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Objective: Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) is a prevalent genital infection in women of reproductive age and requires effective non‐drug therapies. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of blue light emitting diode (LED) therapy as an alternative treatment for recurrent VVC due to its proven antimicrobial properties. The safety and non‐invasiveness of LED therapy make it a promising option for sensitive tissue applications. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled trial recruited 60 women with culture‐confirmed VVC. Participants were randomly allocated to two groups. Group A (control group) received standard antifungal treatment with Gynoconazol 0.8% vaginal cream for three consecutive nights (n = 30). Group B (study group) received the same antifungal treatment plus two 60‐min sessions of blue LED therapy directed at the vagina and vulva, with the sessions separated by two days (n = 30). Candida count (via CHROMagar™ Candida) and vaginal pH (via AD110‐AD111 m) were assessed at baseline and one week after initiating treatment. Results: Post‐treatment, group (B) demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in Candida count compared to group (A) (mean difference (MD) 8.267; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 6.723–9.811; p = 0.0001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in vaginal pH between the groups (MD −0.03; 95% CI −0.244–0.178; p = 0.749). Conclusion: Blue LED therapy effectively reduces Candida count in women with recurrent VVC without adversely affecting the vaginal pH, highlighting its safety and efficacy as a treatment modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An argon‐based low‐temperature plasma jet (LTPJ) was used to treat chronically infected wounds in Staphylococcus aureus‐laden mice. Based on physicochemical property analysis and in vitro antibacterial experiments, the effects of plasma parameters on the reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNOS) content and antibacterial capacity were determined, and the optimal treatment parameters were determined to be 4 standard litre per minute and 35 W. Additionally, the plasma‐treated activation solution had a bactericidal effect. Although RNOS are related to the antimicrobial effect of plasma, excess RNOS may be detrimental to wound remodelling. In vivo studies demonstrated that medium‐dose LTPJ promoted MMP‐9 expression and inhibited bacterial growth during the early stages of healing. Moreover, LTPJ increased collagen deposition, reduced inflammation, and restored blood vessel density and TGF‐β levels to normal in the later stages of wound healing. Therefore, when treating chronically infected wounds with LTPJ, selecting the medium dose of plasma is more advantageous for wound recovery. Overall, our study demonstrated that low‐temperature plasma jets may be a potential tool for the treatment of chronically infected wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Oral candidosis is common in patients with end‐of‐life cancer; however, its prognosis is unclear. We aimed to assess oral candidosis and Candida species as prognostic indicators in palliative care for these patients. Methods: We consecutively included palliative care patients, assessed for candidosis via microbiological techniques, and classified into three groups by the extent of oral lesions. The association between oral candidosis and overall survival was assessed using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted by performance status (PS). Results: We studied 142 patients (median age 77; 52.8% women) with a 76.1% oral candidosis prevalence. Candida albicans (80.6%) was the most common species. Oral lesions were classified as none, grade 1 (28.7%), or ≥ grade 2 (14.8%). During follow‐up, Cox models identified ≥grade 2 lesions (aHR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.18–3.54; p =.011) and Candida tropicalis (aHR = 2.38; 95% CI: 1.03–5.55; p =.044) as predictors. Conclusion: The extent of oral candidosis lesions or the presence of C. tropicalis may serve as prognostic indicator in patients with end‐of‐life cancer. Therefore, solely concentrating on the prevalence and frequency of fungal species may be insufficient for predicting life prognosis; it is advisable to assess these parameters through both visual examination and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) often become infected and are treated with antimicrobials, with samples collected to inform care. Swab samples are easier than tissue sampling but report fewer organisms. Compared with culture and sensitivity (C&S) methods, molecular microbiology identifies more organisms. Clinician perspectives on sampling and processing are unknown. We explored clinician perspectives on DFU sampling—tissue samples/wound swabs—and on processing techniques, culture and sensitivity or molecular techniques. The latter provides information on organisms which have not survived transport to the laboratory for culture. We solicited feedback on molecular microbiology reports. Qualitative study using semi‐structured interview, with analysis using a Framework approach. CODIFI2 clinicians from UK DFU clinics. Seven consultants agreed to take part. They reported, overall, a preference for tissue samples over swabbing. Clinicians were not confident replacing C&S with molecular microbiology as the approach to reporting was unfamiliar. The study was small and did not recruit any podiatrists or nurses, who may have discipline‐specific attitudes or perspectives on DFU care. Both sampling approaches appear to be used by clinicians. Molecular microbiology reports would not be, at present, suitable for replacement of traditional culture and sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Listeriosis is caused by the bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, and is a significant health concern because of high hospitalization and mortality rates. This study reports seven cases of pregnancy‐associated listeriosis diagnosed with matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry performed on infection‐positive blood culture. Methods: Blood culture‐positive samples of seven patients whose pregnancy was complicated by Listeria infection and treated at Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University between January 2016 and December 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. Strains identified by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry were compared with colony identification results. Identification accuracy and consistency were assessed. Results: A total of seven strains of Listeria were collected from seven pregnant women presented with fever (37.6–39.9°C). Clinical abnormalities included abnormal liver function, emaciation, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, ketosis, mild to moderate anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Compared with the traditional culture method, MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry led to much earlier identification (4–6 h vs. 3–4 days) with 100% identification accuracy. Of the seven pregnancies complicated by Listeria, only two led to live births. Of the five fetal deaths, three occurred in the second trimester. Conclusion: In this series of pregnancy‐associated listeriosis cases, the fetal mortality rate was 71%. MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry is a valuable method that can identify Listeria from blood culture rapidly and accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial diversity profoundly influences soil ecosystem functions, making it vital to monitor community dynamics to comprehend its structure. Our study focused on six agrosystems in Madeira Archipelago, analysing bacteria, archaea, fungi and AMF through classical microbiology and molecular techniques. Despite distinct edaphoclimatic conditions and management practices, bacterial structures exhibited similarities, with Alphaproteobacteria at 18%–20%, Bacilli at 11%–18% and Clostridia at 9%–14%. The predominance of copiothrophic groups suggested that soil nutrient content was the driver of these communities. Regarding archaea, the communities changed among sites, and it was evident that agrosystems provided niches for methanogens. The Crenarchaeota varied between 15% and 29%, followed by two classes of Euryarchaeota, Methanomicrobia (17%–25%) and Methanococci (4%–32%). Fungal communities showed consistent composition at the class level but had differing diversity indices due to management practices and soil texture. Sordaryomycetes (21%–28%) and Agaricomycetes (15%–23%) were predominant. Conversely, AMF communities appeared to be also influenced by the agrosystem, with Glomus representing over 50% of the community in all agrosystems. These insights into microbial groups' susceptibilities to environmental conditions are crucial for maintaining healthy soil and predicting climate change effects on agrosystems' productivity, resilience and sustainability. Additionally, our findings enable the development of more robust prediction models for agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare individuals with a periodontitis background (Grade C, stage III/IV—formerly generalized aggressive periodontitis) (H‐GAP) with periodontally healthy subjects (H‐Health) in terms of molecular changes (immunological/microbiological) accompanying experimental peri‐implant mucositis and gingivitis. Materials and Methods: H‐GAP and control (H‐Health) subjects were recruited, and experimental mucositis/gingivitis was induced around a single screw‐retained implant and one contralateral tooth. Participants refrained from oral hygiene for 21 days in the selected areas, followed by professional prophylaxis and hygiene instructions for 21 days. Clinical parameters, immunological markers (multiplex analysis) and microbial data (16S rRNA gene sequencing) were collected at baseline, during induction (7, 14 and 21 days) and following remission (42 days). Results: Clinically, no significant differences were observed between the groups (n = 10/each group) (H‐GAP vs. H‐Health) (p >.05, Mann–Whitney test) and the type of site (tooth vs. implant) (p >.05, Wilcoxon test) at the time of onset and resolution, or severity of gingival/mucosal inflammation. H‐GAP displayed lower concentrations of the cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1B, IL‐4, IL‐17, tumor necrosis factor‐α and interferon‐γ around implants than H‐Health at baseline and during induction of mucositis (p <.05, Mann–Whitney test). In both groups, implants showed significantly higher inflammatory background at baseline and all subsequent visits when compared with teeth (p <.05, Wilcoxon test). Alpha and β‐diversity metrics showed a significant shift in the microbiome composition and abundances of core species during induction and resolution of peri‐implant mucositis and gingivitis (p <.05, restricted maximum likelihood method of Shannon and Bray–Curtis indices, respectively). Differences were not significant for these parameters between the H‐Health and H‐GAP groups when the periodontal and peri‐implant microbiomes were compared separately; however, at each time point, the peri‐implant microbiome differed significantly from the periodontal microbiome. