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Topic: Early‐life experiences, the transmission of health and disease within families, and the influence of cumulative risks as well as protective factors throughout life shape the trajectory of health, including mental health. Long‐term health trajectories established early in life are influenced by biologic, social, and environmental factors. Negative trajectories may be more salient if exposures to adversity occur during critical developmental periods. Purpose: The purpose of this brief is to (a) review pediatric health disparities related to depression and the intergenerational transmission of pediatric depression using a Life Course Health Development (LCHD) model and (b) provide recommendations for pediatric mental health research. Sources: Peer‐reviewed papers available for PubMed, CINAL, and Medline. Other sources include published books, papers, and gray materials. Conclusions: The LCHD model is a perspective to guide and foster new scientific inquiry about the development of mental health outcomes over the life course. The model enables synthesis of mental health, nursing, and public health, linking mental health prevention, risk reduction, and treatment in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this systematic review was to better understand whether and to what extent psychosocial stressors are associated with hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis or autonomic nervous system stress responses in young children (1–6 years of age). Studies were classified by psychosocial stressors from the ecobiodevelopmental model: social and economic resources, maternal mental health, parent–child relationships, and the physical environment. Of the 2388 identified studies, 32 met full inclusion criteria, including over 9107 children. Child physiologic stress responses were measured as hair and urinary cortisol and cortisone, salivary diurnal and reactive cortisol, salivary reactive alpha‐amylase, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. There were 107 identified relations between psychosocial stressors and physiologic stress responses. Nearly two thirds of these relations suggested that children have dysregulated stress responses as either significantly blunted (n = 27) or increased (n = 37); 43 relations were not significant. Children most consistently had significantly dysregulated stress responses if they experienced postnatal maternal depression or anxiety. Some reasons for the mixed findings may be related to characteristics of the child (i.e., moderators) or stressor, how the stress response or psychosocial stressor was measured, unmeasured variables (e.g., caregiving buffering), researcher degrees of freedom, or publication bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Adolescent diabetes outcomes remain poor despite increased use of diabetes technologies such as insulin pump therapy. Meaningful research examining adolescent insulin pump self‐management has been done, however, a summary of these self‐management findings has not been published. The aim of this literature review is to map, evaluate, and summarize existing adolescent insulin pump self‐management research. Method: A scoping review of three databases was conducted to comprehensively report and synthesize relevant literature published before September 2019. Results: Of the 1295 titles identified, 18 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this scoping review. Key insulin pump self‐management behaviors were featured in the literature, most notably self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and bolus frequency. Several factors were found to influence pump self‐management including psychological factors, parental support and self‐management transition, insulin pump education and knowledge acquisition, and environmental factors. We uncovered five gaps in the literature including: an unclear delineation of adolescent age; limited minority representation; variability in the definitions and reporting of self‐management behaviors; the role of data sharing and remote monitoring was not addressed; and there remains limited inquiry into diabetes burden and distress associated with insulin pump self‐management. Practice Implications: There exists a consensus that well‐established behaviors, such as bolus and SMBG frequency, influence glycemic outcomes for adolescent insulin pump users, however, full insulin pump utilization and self‐management is poorly understood. Diabetes clinicians should work to support adolescent insulin pump self‐management practices by reinforcing bedrock behaviors while fostering supportive factors found to influence pump self‐management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]