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Comparing Mexico and Uruguay, this article examines the work history of workers and the challenges they face to satisfy the minimum contribution period for eligibility to receive a contributory old‐age pension. Administrative data on work histories is used to formulate a survival model aimed at estimating hazard rates of entering and transitioning out of a given contribution status. This model is then used to perform a Monte Carlo simulation to forecast contribution histories. Results suggest that the hazard rate is negatively associated with the length of a worker's spell in his or her current status and warn that, both in Mexico and Uruguay, a significant group of workers will find it difficult to gain entitlement to a contributory pension in old age. The manner in which each of these national systems has addressed the challenges associated with low contribution densities may explain the two countries' very different coverage results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The socio‐demographic characteristics of couriers who work through digital platforms in Mexico reveal that more than 85 per cent of these workers have completed full‐time secondary education and 83 per cent of these workers are young (aged 14 to 44). However, only 25 per cent are covered for health services and social security benefits. Against this backdrop, and guided by international experience, we set out a proposal to provide these workers with a tailored package of social security benefits. The proposal would require to categorize couriers who work through digital platforms as "digital workers", introduce a special scheme for these workers based on voluntary affiliation, and offer a specific portfolio of benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, as in many other parts of the world, industrial agriculture is dramatically changing rural landscapes and altering relationships with the land. This paper draws on community‐based research from a collaborative international research project that examined the perceived health implications of the agricultural industry for Indigenous peoples in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. Thirty interviews were conducted in a Nahuas community experiencing expanding agribusiness industries. The results of this study show that the implications of export‐oriented agricultural industry for this Nahuas community are complex and, at times, contradictory: employment in the agricultural industry provides community members with much‐needed sources of income, but it is precarious work. At the same time, community members are concerned about the long‐term health and environmental implications, such as increased exposure to chemicals, depletion of the soil and water, and loss of traditional food and lifeways. These results suggest that to better understand the costs and benefits of large‐scale agriculture for Indigenous health, a broad lens of health that is situated in the context of colonial legacies and the particularities of relationships with the land is required. Key Messages: The health dimensions of export‐oriented agriculture for Indigenous communities throughout Mexico are complex and, at times, contradictory.Indigenous determinants of health frameworks help illuminate the risks and benefits of agricultural industries in Jalisco.For study participants, these industries present a tension between determinants of health; notably, much‐needed sources of income and long‐term health and environmental risks. This research provides a window into the particularities of a Nahuas community in rural Mexico, showing some of the contradictions and complexities of industrial agriculture in relation to local conceptions of health and well‐being.The results begin to illustrate the dynamic interplay between proximal, intermediate, and distal determinants of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the differential mortality of Argentina's disability pension beneficiaries during the 2015–16 period, based on National Social Security Administration (Administración Nacional de la Seguridad Social – ANSES) payment records. It compares data for those with an assessed disability with overall population data, as well as with available international data (from Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States of America). In addition to breaking down mortality rates for people with disabilities by age and sex, it also factors in duration of benefit, establishing an inverse correlation between benefit duration and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: L'analyse, axée sur les tâches, de la structure de l'emploi urbain du Brésil, de la Colombie et du Mexique montre que celui‐ci a nettement diminué entre 2002 et 2015 dans des professions semi‐qualifiées et augmenté dans les professions faiblement et fortement qualifiées. La décomposition des résultats suggère que le déclin de l'emploi des secrétaires et des sténographes s'explique entièrement par les changements intrabranche (hypothèse de «routinisation»), tandis que dans la conduite des machines et l'artisanat l'explication tient aux changements interbranches. Sous l'angle sociodémographique, le changement technologique affecte négativement les femmes, mais il profite aux travailleurs plus jeunes et plus instruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1997, Mexico replaced its main old‐age pension system with an individual capitalization system. In 2021, the first people subject to the new system will retire. Using a model that projects demographic and labour variables and using Monte Carlo simulations, the findings of this study show that in 2051 the percentage of men not having a pension will increase from 38 per cent to 59 per cent, and that of women from 44 per cent to 66 per cent. The replacement rate for the average Mexican worker will fall from 70 per cent to 30 per cent. The numbers of people in extreme poverty will increase by almost 