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this pilot study (e.g. low power), it can be concluded that different microbial shifts contribute to the onset and progression of inflammatory responses around teeth and implants and that history of periodontal disease experience plays an additional role in modulating the immune response of peri‐implant and periodontal tissues to biofilm accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The present systematic review was conducted to give an overview of toothbrush contamination among the general population and the factors affecting toothbrush contamination with an evidence‐based approach. Data/Sources: Medline (Pub Med), CINAHL Plus, Cochrane Library and Dentistry and Oral Health Sciences Source were searched for the results after applying the search strategy from January 2012 to May 2022, following inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data were collected using a self‐made data collection form on study characteristics, population attributes and the main features, including the study's outcomes. The methodological quality of the included studies was independently evaluated based on the Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) critical appraisal checklist for cross‐sectional studies and the Risk of Biasness Tool‐1 (Rob‐1) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A descriptive analysis of the included studies was done using SWiM guidelines. The impact of charcoal and non‐charcoal brushes on toothbrush disinfection was quantitatively analysed using a forest plot. Study Selection: Of the 687 studies screened by title and abstract, 27 articles were selected for full‐text evaluation using the EndNote reference program (Ver. X9.2). From these, 15 qualified and were included in the systematic review. Among the selected studies, eight were RCTs, six were cross‐sectional studies, and the remaining one was an in vitro experimental study. Conclusions: The toothbrush becomes contaminated even after its first usage, and the contamination level rises with continued use. There are a number of factors that lead to the contamination of brushes, such as increased humidity brought on by a plastic cover or a toilet setting. Charcoal brushes show significant efficacy as compared to regular bristles in reducing toothbrush contamination; however, more RCTs are needed to further assess its efficacy. Nevertheless, rinsing with chlorhexidine mouthwash after daily brushing shows favourable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial biofilms are a major hindrance in the wound healing process, prolonging the inflammatory response phase, thus making them a target in treatment. The aim of this study is to assess the antibacterial properties of commercially available wound dressings, of various material composition and antibacterial agents, towards multiple in vitro microbial and biofilm models. A variety of in vitro microbial and biofilm models were utilised to evaluate the ability of wound dressing materials to sequester microbes, prevent dissemination and manage bioburden. Sequestering and dissemination models were used to evaluate the ability of wound dressing materials to prevent the biofilm‐forming bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, from migrating through dressing materials over a 24–72 h challenge period. Additionally, Centre for Disease Control (CDC) Bioreactor and Drip Flow models were used to evaluate antibacterial killing efficacy towards established P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms using more challenging, wound‐like models. Controlled‐release iodine foam and silver‐impregnated carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) wound dressing materials demonstrated potent biofilm management properties in comparison to a methylene blue and gentian violet‐containing foam dressing. Both the iodine‐containing foam and silver‐impregnated CMC materials effectively prevented viable P. aeruginosa dissemination for up to 72 h. In addition, the controlled‐release iodine foam and silver‐impregnated CMC materials reduced P. aeruginosa bioburden in the Drip Flow model. The controlled‐release iodine foam demonstrated superiority in the CDC Bioreactor model, as both the silver‐ and iodine‐containing materials reduced S. aureus to the limit of detection, but P. aeruginosa growth was only completely reduced by controlled‐release iodine foam dressing materials. The data generated within the in vitro biofilm models supports the clinical data available in the public domain for the implementation of iodine foam dressings for effective biofilm management and control in wound care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Onychomycosis is the most common nail pathology, involving various pathogens such as dermatophytes, moulds and yeasts. Objective: The objective of this study was to observe the prevalence of onychomycosis, analyse the most appropriate diagnostic test, and assess the distribution of pathogens based on age, sex, quarter of the year, duration of symptoms and previous treatment. Methods: Retrospectively, mycological culture and PCR data and results were collected from 121 patients. Results: Of the 121 samples, 57% (69/121) tested positive when both microbiological study techniques were combined. The prevalence of onychomycosis was higher when PCR was performed (52.1%) compared to microbiological culture (33.1%). Among the 81 samples negative by microbiological culture, 31 were positive by PCR. Similarly, of the 58 samples negative by PCR, eight were positive by microbiological culture. Diagnostic accuracy data (with 95% confidence intervals) for PCR, using microbiological culture as the gold standard, were as follows: sensitivity of 0.8, specificity of 0.62, positive predictive value of 0.51 and negative predictive value of 0.86. The most frequently identified pathogen was Trichophyton rubrum, and the hallux nail plate was the most commonly affected location. However, no statistically significant associations were found between sex, age, quarter of the year and affected area with culture and PCR results. Conclusion: Combining microbiological culture and PCR can increase the detection rate of onychomycosis and help avoid false‐negative results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosols produced by dental handpieces represent a permanent risk of disease transmission in the dental environment. The current study evaluated the effects of natural ventilation (open windows) on Streptococcus mutans airborne contamination by dental handpieces in simulated clinical conditions. A dental phantom was placed on a dental chair at a standard university dental clinic operatory. An S. mutans suspension was infused into the phantom's mouth while an operator performed standardized dental procedures using low (contra‐angle) and high speed (turbine) dental handpieces or an ultrasonic scaler, with windows open or closed. Selective medium Petri dishes were placed in 18 sites of the operatory environment to evaluate contamination topographically. Sites were clustered as: wall, floor, ceiling, dental chair, and cabinet. Contamination was expressed as log10CFU/cm2. A linear mixed model analysis was used, nesting the sites within each ventilation and handpiece combination. Open windows significantly reduced contamination. The high‐speed handpiece provided the highest contamination, followed by the ultrasonic scaler and the low‐speed handpiece. Contamination values were much smaller at the ceiling, and much larger at the chair. Opening windows produced more homogeneous contamination of the operatory compared to closed windows. Natural ventilation during dental procedures decreases contamination and affects its topographical distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interdisciplinary studies on cultural heritage artworks provide efficient solutions to control fungal growth and the negative effects of biodeterioration. In this study, we aimed to identify the population of filamentous fungi colonizing an engraving by the Dutch painter Rembrandt, whose conservation status was compromised and showed visible stains of biodeterioration. Microbiological techniques, such as cultivation‐dependent approaches and molecular biology, have been used to identify fungal populations. In addition, the anaerobic atmosphere technique and eco‐friendly antifungal agents, such as essential oils (EOs) of Curcuma longa, Thymus vulgaris, and Melaleuca alternifolia, were tested against the metabolically active fungal population Cladoposporium spinulosum. Furthermore, in vitro assays revealed that the interaction between the fungal strains and EO was positive, inhibiting the growth of these fungi, and the EOs from T. vulgaris and M. alternifolia showed low minimum inhibitory concentration values. Exposure to anaerobic conditions for 35 days was effective in the total elimination of isolated fungal strains. