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This article addresses the tribological characteristics and the influence of mechanical work on the porosity of spray formed Al–Si–Pb alloys. Al‐alloys are extensively utilized in industry due to their self‐lubricant qualities, particularly in the bearing company. In the case of immiscible alloys, the spray approach is the most convenient way to adopt since it allows for single‐step fabrication. The spray process has a high cooling rate, which affects the microstructure of alloys and results in equiaxed grain morphology. Spray deposition and several factors affecting to it are discussed here. This study examines the effect of secondary processes such as cold rolling, hot rolling, extrusion, and so on on porosity, hardness, tensile strength, and tribological behavior. A comprehensive knowledge of the principles of spray techniques and their respective influence on tribological properties are discussed in this perspective by comparing the available literatures, and a future scope for better development is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the microstructural studies of spray deposited Al‐6Si alloys with different lead content are conducted for 0% and 40% of rolling deformation. SEM and Optical micrographs are taken for different percentage of lead content. Fine equiaxed grain morphology is observed with a uniform distribution of Pb and Si phase in an Al‐matrix and it is found from the microstructures that the size of Pb particles increased with the increase in Pb content. Grains are stretched out in the rolling direction after cold rolling. Pore size is found to decrease after 40% rolling reduction, however, it is increased with the increase in Pb content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The LixFePO4 cathode material with x = 1.00, 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, and 1.20 has been synthesized by chemical precipitation method. The particles of LixFePO4 material are further in‐situ coated with emeraldine salt (ES) polymer. These ES coated LixFePO4 (LixFePO4‐ES) particles have been characterized by XRD, FE‐SEM, TEM, and DTA/TG analyses. The XRD analysis of LixFePO4 indicates the formation of pure single phase of LiFePO4 (for x = 1.00, 1.05, and 1.10). Excess of lithium have no influence on the crystal structure of LixFePO4 upto x = 1.10 and no other phase containing Li+ is formed. The material LixFePO4 (for x = 1.15) shows low intensity peaks corresponding to Li3PO4 phase at 2θ = 22.31° and 23.19°. The peaks are found significant for the composite material for x = 1.20. The micrograph of composite powder LixFePO4‐ES shows good coverage of LixFePO4 particle by PANI. The materials LixFePO4 and LixFePO4‐ES (x = 1.00–1.20) are tested for discharge capacity and electrochemical impedance measurements for cathode materials. The electrochemical impedance spectra of LixFePO4‐ES (x = 1.00 to 1.20) show low charge transfer resistance (Rct), as compared to LixFePO4 indicating polyaniline incorporation have offered good conductivity. The highest discharge capacity of 131 mAh g–1 is obtained at the current rate of 2C for LixFePO4‐ES (x = 1.10) cathode. The impurity phase that appears in the XRD pattern reduces the discharge capacity of LixFePO4‐ES (x = 1.15 and 1.20). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic method is one of the most effective geophysical methods in earth crust and mantle structure studies. Magnetotelluric (MT) data are used to obtain resistivity image of earth's surface on the depth scale of few hundred of meters to several tens of km. One‐dimensional (1D) MT inversion is carried out to estimate electrical resistivity variation of earth's surface with depth. In the present research paper one‐dimensional inversion of MT sounding curves is carried out on nine sites in foothill of Himalaya near Roorkee to Hardwar region. A non‐iterative and minimum norm estimator based algorithm Straight forward Inversion Scheme (SIS) is used to obtain continuous smoothest resistivity depth model. Another iterative and minimum norm estimator based algorithm Occam's inversion scheme is also used to obtain smoothest one‐dimensional inversion model. The data is inverted for both TE‐ and TM‐mode of polarization. The inverted data shows one‐dimensional behavior of subsurface resistivity up to depth about 0–15 km with resistivity variation ≈10–100 ohm‐m in both modes of polarization and after that the subsurface structure is two‐dimensional in both modes. 