2.8 million, representing 9.44 per cent of the population. Alternative scenarios are proposed that involve increasing the contribution rate and raising the retirement age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé À partir d'une enquête menée auprès de saisonniers mexicains au Canada, les auteurs construisent un modèle à équations simultanées reposant sur la méthode des triples moindres carrés. Ils montrent que les envois de fonds ont un effet positif sur l'investissement agricole, et donc sur le revenu agricole au Mexique. Cet effet s'étend au revenu non agricole du fait d'une diversification des activités et des investissements des migrants. Ces résultats confirment la thèse de la nouvelle économie de la migration de travail: les envois de fonds contribuent effectivement au développement économique en donnant aux petits exploitants les liquidités qui leur manquent pour investir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective The studie describes the blood-feeding behaviour of mosquitoes in Mexico, to understand host-vector relationships and dynamics of disease transmission. Methods From September 2012 to November 2012 and in November 2013, 911 blood-fed Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were collected with aspirators inside houses in Chetumal and Cancun. Blood meals were analysed by PCR and subsequent Sanger sequencing of the cytochrome b gene. Results 93.3% of mosquitoes fed on mammals, 6.5% on birds and 0.2% on reptiles. The most frequent vertebrate hosts were humans (65.4%), dogs (23.2%), chicken (5.4%), cattle (2.2%) and cats (1.8%). Conclusions Cx. quinquefasciatus most frequently fed on humans and dogs in both studied cities, which is in contrast to a previous study that demonstrated lower prevalence of mammalian blood in engorged Cx. quinquefasciatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES To estimate annual costs related to the diagnosis, treatment and productivity losses among patients with neurocysticercosis (NCC) receiving treatment at two referral hospitals, the Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia (INNN) and the Hospital de Especialidades of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (HE-IMSS), in Mexico City from July 2007 to August 2008. METHODS Information on presenting clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, hospitalisations, surgical procedures and other treatments received by NCC outpatients was collected from medical charts, and supplemented by an individual questionnaire regarding productivity losses and out-ofpocket expenses related to NCC. RESULTS The annual average per-patient direct costs were US$ 503 (95% CI: 414-592) and US$ 438 (95% CI: 322-571) for patients without a history of hospitalisation and/or surgery seen at the INNN and the HE-IMSS, respectively. These costs increased to US$ 2506 (95% CI: 1797-3215) and US$ 2170 (95% CI: 1303-3037), respectively, for patients with a history of hospitalisation and/or surgery. The average annual per-patient indirect costs were US$ 246 (95% CI: 165-324) and US$ 114 (95% CI: 51-178), respectively, using minimum salary wages for individuals not officially employed. CONCLUSIONS The total annual cost for patients who had and had not been hospitalised and/or undergone a surgical procedure for the diagnosis or treatment of NCC corresponded to 212% and 41% of an annual minimum wage salary, respectively. The disease tends to affect rural socioeconomically disadvantaged populations and creates health disparities and significant economic losses in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To evaluate the household use of insecticide consumer products to kill mosquitoes and other insect pests, as well as the expenditures for using these products, in a dengue-endemic area of México. Methods A questionnaire was administered to 441 households in Mérida City and other communities in Yucatán to assess household use of insecticide consumer products. Results A total of 86.6% of surveyed households took action to kill insect pests with consumer products. The most commonly used product types were insecticide aerosol spray cans (73.6%), electric plug-in insecticide emitters (37.4%) and mosquito coils (28.3%). Mosquitoes were targeted by 89.7% of households using insecticide aerosol spray cans and >99% of households using electric plug-in insecticide emitters or mosquito coils. Products were used daily or every 2 days in most of the households for insecticide aerosol spray cans (61.4%), electric plug-in insecticide emitters (76.2%) and mosquito coils (82.1%). For all products used to kill insect pests, the median annual estimated expenditure per household that took action was 408 Mexican pesos ($ MXN), which corresponded to approximately 31 $US. These numbers are suggestive of an annual market in excess of 75 million $ MXN (>5.7 million $US) for Mérida City alone. Conclusion Mosquitoes threaten human health and are major nuisances in homes in the study area in México. Households were found to have taken vigorous action to kill mosquitoes and other insect pests and spent substantial amounts of money on insecticide consumer products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial appropriation is an age-old strategy for domination by one group over another. In the context of national states, territorial expansion is a common manifestation of this. Spain's colonization process began in the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico in the sixteenth century but remained incomplete in this area. Independent Mexico's struggle for control over the Mayan landscape of the Yucatan continued through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It is my contention that the assault has continued in recent times. Today, it is not the conventional notion of nation state colonialism but a much more subtle invasion brought about by the ability of tourists from richer nations to travel south. Using the paradigm of settler colonization, this article proposes that relationships of power underlying this new infiltration parallel those of conventional colonialism, and that the tourist is, in fact, an unwitting colonizer. The case of Quintana Roo, Mexico illustrates how the tourist can be seen as a pawn in a larger political project. Exposure of this predatory nature of tourism reveals processes that have implications for other Native regions of the Americas and beyond that are suffering similar 'invasions.