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the effectiveness of a nondestructive technique for artwork on engraving colonized by fungal strains and using EO as an alternative to toxic antifungals used in conventional treatments in artworks. Thus, this interdisciplinary study involving applied microbiology and botanical and preventive conservation presents a tool to control microbial growth while maintaining artwork integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate the association between the presence of cutaneous urease‐producing bacteria and the development of incontinence‐associated dermatitis (IAD) using an original urea agar medium as a step toward developing advanced preventive measures. In previous clinical assessments, we developed an original urea agar medium to detect urease‐producing bacteria via the medium's colour changes. In a cross‐sectional study, specimens were collected via the swabbing technique at genital skin sites in 52 stroke patients hospitalised in a university hospital. The primary objective was to compare the presence of urease‐producing bacteria between the IAD and no‐IAD groups. Determining the bacterial count was the secondary objective. The prevalence of IAD was 48%. A significantly higher detection rate of urease‐producing bacteria was observed in the IAD group than in the no‐IAD group (P =.002) despite the total number of bacteria being equivalent between them. In conclusion, we discovered that there was a significant association between the presence of urease‐producing bacteria and IAD development in hospitalised stroke patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of different finishing and polishing procedures on surface roughness and microbial adhesion and viability of Streptococcus mutans on novel highly‐filled composites for injectable mold technique. Materials and Methods: One hundred sixty specimens were divided into four material groups: FSF (Filtek Supreme Flowable Restorative), TE (Tetric EvoFlow), GUI (G‐aenial Universal Injectable) and GUF (G‐aenial Universal Flo). Within each group, specimens were split regarding finishing and polishing (F/P) procedures into: SLD (Sof‐Lex Discs), SLS (Sof‐Lex Spirals), OG (OneGloss) and PG (PoGo). Surface roughness was analyzed using profilometer (Ra and Rz) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Strep. mutans biofilm formation was analyzed using colony forming unit (CFU) and cell viability assay. Two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post hoc test were used for comparison among groups, Pearson's coefficient was applied for the correlation between Ra and CFU/ml and all data were presented as mean ± SD. Results: Both materials and F/P procedures affect Ra, Rz and Strep. mutans CFU/ml values (p ≤ 0.05). Considering the Ra and Rz, GUI and GUF revealed lower values, compared to FSF and TE and SLD and SLS revealed lower values, compared to OG and PG. Considering the Strep. mutans CFU/ml and viability, GUI and TE presented lower values, compared to GUF and FSF and SLD and SLS presented lower values, compared to OG and PG. Moderate positive correlation was found between Ra and CFU/ml (r = 0.552). Conclusions: The smoothest surfaces possess GUI and GUF, among materials and SLD and SLS, among F/P procedures. GUI adhered the lowest amount of Strep. mutans, due to the smoothest surfaces. FSF and GUF revealed the highest amount of Strep. mutans, due to bis‐GMA, bis‐MEPP and TEGDMA in their composition. Clinical Significance: The findings of the present study may be beneficial for the proper selection of highly‐filled composites and an adequate finishing and polishing procedure when performing the injectable mold composite resin veneer technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented on the transformative potential of metagenomics in microbiology, discussing advancements and implications. Topics discussed include the historical evolution of microbiological diagnostics, the role of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in clinical diagnostics, opportunities, and challenges associated with mNGS, and the potential for implementing mNGS on a national scale in Australia.

In this proof‐of‐concept study of twenty participants, we sought to determine if a DACC (Dialkylcarbamoyl chloride)‐coated mesh dressing demonstrates an ability to adhere biofilm when placed on Diabetes Related Foot Ulcers (DRFUs) with chronic infection. The study also sought to determine if removal of the DACC‐coated mesh dressings contributes to reducing the total number of bacteria in DRFUs, by exploring the total microbial loads, microbial community composition, and diversity. Standard of care was provided in addition to the application of DACC or DACC hydrogel every three days for a total of two weeks. Wound swabs, tissue curettage, and soiled dressings were collected pre and post‐treatment. Tissue specimens obtained pre‐treatment were analysed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridisation (PNA‐FISH) with confocal laser scanning microscopy and confirmed the presence of biofilm in all DRFUs. SEM confirmed the presence of biofilms readily adhered to soiled DACC‐coated mesh dressings pre‐ and post‐treatment in all participants. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) demonstrated the mean total microbial load of DRFUs in 20 participants did not change after two weeks of therapy (pre‐treatment = 4.31 Log10 16 S copies (±0.8) versus end of treatment = 4.32 Log10 16 S copies (±0.9), P =.96, 95% CI −0.56 to 0.5). 16 S sequencing has shown the microbial composition of DACC dressings and wound swabs pre‐ and post‐treatment remained similar (DACC; R = −.047, P =.98, Swab; R = −.04, P =.86), indicating the microbial communities originate from the ulcer. Biofilms adhere to DACC‐coated mesh dressings; however, this may not reduce the total microbial load present within DRFU tissue. Wound dressings for use in hard‐to‐heal wounds should be used as an adjunct to a good standard of care which includes debridement and wound bed preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare the isolated and identified bacterial species colonizing on the genital skin between patients with and without incontinence‐associated dermatitis. Methods: This cross‐sectional study included 102 patients with stroke admitted to an acute hospital in Japan. Swabs were collected, and bacterial species found in swabs were isolated and identified using a selective agar medium and simple identification kits. In addition to demographic information, severity of incontinence‐associated dermatitis and the total bacterial counts were measured. Results: Incontinence‐associated dermatitis was present in 53.9% of the participants. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 50% of the participants with incontinence‐associated dermatitis and only 17.9% of those without incontinence‐associated dermatitis (P = 0.0029). Bacterial species distribution by erythema and skin erosion, which denote severity of incontinence‐associated dermatitis, was different, but not significant; additionally, the total number of bacterial colonies was equivalent. Conclusions: Bacterial species distribution differed between patients with and without incontinence‐associated dermatitis, whereas the total number of bacterial colonies was equivalent. A high detection rate of S. aureus on genital skin sites potentially affects the presence of incontinence‐associated dermatitis and its severity. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023; 23: 537–542. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of oral amoxicillin/clavulanate (AMX‐CL) for the prevention of bacteremia following dental extractions. The study group (AMX‐CLG) comprised 40 adults requiring dental extractions under general anesthesia who were administered a prophylactic regimen of 1875/125 mg of AMX‐CL orally 1–2 h prior to the surgery. Venous blood samples were collected from each patient at baseline and at 30 s and 15 min after dental extractions. Samples were inoculated into BACTEC Plus culture bottles and processed in the BACTEC 9240. Conventional microbiological techniques were used for subcultures and further identification of the isolated bacteria. The results for the AMX‐CLG were compared with those of a control group (CG; no prophylaxis) and an amoxicillin group (AMXG; 2 g of amoxicillin orally), consisting of randomly selected patients from among those participating in two clinical trials that we have previously published. The prevalence of bacteremia in the CG, AMXG, and AMX‐CLG was 97%, 50%, and 15%, respectively, at 30 s after completing the extractions, and 67%, 10%, and 4% at 15 min, respectively, after the last extraction. The prevalence of bacteremia in the AMXG and the AMX‐CLG at 30 s and at 15 min after completing the extractions was significantly lower than that in the CG (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively; Fisher's exact test). The prevalence of bacteremia in the AMX‐CLG at 30 s after completing the extractions was significantly lower than that in the AMXG (p < 0.001; Fisher's exact test). Based in the results of this preliminary study, oral AMX‐CL could be an excellent option for preventing bacteremia secondary to dental procedures in patients at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Toothbrushes are colonized by microorganisms, implying a risk of infection. That risk can be reduced by decreasing the microbial contamination of the filaments. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the antiseptic efficacy of a 0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash on toothbrushes. Methods: A total of twelve toothbrushes used three times/day for 14 days by orally and systemically healthy people were randomly split into two groups, and their heads were immersed for 2 h in PBS (control) or Perio·Aid Active Control (treatment). The microorganisms were recovered, and their number was calculated by culture, quantitative PCR, and viability PCR. Statistical differences were first assessed with a two‐way mixed ANOVA and subsequently with Student's t‐test. Results: The results showed no statistical differences in the total number of cells for the treatment (mean ± CI95% of 7.27 ± 1.09 log10 bacteria/ml) and the control (7.62 ± 0.64 log10 bacteria/ml) groups, but a significantly lower number of live cells in the treatment group (4.58 ± 0.61 log10 viable bacteria/ml and 2.15 ± 1.42 log10 cfu/ml) than in the control group (6.49 ± 1.39 log10 viable bacteria/ml and 5.04 ± 0.93 log10 cfu/ml). Conclusions: Based on our findings, sanitization of toothbrushes with this mouthwash reduces the number of live microorganisms adhered to the filaments. Such decrease of the bacterial load could include bacteria from the oral cavity, from the environment, and from nearby toothbrushes since the quantification was not limited to any bacterial taxon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The platform wound device (PWD) is a wound coverage system that is designed to decrease wound infection rates by allowing for direct delivery of topical antibiotics and antimicrobials while creating a sealed, protective barrier around the area of injury. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of the PWD as a protective dressing and a delivery system for topical antibiotics compared to the current standard of care (SoC). This was a multi‐center, prospective, randomised, controlled clinical trial. The wounds were treated with the PWD with gentamicin cream or SoC dressings. The wounds were evaluated before the start of treatment and after 48–96 hours via clinical assessment, photographs, and qualitative bacterial swabs for bacterial analysis. The delivery of gentamicin via the PWD was safe and did not cause any adverse effects. The treatment decreased both inflammation and bacterial growth during the study period. No significant differences in the SoC were observed. The PWD is a transparent and impermeable polyurethane chamber that encloses and protects the injured area. The delivery of topical gentamicin via the PWD was safe and effective. Clinical assessment for infection found the PWD to be non‐inferior to the current SoC treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of periodontal surgery on the subgingival microbiome. Background: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation of the tooth supporting tissues caused by the dysbiosis of the subgingival biofilm. It is managed through different non-surgical and surgical treatment modalities. Recent EFP S3 guidelines recommended performing periodontal surgery as part of Step 3 periodontitis treatment after Step 1 and Step 2 periodontal therapy, with the aim to achieve pocket closure of persisting sites. Changes in the sub-gingival microbiome may explain the treatment outcomes observed at different time points. Various microbiological detection techniques for disease-associated pathogens have been evolved over time and have been described in the literature. However, the impact of different types of periodontal surgery on the subgingival microbiome remains unclear. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in Medline, Embase, LILACS and Cochrane Library supplemented by manual search (23DEC2019, updated 21APR2022). Results: From an initial search of 3046 studies, 28 were included according to our specific inclusion criteria. Seven microbiological detection techniques were used to analyse disease-associated species in subgingival plaque samples: optical microscope, culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), checkerboard, enzymatic reactions, immunofluorescence and 16S gene sequencing. The included studies exhibited differences in various aspects of their methodologies such as subgingival plaque sample collection or treatment modalities. Clinical data showed a significant decrease in probing pocket depths (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) after periodontal surgery. Microbiological findings were overall heterogeneous. Meta-analysis was performed on a sub-cohort of studies all using checkerboard as a microbiological detection technique. Random effect models for Treponema denticola ( T. denticola), Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Tannerella forsythia (T. forsythia) did not show a significant effect on mean counts 3 months after periodontal surgery. Notably, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ( A. actinomycetemcomitans) showed a significant increase 3 months after periodontal surgery. 16S gene sequencing was used in one included study and reported a decrease in disease-associated species with an increase in health-associated species after periodontal surgery at 3 and 6 months. Conclusion: This systematic review has shown that the effect of periodontal surgery on the changes in subgingival microbiome is heterogeneous and may not always be associated with a decrease in disease-associated species. The variability could be attributed to the microbiological techniques employed for the analysis. Therefore, there is a need for well-designed and adequately powered studies to understand how periodontal surgery influences the subgingival microbiome and how the individual's microbiome affects treatment outcomes after periodontal surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal infection of many host species with Lawsonia intracellularis are widely reported. Analyses of infections among carnivorous falcons have not previously been reported. Fifty juvenile captive falcons (Falco spp.) with or without Lawsonia infection were investigated in the United Arab Emirates, including clinical laboratory methods. Fresh intestinal biopsy samples were analysed by microbiological techniques for Lawsonia and other bacteria and by standard parasitological and pathological methods. Lawsonia intracellularis infection was diagnosed by microbiological examination and qPCR in 10 of 50 juvenile falcons at case examination. Seven of these 10 falcons were of normal clinical appearance, and the other three had other contributing factors to ill‐thrift. A range of other conditions were noted in 40 case control falcons. This first report of Lawsonia infection in falcons suggests that the agent may have a limited contribution to clinical disease in these birds, including ill‐thrift syndromes. This lack of clinical disease association mimics that noted among Lawsonia infections recorded in other avian families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In critically colonised wounds, many of the signs of infection are often absent, and delayed healing may be the only clinical sign. The prevention of critical colonisation is important, but its pathophysiology has not yet been elucidated. We have previously reported that dysbiotic microbiota dissimilar to the peri‐wound skin microbiota may develop in critically colonised wounds. To investigate the role of dysbiotic microbiota, this study aimed to develop a critically colonised wound model by transplantation of dysbiotic microbiota. To transplant microbiota, a bacterial solution (dysbiosis group) or with Luria‐Bertani medium (commensal group) was inoculated to full‐thickness wounds of rats. The bacterial solution was prepared by anaerobically culturing bacteria from donor rats on an artificial dermis in Luria‐Bertani medium for 72 hours. As a result, the degree of the change in the microbial similarity between pre‐ and post‐transplantation of microbiota was significantly higher in the dysbiosis group (P <.001). No signs of infection were observed in any rat in either group. The wound area in the dysbiosis group was significantly larger (P <.001), and there was a significant infiltration of neutrophils (P <.001). All rats of the dysbiosis group represented the clinical features of critically colonised wounds. Furthermore, there were significantly fewer regulatory T cells in the wounds of the dysbiosis group. This is the first study to develop a novel animal model that represents the clinical features of critically colonised wounds and will be useful in investigating the pathogenesis of critical colonisation via regulatory T cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the periodontopathic bacterial adhesion to four restorative materials used for deep margin elevation at 2, 24, and 48‐h after incubation. Discs were produced from four restorative materials: resin modified glass ionomer, glass hybrid, flowable bulk fill resin composite, and bioactive ionic resin. Root dentin was used as control. Specimens were coated with saliva and used to culture a biofilm comprised of three strains of periodontopathic bacteria; Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Bacterial adherence was assessed by colony count assay, crystal violet staining, and visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc tests. The adhesion values for the control specimens were significantly higher than for other materials, while those for the flowable bulk fill were significantly lower than for any other material within all evaluation assays. The 2‐h incubation period showed the lowest adhesion values regardless of the group. The 48‐h adhesion values were higher than the 24‐h results in all groups except the flowable bulk fill. Microscopic imaging partially supported the findings of the measurements. In terms of periodontopathic bacterial adhesion, the tested flowable bulk fill may be preferable for subgingival use over other tested materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated levels of bacteria, including biofilm, increase the risk of chronic wound infection and inhibit healing. Addressing asymptomatic high