep bruxism diagnosed by video polysomnography. The study also evaluated whether the levels of serotonin were associated with body mass index, heart rate, and sleep parameters. Methods: The study participants were adults hospitalised in the Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology at the Wroclaw Medical University. They underwent a single‐night video polysomnography during which sleep and SB parameters and heart rate were evaluated. Additionally, body mass index and blood serotonin levels were evaluated for each patient. Results: A total of 105 patients were included in this study (80 women and 25 men). All the patients were Caucasians aged 18–63 years, with a mean age ± (standard deviation) of 33.43± 10.8 years. Seventy‐five patients (71.43%) presented sleep bruxism (bruxism episodes index ≥2) and 30 (28.57%) did not. Fifty patients (47.62%) presented severe sleep bruxism (bruxism episodes index >4). The results showed that lower blood serotonin levels were associated with severe sleep bruxism; increased bruxism episodes index, rapid eye movement sleep, and body mass index; and decreased maximal pulse. Conclusion: Severe sleep bruxism and the associated phenomena seem to co‐occur with lower blood serotonin levels. The study supports the hypothesis on the relationship between the serotoninergic pathway and sleep bruxism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to assess the influence of gender and age on snoring and sleep bruxism in non‐apneic snoring patients. Adult participants with clinical suspicion of snoring and with no other significant medical history were recruited. Single‐night video polysomnography was performed to detect snoring and sleep bruxism. Finally, 137 snoring non‐apneic participants were included. Statistical analysis of gender groups showed that the total snore index and snore train were significantly higher in men than in women. Men also presented severe bruxism, with significantly more frequent episodes and higher bruxism episodes index scores. The correlation analysis showed the presence of significant linear relationships in the supine sleep position between age and snore index, snore index in non‐rapid eye movement 2 (N2) sleep stage, and snore train. The analysis of groups separated according to the criterion of third age quartile showed that the average, maximum and minimum audio volume in the non‐supine sleep position was significantly higher in the older group. The analysis of groups separated according to the criterion of median age showed that the bruxism episode index and bruxism phasic episodes were significantly higher in the younger group. Thus, it can be concluded that both age and gender influence snoring and sleep bruxism. Snoring and sleep bruxism seem to be more intensive in men. Older patients seem to snore more in N2 sleep and the supine sleep position and present lower bruxism episodes, especially the phasic type. The results of the present study indicate the need for further research on this topic to establish the possible relationship between snoring and sleep bruxism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to assess sleep structure, phenotypes related to bruxism activity and basic respiratory parameters among a large group of participants with sleep bruxism and without obstructive sleep apnea. Adult participants with clinical suspicion of sleep bruxism and with no other significant medical history were recruited. Video‐polysomnography was performed to detect masseter muscles activity. Polysomnographic scoring was performed according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Criteria. Finally, 146 participants were included. The participants were divided into three subgroups: severe, mild and no sleep bruxism. There were no differences in total sleep time, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, wake duration after sleep onset, rapid eye movement, and measured respiratory parameters. The severity of sleep bruxism contributed to the increased intensity of all sleep bruxism phenotypes in almost all sleep stages, apart from tonic and mixed activity in non‐rapid eye movement stage 3 sleep (slow‐wave sleep). Those with bruxism spent more time in rapid eye movement sleep compared to controls; there were no differences in non‐rapid eye movement sleep stages. The results confirmed that sleep bruxism does not significantly affect sleep duration, efficiency and continuity (in terms of sleep–wake cycles). Sleep bruxism contributes to a higher percentage of rapid eye movement sleep in the total sleep time. Those with bruxism present more frequent episodes during all stages of sleep; however, in the case of slow‐wave sleep, tonic and mixed activity observed in participants with sleep bruxism are comparable to those of healthy people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bruxism is often indicated as a risk factor for the occurrence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Despite the frequent co‐occurrence of bruxism and TMD, the exact relationship between these phenomena has not been thoroughly explained, and their causal relationship is still considered controversial. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of TMD among sleep bruxers and non‐bruxers. Materials and methods: The participants of this study were 77 patients of the Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry operating at the Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University who had been diagnosed with TMD and probable sleep bruxism. Patients underwent video‐polysomnography to assess the intensity of sleep bruxism using the Bruxism Episode Index (BEI). Results: The following TMD diagnoses were made: local myalgia, temporal tendonitis, myofascial pain, myofascial pain with referral, hypertrophy, osteoarthrosis, disc displacement with reduction, disc displacement without reduction with limited opening, subluxation, adhesions/adherence, arthralgia, headache attributed to TMD and oromandibular dystonia. None of these occurred statistically significantly more often in the studied group (bruxers; BEI ≥ 2) than in the control group (non‐bruxers; BEI < 2); (P >.05 for all comparisons). Conclusion: The distribution of TMD among sleep bruxers and non‐bruxers is similar. Therefore, the prevalence of sleep bruxism seems not to be a certain risk factor for TMD occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]