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé En l'absence de contrat bilatéral entre les Etats- Unis et le Mexique sur la portabilité et la totalisation des cotisations de sécurité sociale, le présent article examine l'accès aux prestations d'assurance-maladie et de retraite et le statut d'emploi des travailleurs migrants mexicains. Nous avons constaté que les migrants qui rentrent chez eux après avoir passé moins d'un an aux Etats- Unis bénéficient du même accès aux prestations de sécurité sociale que les non-migrants. Ceux qui ont passé au moins un an aux Etats- Unis ont en revanche moins accès à l'assurance-maladie publique ou aux prestations de sécurité sociale et pourraient être davantage touchés par la pauvreté en vieillissant. Ces résultats sont destinés à alimenter le débat sur l'instauration d'un accord de sécurité sociale entre les Etats- Unis et le Mexique, qui améliorerait la sécurité sociale des migrants rentrés chez eux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives To analyse pharmacy customers’ knowledge and information sources about side effects of medicines they purchased and factors associated with this knowledge. Methods Cross-sectional survey and semi-structured interviews with customers of 52 randomly selected community pharmacies in Morelos state, Mexico. Customers were included if they were older than 18 years, bought at least one drug either with or without medical prescription, and agreed to take part in the survey. Data were analysed using a multinomial logistic regression model. Results A total of 1445 customers buying 1946 drugs were surveyed (age 42.9 ± 15.7 years, 56.9% female); 627 (59%) of 1055 customers who purchased prescription-only medicines (POM) did so without a prescription. Of all customers interviewed, 172 (11.9%) affirmed that the bought medicine(s) could cause harm. Only half of those (87 or 6%) were able to identify correctly at least one side effect of the purchased medicines. The majority received the information about side effects from a physician. Customers in semirural areas knew less about side effects (odds ratio: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.11–0.61; P = 0.00); whereas customers buying medicines for chronic pain, hypertension or diabetes knew more (odds ratio 2.63; 95% CI: 1.44–4.80; P = 0.00). Conclusion The overall majority of customers did not know that medicines they bought could be harmful. This is particularly alarming because they frequently used POM without consulting a physician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To evaluate the impact of Oportunidades, a large-scale, conditional cash transfer programme in Mexico, on birthweight. The programme provides cash transfers to low-income, rural households in Mexico, conditional on accepting nutritional supplements health education, and health care. Methods The primary analyses used retrospective reports from 840 women in poor rural communities participating in an effectiveness study and randomly assigned to incorporation into the programme in 1998 or 1999 across seven Mexican states. Pregnant women in participating households received nutrition supplements and health care, and accepted cash transfers. Using multivariate and instrumental variable analyses, we estimated the impact of the programme on birthweight in grams and low birthweight (<2500 g), receipt of any pre-natal care, and number of pre-natal visits. Results Oportunidades beneficiary status was associated with 127.3 g higher birthweight among participating women and a 4.6 percentage point reduction in low birthweight. Conclusion The Oportunidades conditional cash transfer programme improved birthweight outcomes. This finding is relevant to countries implementing conditional cash transfer programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the contribution of poor case management and care-seeking behaviour to childhood deaths from acute respiratory infections (ARI) and diarrhoeal diseases in rural Mexico. Methods Eighty-nine deaths from ARI and diarrhoea in under-fives from Hidalgo over a 7-month period were identified from registered death certificates. We interviewed the carers of 75 of these children, eliciting what happened before death, including signs and symptoms, contact with health services, details on treatments and details of doctors. These death narratives were used to assess the contributions of care seeking and case management to the childhood deaths. We conducted an independent investigation of the clinical competence of doctors mentioned in the death narratives using standard case scenarios and compared this with results obtained from neighbourhood control doctors. Results Late care seeking and/or poor case management contributed to 68% of deaths. The estimated contribution of care seeking alone was 32%, of case management alone 17% and of both care seeking and case management 18% of deaths. Doctors implicated as having contributed to a child’s death had significantly lower clinical competence scores than those who were not. Private doctors accounted for 1.4 times more consultations prior to death than public doctors, but were implicated in 1.8 times the number of deaths. Conclusion Efforts to reduce child mortality need to improve both care seeking for childhood illnesses and quality of case management. It is essential that doctors in the private sector be included, as in Mexico and many other countries they provide a large proportion of care, often with adverse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]