bacterial loads is challenged by a lack of clinical terminology and diagnostic tools. This post‐hoc multicenter clinical trial analysis of 138 diabetic foot ulcers investigates fluorescence (FL)‐imaging role in detecting biofilm‐encased and planktonic bacteria in wounds at high loads. The sensitivity and specificity of clinical assessment and FL‐imaging were compared across bacterial loads of concern (104–109 CFU/g). Quantitative tissue culture confirmed the total loads. Bacterial presence was confirmed in 131/138 ulcers. Of these, 93.9% had loads >104 CFU/g. In those wounds, symptoms of infection were largely absent and did not correlate with, or increase proportionately with, bacterial loads at any threshold. FL‐imaging increased sensitivity for the detection of bacteria across loads 104–109 (P <.0001), peaking at 92.6% for >108 CFU/g. Imaging further showed that 84.2% of ulcers contained high loads in the periwound region. New terminology, chronic inhibitory bacterial load (CIBL), describes frequently asymptomatic, high bacterial loads in diabetic ulcers and periwound tissues, which require clinical intervention to prevent sequelae of infection. We anticipate this will spark a paradigm shift in assessment and management, enabling earlier intervention along the bacterial‐infection continuum and supporting improved wound outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast milk, nature's optimum source of nutrition for infants, can contain undesirable microorganisms that cause severe morbidity. After an outbreak of multidrug‐resistant Escherichia coli among neonates receiving breast milk donated by another mother in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), we were motivated to develop a high‐grade breast milk pasteurizer (BMP) designed to thaw and pasteurize breast milk at 63°C for 30 min in a sealed bag without having to open the bag or immerse it in water. Methods: Pre‐existing bacteria and spiked cytomegalovirus (CMV) were measured pre‐ and post‐pasteurization in frozen breast milk donated by mothers of children admitted to the NICU. Results: Among 48 breast milk samples (mean ± standard deviation [SD]), pre‐existing bacterial counts of 5.1±1.1 × 104 colony forming units (cfu)/mL decreased to less than 10 cfu/mL (below detection level) in 45 samples after pasteurization for 30 min. In three samples, 10–110 cfu/mL persisted. As no CMV was detected in any of the 48 samples, CMV at ≥5 × 104 pfu/mL was spiked into 11 breast milk samples. After just 10 min of pasteurization, infectious CMV was not detected (threshold <50 pfu/mL) in any sample. Conclusion: A new BMP was shown to pasteurize milk effectively with more than a 3‐log reduction of microorganisms. Compared to conventional pasteurizers, this device reduces the effort involved in pasteurizing breast milk, avoids various contamination risks, and may reduce the risk of infectious disease transmission via breast milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study was to explore the potential role of experimental periodontitis in pulmonary inflammation in mice. Materials and methods: Mice were divided into control, ligature‐induced periodontitis (L) and ligature plus Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis)‐induced periodontitis (LPG) groups. Alveolar bone resorption, pulmonary function, lung tissue histology and cytokine expression were examined at 2, 4 and 8 weeks. Then cytokines and neutrophils in the peripheral blood and lung tissue were further assessed at 8 weeks to determine the role of cytokines induced by LPG periodontitis, and the effect of P. gingivalis was evaluated using P. gingivalis‐IgG and P. gingivalis gingipain. Results: Alveolar bone resorption was more severe in the L and LPG groups. However, pulmonary inflammation was observed only in the LPG group at 8 weeks when cytokines and neutrophils in the peripheral blood and lung tissue were the most significant elevation, along with higher levels of P. gingivalis‐IgG and P. gingivalis gingipain. Cytokine levels were also increased in the gingival tissue, peripheral blood and lung tissue in the L group, accompanied by elevated peripheral blood neutrophils, but not as significantly as that in the LPG group. Conclusions: LPG periodontitis can trigger pulmonary inflammation over the long term, in which cytokines and P. gingivalis play an important role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory‐based practical classes are an essential component in teaching molecular biology for undergraduate students. Universidad Regional Amazonica Ikiam is a higher education institution located in the Ecuadorian Amazon rainforest, a high biodiversity place, including amphibians. Based on this, we have established a practical molecular biology program with eight sessions that contextualize the biodiverse surroundings of the University. This program stimulates synchronization of information between theory and practice and improves research skills. During these sessions, students are motivated to identify and characterize antimicrobial peptides from Ecuadorian frog skin secretions, using molecular biology techniques and biochemistry and microbiology knowledge. This practical course was held twice with a total of 56 students from the fifth semester of the biotechnology engineering. The evaluation of the practical program was carried out through a questionnaire applied to students using the Likert scale. Overall, this form of teaching had high receptivity and presented benefits for student learning. Interestingly, 80% of respondents strongly agreed that this course provided tools and knowledge for the development of their undergraduate dissertation. Therefore, practical courses tailored to the student's context can stimulate student learning and interest. Additionally, this experimental methodology is interdisciplinary and can be applied to other research fields and subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on periodontitis characterized by microbially associated host mediated inflammation resulting in loss of periodontal attachment. Topics include identifying new biomarkers, increasing diagnostic accuracy, and enhancing disease management; and containing DNA isolation, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis.

Summary: Some bacteria have coevolved to establish symbiotic or pathogenic relationships with plants, animals or humans. With human association, the bacteria can cause a variety of diseases. Thus, understanding bacterial phenotypes at the single‐cell level is essential to develop beneficial applications. Traditional microbiological techniques have provided great knowledge about these organisms; however, they have also shown limitations, such as difficulties in culturing some bacteria, the heterogeneity of bacterial populations or difficulties in recreating some physical or biological conditions. Microfluidics is an emerging technique that complements current biological assays. Since microfluidics works with micrometric volumes, it allows fine‐tuning control of the test conditions. Moreover, it allows the recruitment of three‐dimensional (3D) conditions, in which several processes can be integrated and gradients can be generated, thus imitating physiological 3D environments. Here, we review some key microfluidic‐based studies describing the effects of different microenvironmental conditions on bacterial response, biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance. For this aim, we present different studies classified into six groups according to the design of the microfluidic device: (i) linear channels, (ii) mixing channels, (iii) multiple floors, (iv) porous devices, (v) topographic devices and (vi) droplet microfluidics. Hence, we highlight the potential and possibilities of using microfluidic‐based technology to study bacterial phenotypes in comparison with traditional methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Omeprazole is a commonly prescribed proton pump inhibitor that acts to reduce gastric acid secretion. Liquid suspensions are preferred for paediatrics or patients with difficulty swallowing, however, are unstable. Aim: This study reports on the stability of USP‐grade omeprazole, raw powder at 2, 5 and 10 mg/mL dosages suspended in Oral Mix Dry Alka SF (OMSF) stored at 4°C for 70 days. Method: The omeprazole concentration in the suspensions were determined at the time of preparation and at 7, 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 days by high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC‐PDA). The pH, homogeneity, colour, odour, and microbial levels were also determined. Results: All the preparations are stable at 4°C for 70 days, with omeprazole concentration remaining within ±10% of the initial concentration. The pH showed a gradual decline from 9.0 to 7.7 over the study which is an acceptable change. The preparations passed microbial testing up to 70 days. Conclusion: The 70 days stability achieved in OMSF far exceeds the 28 day beyond‐use‐date recommended by the Australian Pharmaceutical Formulary. The OMSF base provides compounding pharmacists with a convenient method to prepare omeprazole suspensions over a wide range of concentrations with extended dating, providing added convenience for the consumer and pharmacists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many surgeons use a single table of instruments for both excisional debridement and coverage/closure of infected wounds. This study investigates the effectiveness of a two‐table set‐up of sterile instruments, in addition to glove exchange, to reduce instrument cross‐contamination during these procedures. This is a prospective, single‐site, institutional review board‐approved observational study of surgical debridements of infected wounds over a 17‐month period. Two separate sterile surgical tables were used for each case: Table A for initial wound debridement (debridement set‐up) and Table B for wound coverage/closure (clean set‐up). Swabs of