1D inversion of data provides a good starting model to reduce the computational cost of two‐dimensional inversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Density functional (B3LYP)/6‐31G calculations have been performed on the electronic structure of neutral, cationic, and anionic from of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine. Net atomic charges, bond length, dipole moment, and total energy of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are compared in order to explore the finer details of these molecules. Comparison shows that redistribution of charges on anionic form of hydroxychloroquine is over larger range as compared to other forms hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, which favors the experimental results of pharmacokinetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-order incremental 'remap-type' transport scheme is presented (FF-CSLAM). The scheme utilizes bi-quadratic polynomial subgrid-cell reconstruction functions based on the weighted least squares method. The integration of the reconstruction functions over flux areas, which is inherent in remap schemes, makes use of CSLAM approach of line integration. Though the formal order of the scheme is second order, yet quadratic subgrid scale polynomial reconstruction does lead to improvement in the overall accuracy of the scheme. Since the rigorous search for overlap areas between flux areas and grid cells is cumbersome, two simplifications have been suggested in the literature. The main objectives of this paper are (a) to formulate flux-form CSLAM for the icosahedral-hexagonal grid and (b) to assess the accuracy of two flux-integral simplifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

doi: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2011.00519.x Management of a post-radiotherapy xerostomic patient - a case report Objective: The objective of the study was to fabricate complete denture with palatal reservoir filled with artificial saliva for a post radiotherapy edentulous patient. Background: Xerostomia is a subjective complaint rather than a disease. It is caused by irradiation, medication, Sjogren's syndrome & neurological factors such as stress. Radiotherapeutic treatment of head and neck cancer patients often causes long term dysfunction involving their salivary function, swallowing capabilities & taste. All three of these domains are affected by radiation- induced damage to the salivary glands. This in turn results in poor retention of complete denture, frequent trauma to alveolar ridge & other oral infections. All these events drastically affects quality of life of ageing patients. Material and Method: A complete denture in heat cure acrylic resin was fabricated in which a palatal reservoir was made on the palatal side. Results: Problems arising due to xerostomia were reduced to a great extent. Conclusion: Prosthodontic management of Xerostomic patient include several techniques. This paper presents a case report of post radiotherapy edentulous patient in which complete denture with palatal reservoir filled with artificial saliva was fabricated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented which discusses a case of a 75-year-old edentulous male patient with xerostomia who agreed to try a palatal reservoir denture to help in alleviating his discomfort.

Background Diagnostic tests are critical to management when the clinical picture is unclear. We analyzed the records of patients in whom the initial diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis was doubtful to evaluate the utility of the Mantoux test in this setting. Materials and methods Of 375 patients with cutaneous tuberculosis seen in our department, the initial clinical diagnosis was doubtful in 90 patients. A Mantoux test was performed with 5 TU of purified protein derivative using standard techniques and read after two days. Patients also underwent skin biopsy and other laboratory tests and received treatment with antitubercular drugs. Patients who had case notes recording satisfactory improvement following antitubercular therapy were classified as having cutaneous tuberculosis; those with evidence of another diagnosis based on the laboratory tests and response to therapy were categorized as non-tuberculosis cases. Patients with inadequate evidence for a diagnosis of either cutaneous tuberculosis or another disorder were classified as unresolved diagnosis. Results Readings were available in 79 patients: 39 were categorized as tuberculosis; 16 as non-tuberculosis; while a final diagnosis could not be reached in 24 cases. Readings ranged from 0 to 40 mm in the cases and from 0 to 30 mm in non-cases. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.66 (95% CI 0.55-0.81). Using a cut-off of 10 mm, the sensitivity and specificity of the tests were 58.97 and 62.50%, respectively. Conclusion The Mantoux test is of low accuracy in the diagnosis of doubtful cases of cutaneous tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: In order to assess and optimize the effect of new therapies for acute lung injury (ALI) in rodent models, a monitoring technique that continuously assesses the functional state of the lung is mandatory. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) has been suggested as a technique for quantifying lung inflammation in ALI. However, EIT has not been evaluated in a rodent model of ALI. Methods: EIT measurements were compared in ventilated Sprague–Dawley rats ( n = 14), randomly subjected to intratracheal administration of endotoxin (LPS) or saline (control). Lung mechanics, lung weight wet/dry ratio and inflammatory markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were also evaluated. Results: LPS caused a significant decrease in lung compliance and TLC as compared with control (−42.0%, P = 0.04, and −27.9%, P = 0.02, respectively). These changes were paralleled by differences in mean impedance changes as detected by EIT (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient: ρ = 0.66 and 0.73, respectively, P < 0.01). LPS increased the lung weight wet/dry ratio (6.35 ± 0.42 vs 5.15 ± 0.07, P = 0.003), and the bronchoalveolar lavage total WCC (8.96 ± 1.87 vs 1.16 ± 0.10 × 109/L, P = 0.002) as compared with control. The lung weight wet/dry ratio was inversely related to the mean impedance change (ρ = −0.76, P < 0.01). Conclusions: This study has demonstrated for the first time that eight-electrode EIT readily tracks the inflammatory response of lung tissue in a rodent model of ALI. EIT may thus provide a promising, non-invasive technique for monitoring the time-course of ALI in rodent models, and for testing novel pharmacological strategies to counter it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is difficult to demonstrateMycobacterium tuberculosisin smears or biopsies and to grow it in culture in cutaneous tuberculosis because most cases are paucibacillary. A therapeutic trial of antitubercular drugs is frequently used to confirm the diagnosis in difficult cases. Information is lacking on the response to antitubercular therapy in cutaneous tuberculosis; consequently there are no clear guidelines on when to expect a response and also when to abandon a therapeutic trial.We studied the records of 60 patients treated for cutaneous tuberculosis at our hospital to study the time course of the therapeutic response. All patients were treated with a short-course antitubercular regimen consisting of isoniazid 300 mg daily, rifampicin 450 mg daily, ethambutol 800 mg daily and pyrazinamide 1500 mg daily for 2 months followed by isoniazid and rifampicin in the same doses for 4 months. At follow-up visits, each patient was assessed by a dermatologist who recorded the presence or absence of clinical improvement in the skin lesions.Of the 60 patients seen, eight patients did not follow up after the initial consultation, 48 patients improved with treatment and four patients were classified as treatment failures. The timing of the first visit varied from 3 days to 15 months (median 27.5 days, mean 58.96 ± 94.50) after initiation of treatment. Twenty-one patients were recorded to have improved within the first month of therapy. Twenty-seven patients who first reported more than 30 days after initiation of treatment were found to have improved. Four patients failed to respond during follow up ranging from 3 to 17 months.When a therapeutic trial is undertaken in cutaneous tuberculosis, 6 weeks of therapy with four drugs appears adequate to prove (or disprove) the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which investigated the effect of adenosine on baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell growth. Effect of adenosine and adenosine receptor agonists on colony formation in wild-type BHK cells; Mechanism by which adenosine modulates BHK cell growth; Reversal of colony formation inhibition at higher adenosine concentrations.

Abstract. Adenosine is known to produce biphasic effects in the renal tissues via adenosine receptors. However, the presence of more than one subtype of adenosine receptor on a type of kidney cell or tissue has not been conclusively demonstrated. To addre ([sup 3]H)-DPCPX revealed a single class of binding site with a K[sub D] of 9.2 +/- 2.0 nM, a B[sub max] of 1.7 +/- 0.2 pmol/mg protein and a pharmacological profile characteristic of A[sub 1] adenosine receptor on the BHK cell membrane. As the presence of A[sub 2] adenosine receptors could not be conclusively determined by ligand binding studies, the more sensitive method of RT-PCR was employed. The presence of A[sub 1] and A[sub 2B] adenosine receptors was detected by RT-PCR with specific primers and the subsequent sequencing of the resultant amplification product. The sequences obtained were 75-90% homologous to the respective adenosine receptor mRNA of rat, mouse and human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]