each table and its respective instruments were taken after debridement but prior to coverage/closure. The primary outcome of interest was bacterial growth at 48 hours. There were 72 surgical cases included in this study. Culture results of Table A demonstrated bacterial growth in 23 of 72 (32%) cases at 48 hours compared with 5of 72 (7%) from Table B (P =.001). These data suggest that there is significant bacterial contamination of surgical instruments used for debridement of infected wounds. Use of a two‐table set‐up reduced instrument cross‐contamination by 78%, suggesting avoidable re‐contamination of the wound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial abundance and diversity in river ecosystems are being increasingly investigated, yet a synthesized understanding is still lacking. Here, studies of microbial abundance and diversity along global rivers are systematically reviewed based on 814 investigations performed across 8376 sites. We found that riverine microbial investigations are extremely heterogeneous regarding the spatiotemporal distribution of the sampling sites, the environmental media concerned, the microbial groups and indices targeted, the methods used, and the physicochemical properties examined. More than 72.23% of the studies were performed in the last 8 years, with most studies conducted in Europe, China, and the United States, while other regions were poorly investigated. Most studies have examined microbes in water, but very few studies have systematically investigated microbes in water, sediments, and riparian soils. Bacteria are the most studied microbial taxonomic groups; microbes with resistance genes and nitrogen cycling genes are the most studied microbial functional groups. High‐throughput sequencing has greatly expanded our understanding of microbial diversity along rivers. Nevertheless, the ecological implications of microbial diversity are still poorly understood. Regarding physicochemical properties, researchers tend to examine environmental parameters that are critical for shaping microbial communities, such as pH, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Future research should pay more attention to rivers that have not been well studied, especially large rivers. Additionally, microbial studies along rivers should be conducted in a more systematic way, taking the underinvestigated environmental media, microbial groups, microbial indices, and physicochemical properties into consideration. Advanced microbiology techniques, such as multiple omics technologies, should be increasingly applied. This article is categorized under:Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and AwarenessWater and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comparison of growth, whether it is between different strains or under different growth conditions, is a classic microbiological technique that can provide genetic, epigenetic, cell biological, and chemical biological information depending on how the assay is used. When employing solid growth media, this technique is limited by being largely qualitative and low throughput. Collecting data in the form of growth curves, especially automated data collection in multi‐well plates, circumvents these issues. However, the growth curves themselves are subject to stochastic variation in several variables, most notably the length of the lag phase, the doubling rate, and the maximum expansion of the culture. Thus, growth curves are indicative of trends but cannot always be conveniently averaged and statistically compared. Here, we summarize a simple method to compile growth curve data into a quantitative format that is amenable to statistical comparisons and easy to graph and display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic wounds are a considerable health burden with high morbidity and poor rates of healing. Colonisation of chronic wounds by bacteria can be a significant factor in their poor healing rate. These bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance over time and can lead to wound infections, systemic illness, and occasionally amputation. When a large number of micro‐organisms colonise wounds, they can lead to biofilm formation, which are self‐perpetuating colonies of bacteria closed within an extracellular matrix, which are poorly penetrated by antibiotics. Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous blood product rich in growth factors and cytokines that are involved in an inflammatory response. PRP can be injected or applied to a wound as a topical gel, and there is some interest regarding its antimicrobial properties and whether this can improve wound healing. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro bacteriostatic effect of PRP. PRP was collected from healthy volunteers and processed into two preparations: activated PRP—activated with calcium chloride and ethanol; inactivated PRP. The activity of each preparation against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis was evaluated against a control by three experiments: bacterial kill assay to assess planktonic bacterial growth; plate colony assay to assess bacterial colony growth; and colony biofilm assay to assess biofilm growth. Compared with control, both preparations of PRP significantly inhibited growth of planktonic S aureus and S epidermis. Activated PRP reduced planktonic bacterial concentration more than inactivated PRP in both bacteria. Both PRP preparations significantly reduced bacterial colony counts for both bacteria when compared with control; however, there was no difference between the two. There was no difference found between biofilm growth in either PRP against control or against the other preparation. This study demonstrates that PRP does have an inhibitory effect on the growth of common wound pathogens. Activation may be an important factor in increasing the antimicrobial effect of PRP. However, we did not find evidence of an effect against more complex bacterial colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brucellosis is an infectious zoonotic bacterial disease of humans and other animals. In the Republic of South Africa (RSA), animal brucellosis is widespread and the current available data on the prevalence of this disease rely solely on serological testing. The primary limitation of brucellosis serology is the lack of discriminatory powers to differentiate between Brucella species and biovars as well as the cross‐reactivity observed with other Gram‐negative bacteria. Aim: The aim of this study was to conduct a retrospective laboratory‐based survey on Brucella species and biovars isolated from various animal species in SA between 2008 and 2018. Material and Methods: The isolation of Brucella species and biovar typing was performed using conventional microbiological techniques. Results and Discussion: A total of 963 strains of Brucella species were included in this study with a frequency of detection for B. abortus (n = 883; 91.6%) followed by B. melitensis (n = 42; 4.4%), B. ovis (n = 29; 3.0%) and B. canis (n = 9; 0.9%). Of the 883 strains of B. abortus, 90.1% were typed as B. abortus biovar‐1 while 5.7% as B. abortus biovar‐2, and 3.3% and 0.5% were B. abortus S19 and B. abortus RB51 vaccine strains, respectively. Among the 42 B. melitensis strains, 71.4% were reported as B. melitensis biovar‐1 and 26.2% as B. melitensis biovar‐3 while 2.4% was B. melitensis biovar‐2. Conclusion: A retrospective study, such as this one, provides useful information that can be critical in formulating policies and strategies for the control and eradication of brucellosis in animal populations in RSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Metagenomic Next‐Generation Sequencing (mNGS) is an emerging technique for microbial identification and diagnosis of infectious diseases. The clinical utility of mNGS, especially its real‐world impact on antimicrobial treatment and patient outcome has not been systematically evaluated. Methods: We prospectively assessed the effectiveness of mNGS in 70 febrile inpatients with suspected infections at Hematology department of the Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health. 69/70 patients were given empirical antibiotics prior to mNGS. A total of 104 samples (62 plasma, 34 throat swabs, 4 bone marrow, 4 bronchoalveolar lavage) were collected on day 1‐28 (mean 6.9) following symptom onset and underwent mNGS testing. Results: Traditional microbiological tests discovered causal microorganisms in 5/70 (7.14%) patients, which were also detected by mNGS. In addition, mNGS reported possible pathogens when routine tests were negative. Antibiotics were adjusted accordingly in 55/70 (78.6%) patients that led to improvement/relief of symptoms within 3 days. In contrast, mNGS results were considered irrelevant in 15/70 (21.4%) patients by a board of clinicians, based on biochemical, serological, imaging evidence, and experiences. Conclusion: mNGS expanded the capacity of pathogen detection and made a positive impact on clinical management of suspected infections through (a) differential diagnosis which may rule out infectious diseases and (b) adjustment or de‐escalation of empirical antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halitosis is a very common condition which may affect up to 30% of the population. In about 90% of the cases, halitosis originates in the mouth due to inadequate plaque control, periodontal disease, dry mouth, faulty restorations, and in particular due to excessive bacterial growth. Oral malodor is mainly caused by a microbial degradation of amino acids into volatile, bad‐smelling gases (volatile sulfur compounds – VSCs). Management of oral malodor is directed primarily at managing and reducing the VSC‐producing bacteria count as well as masking the odor. Essential oils have been used for this purpose in traditional medicine for centuries. In the present review, data on the antimicrobial activity of essential oils against relevant oral VSC‐producing bacteria are compiled and compared. Additionally, other positive aspects of essential oils with regard to oral odor are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For nearly two decades, Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) has been used for temporary wound coverage as well as wound bed preparation. The addition of instillation and dwell time as an adjunct to NPWT (NPWTi‐d) enables wound bed cleaning and improved wound bed granulation. Thirty patients with different types of colonised wounds (traumatic, surgical, and chronic) were treated with NPWTi‐d using saline for instillation. Patient data, microbiological data and wound characteristics were collected and analysed. Endpoints were bacterial decontamination (count and type), effect on wound bed granulation, and successful reconstruction. Additionally, subgroup analyses for traumatic, surgical, and chronic wounds as well as patients pretreated with conventional NPWT or isolated gram‐positive or negative germs were performed. NPWTi‐d was applied on average for 13 days with a total hospitalisation time of 51 days. After NPWTi‐d, decontaminated wounds were detected in 23% of cases. The number of different bacteria as well as bacterial count could be significantly reduced from 2.38 to 1.16 and 3.9 to 1.3, respectively. This was similar for all subgroups except surgical wounds, in which NPWTi‐d did not lead to a significant reduction of the bacterial count. NPWTi‐d resulted in a significant stimulation of granulation tissue. Successful reconstruction was achieved in 90% of cases. NPWTi‐d enabled wound pre‐conditioning by powerfully reducing or decontaminating the bacterial load and spectrum in most of the wounds. The wound bed integrity was re‐established to prepare successful reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Oral candidiasis is the most common opportunistic fungal infection of oral mucosa and results from an overgrowth of Candida, especially Candida albicans. The potential anti‐C. albicans and cytotoxicity of punicalagin (PCG), isolated from Punica granatum, alone or with nystatin (NYS) were evaluated. Methods: Activity of compounds alone or in combinations was determined against two C. albicans strains (ATCC 90028 and SC5314). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)‐50 and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were assessed by XTT assay and CFU counts, respectively. For combinations, determination of fractional inhibitory concentration index was performed. Ergosterol pathway was investigated as a possible PCG antifungal mechanism. Cytotoxicity assays were undertaken on human primary oral keratinocytes and gingival fibroblasts incubated with antifungal concentrations of PCG and/or NYS for 24 hr. Results: Combination of NYS and PCG increased antifungal efficacy, compared with compounds tested alone. Combinations 4 (PCG‐6.25 μg/ml; NYS‐3.9 μg/ml) and 5 (PCG‐12.5 μg/ml; NYS‐1.95 μg/ml) were more effective since they reduced the MIC‐50 of PCG (50 μg/ml) by 8 and 4 times, respectively, increased the candidal inhibition and nullified the PCG cytotoxicity for keratinocytes. PCG antifungal mechanism did not involve ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. Conclusions: The favorable outcomes for combination of PCG and NYS encourage further testing this therapeutic strategy against C. albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unsafe drinking water is a leading cause of child morbidity, especially among young children in low‐income settings. Safe water consumption requires high‐quality water available at its source and at point of use. We examined the quality of drinking water at point of collection and point of use in 796 households in three provinces, in Cambodia. Microbiological testing for coliform and Escherichia coli contamination was conducted for samples collected. Bivariable analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine associations between various factors and the deterioration in water quality (increase in the risk according coliform or E. coli concentration) between point of collection and point of use. Contamination with both coliforms and E. coli was higher at point of use than at point of collection, with contamination at point of collection to account for 76.6% (coliforms) and 46.3% (E. coli). Results suggest that child drinking water represents a considerable pathway for the ingestion of pathogens, in Cambodia. Area of residence, seasonality, type of water source, and water chlorination were associated with coliform concentration between the point of collection and point of use, whereas only seasonality was associated with E. coli contamination (OR = 1.46; 95% CI [1.05, 2.02]). Children living in rural settings were two times more likely to drink water with a deteriorating coliform concentration between the two‐time points than children living in urban settings (OR = 2.00; 95% CI [1.22, 3.30]). The increase in coliform and E. coli concentrations between point of collection and point of use indicates that water contamination mostly occurs within the household. Strengthening national legislation on water quality standards and promoting safe water management at the household are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In low‐ and middle‐income countries, food may be a critical transmission route for pathogens causing childhood diarrhoea, but basic food hygiene is often overlooked in public health strategies. Characterising child food contamination and its risk factors could help prioritise interventions to reduce foodborne diarrhoeal disease, especially in low‐income urban areas where the diarrhoeal disease burden is often high. This cross‐sectional study comprised a caregiver questionnaire coupled with food sampling, and food preparation observations, among the study population of an ongoing sanitation trial in Maputo. The aim was to determine the prevalence of child food contamination and associated risk factors. The prevalence of Enterococcus spp., as an indicator of faecal contamination, was estimated in food samples. Risk factor analyses were performed through zero‐inflated negative binomial regression on colony counts. A modified hazard analysis and critical control point approach was used to determine critical control points (CCPs) that might effectively reduce risk. Fifty‐eight linked caregiver questionnaires and food samples were collected, and 59 food preparation observations were conducted. The prevalence of enterococci in child foods exceeding 10 colony forming units per gram was 53% (95% confidence interval [40%, 67%]). Risk factors for child food contamination were identified, including type of food, food preparation practices, and hygiene behaviours. CCPs included cooking/reheating of food and food storage and handling. This exploratory study highlights the need for more research into diarrhoeagenic pathogens and foodborne risks for children living in these challenging urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To examine the physical, chemical and microbiological stability characteristics of an extemporaneously compounded carbimazole 2 mg/mL oral suspension. Methods and Results: To determine the chemical stability of carbimazole in oral suspension, an analytical method was developed with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that achieved a good resolution of the analysis. The physical and chemical stability studies of the drug were conducted at four different storage conditions: 4°C, 25°C, 4°C in‐use (to simulate a patient daily use condition), and 7 days at 4°C and 3 days at 25°C (to simulate a condition in which a patient does not return the medication back into the refrigerator after use). The microbiological test was performed on the "4°C in‐use" storage condition. The preparations were found to be physically and microbiologically stable since there were no significant changes in colour, odour, dispersion and microbial contamination tests. Regarding chemical stability, samples stored at 4°C and 25°C maintained more than 90% drug recovery limit for up to 3 weeks and 3 days, respectively. There were no significant changes in pH value for up to 6 weeks. Conclusion: A shelf life of up to 19 days at 4°C, based on the 95% lower confidence interval (CI) of the data obtained, and 2 days at room temperature can be recommended for carbimazole oral suspension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to characterize surface properties such as roughness (Ra) and surface‐free energy (SFE) of glazed and polished yttria‐stabilized zirconia and to evaluate in vitro adherence of fungus Candida albicans and salivary bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis, mixed with C. albicans to these substrata. Additionally, the influence of salivary proteins (albumin, mucin and α‐amylase) on yeast adhesion was studied. Material and methods: Ra and SFE of glazed and polished zirconia discs were measured. Specimens were wetted with saliva and salivary proteins prior to incubation with C. albicans and mixed suspension of C. albicans and S. epidermidis for 24 hr, respectively. Microbial adhesion was quantified by counting colony‐forming units (CFU). Differences in physicochemical properties were proved by t test. "Linear mixed model" with the factors "type of surface" and "wetting media" was applied to analyse the effects on fungal adhesion (p <.05). Results: SFE and Ra of glazed specimens were significantly higher than corresponding values of polished ones. The wetting media significantly changed the fungal binding (p =.0016). Significantly higher quantities of adhering fungi were found after mucin incubation compared to saliva (p =.004). For the factor "surface" as well as the interaction between "surface" and "wetting media," no statistically significant differences have been found. In mixed suspension, the growth of Candida was completely prevented. Conclusions: Glazed and polished zirconia differs in terms of physicochemical surface properties. These differences appear to be modulated by pellicle coating affecting the biomass of adhered Candida. Mucin seems to be good binding sites for adhesion of C. albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Infections of cardiac implantable electronic devices remain a prevalent health concern necessitating the advent of novel preventative strategies. Based on the observation that bacterial infections of the Micra transcatheter pacemaker device are extremely rare, we examine the effect of parylene coating on bacterial adhesion and growth. Methods: Bacterial growth was compared on polyurethane coated, bare, or parylene coated titanium surfaces. Eight test samples per bacterial species and material combination were incubated with Staphylococcus Aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa for 24 hours and then assayed for bacterial growth. The surface contact angle was also characterized by measuring the angle between the tangent to the surface of a liquid droplet made with the surface of the solid sample. Results: The mean bacterial colony counts were significantly reduced for both parylene coated titanium versus bare samples (3.69 ± 0.27 and 4.80 ± 0.48 log[CFU/mL] respectively for S. aureus [P <.001] and 5.51 ± 0.27 and 6.08 ± 0.11 log[CFU/mL] respectively for P. aeruginosa [P <.001]), and for parylene coated titanium versus polyurethane samples (4.27 ± 0.42 and 5.40 ± 0.49 log[CFU/mL] respectively for S. aureus [P <.001] and 4.23 ± 0.42 and 4.84 ± 0.32 log[CFU/mL] respectively for P. aeruginosa [P =.006]). Parylene coated titanium samples had a higher contact angle compared with bare titanium, but lower compared with polyurethane (mean contact angle 87.5 ± 3.1 degrees parylene, 73.3 ± 3.7 degrees titanium [P <.001 vs parylene], and 94.8 ± 3.7 degrees polyurethane [P =.002 vs parylene]). Conclusions: Parylene coating significantly reduced the ability of bacteria to grow in colony count assays suggesting that this could contribute to the reduction of bacterial infections of Micra transcatheter pacemakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic wounds affect roughly 6.5 million patients in the US annually. Current standard of therapy entails weekly sharp debridement. However, the sharp technique is associated with significant pain, while having minimal impact on the bioburden. Our study proposes the Er:YAG laser as an alternative method of debridement that may decrease procedural pain, reduce bioburden, and potentially improve overall healing. This pilot study was performed as a prospective, randomized, controlled, crossover clinical trial, containing two groups: (1) one group underwent single laser debridement session first, followed by single sharp debridement session one week later; and (2) the other group underwent single sharp debridement session first, followed by single laser debridement session one week later. Variables analyzed included pain during debridement, pre‐ and post‐debridement wound sizes, pre‐ and post‐debridement bacterial loads and patient preference. Twenty‐two patients were enrolled (12 patients in Group 1, plus 10 patients in Group 2). The mean pain score for patients undergoing laser debridement was 3.0 ± 1.7 vs. 4.8 ± 2.6 for those undergoing sharp debridement (p = 0.003). The mean percent change in wound size 1‐week post‐laser debridement was −20.8% ± 80.1%, as compared with −36.7% ± 54.3% 1‐week post‐sharp debridement (p = 0.6). The percentage of patients who had a bacterial load in the low/negative category increased from 27.3% to 59.1% immediately after laser debridement (p = 0.04), vs. 54.5% to 68.2% immediately after sharp debridement (p = 0.38). Moreover, there was a sustained decrease in bacterial load 1‐week post‐laser debridement, as compared with no sustained decrease 1‐week post‐sharp debridement (p < 0.02). Overall, 52.9% of patients preferred laser debridement vs. 35.3% for sharp debridement. We believe that Er:YAG laser serves as a promising technology in chronic wounds, functioning as a potentially superior alternative to sharp debridement, the current standard of therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Concerns associated with blended enteral feeds include the risk of blocked tubes and microbial contamination, although the available evidence is limited. The present laboratory‐based investigation aimed to examine these risks in a blended feed providing a nutritionally adequate intake for a hypothetical patient. Methods: A one‐blended feed recipe was made using three different methods (professional, jug and stick blenders) and three storage procedures. Feed samples were syringed via 10‐, 12‐ and 14‐French (Fr) enteral feeding tubes and both blockages and the time taken were recorded. Feed samples were diluted, plated on agars, incubated and bacterial colony‐forming units (CFU) counted. After storage at −80 °C, identification was undertaken using 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction sequencing. Results: Two blockages occurred during 27 administrations of feed made using a professional blender, although they were resolved with a water flush. No blockages occurred with the 14‐Fr tube and administration was quicker with wider tubes (P < 0.00001). There was no significant difference between the total bacterial CFU of feeds prepared using different methods (P = 0.771) or stored differently. The genus of bacteria identified included Enterococcus, Bacillus, lactose‐fermenting Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus. Pathogens, such as Clostridium spp., Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp., were not identified by phenotypic tests used. Sequencing identified Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Streptococcus lutetiensis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Conclusions: The present study found no risk of tube blockages when one blended feed recipe made using three methods was delivered via a 14‐Fr tube. There is concern about bacterial contamination, although this was not influenced by the methods of preparation or storage used in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate (a) oral colonization of Candida species, especially for non‐albicans Candida species (NACS), in xerostomic postradiotherapy head and neck cancer patients and (b) risk factors affecting their colonization. Materials and methods: Subjective and objective dry mouth scores, stimulated salivary flow rates, pH and buffering capacity were measured in 72 xerostomic postradiotherapy head and neck cancer patients. Candida counts and species identification were performed using oral rinse samples cultured in Candida Chromagar, followed by polymerase chain reaction and API 20C AUX system. Results: Candida colonization was observed in 87.5% of subjects, with 80.6% and 48.6% of study population colonized by C. albicans and NACS, respectively. NACS was associated with high objective dry mouth scores, denture use, and females (p = .006,.009, and.036, respectively). In addition, Candida glabrata was detected more in females (p = .018) and denture wearers (p = .026), while Candida tropicalis was associated with high objective dry mouth scores (p = .022) and females (p = .027). Quantity of Candida colonization correlated positively with objective dry mouth scores (r = 0.599, p < .001) and negatively with salivary flow rates (r = −0.258, p = .041) and pH (r = −0.290, p = .022). Conclusion: NACS colonization was common in xerostomic head and neck cancer patients. Increased signs of dry mouth, female and dental prostheses may promote NACS colonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the introduction of cocaine to the medical practice, local anaesthetics (LA) became essential in pain control. LA infiltration along the incision may be used to provide surgical anaesthesia or postoperative analgesia. This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effects of the topical antimicrobial agent mupirocine with those of the LA lidocaine and the combination of lidocaine and adrenalin. In our study, the in vitro antimicrobial effects of 1 mL sterile saline, 20 mg/mL mupirocine, 20 mg/mL Lidocaine, and 20 mg/mL Lidocaine and Adrenaline were tested against Staphylococcus aureus American type culture collection (ATCC) 29213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 as Group C (Control), Group M (Mupirocine), Group L (Lidocaine), and Group LA (Lidocaine + adrenaline), respectively. S aureus ATCC 29213, P aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and E coli ATCC 25922 were cultured onto Mueller–Hinton agar (Oxoid, UK) plates for 18 to 24 hours at 37°C. Colonies from these plates were suspended in sterile saline and a 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard suspension (corresponding to 1.5 × 108 CFU/mL) of each isolate was prepared. S Aureus ATCC 29213 inhibition zone diameter values of Group M, Group LA, and Group L were significantly higher compared with the group C (P ˂ 0.05). P aeruginosa ATCC 27853 inhibition zone diameter values of Group M and Group LA were significantly higher compared with the group C (P ˂ 0.05). E coli ATCC 25922 inhibition zone diameter values of Group M, Group LA, and Group L were significantly higher compared to the group C (P ˂ 0.05). LA infiltration along the incision may be used to provide surgical anaesthesia or postoperative analgesia. Considering that LAs show antimicrobial effects besides their analgesic effects, they may contribute to preventing the development and reducing the rate of surgical infections, decreasing the requirement to administer antibiotics. However, caution should be exercised not to antagonise the effective treatment of surgical infections, remembering that controversy on the antimicrobial effects of LAs remains in the literature. Therefore, further comprehensive studies with larger patient populations are warranted to demonstrate the antimicrobial effects of LAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]