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Objective: The three‐tier grading scheme described in "The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (PSC) System for reporting Pancreaticobiliary Cytopathology" (TPSCRPBC) which remained unchanged following the WHO Reporting System for Pancreaticobiliary Cytopathology (WRPBC) was evaluated on pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PACs) reported on endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration cytology (EUS‐FNAC). Methods: The Papanicolaou and May Grunwald Giemsa‐stained smears from 116 cases of PACs were graded using the three‐tier grading scheme laid down by TPSCRPBC/WRPBC. Cases exhibiting multiple grades were assigned primary, secondary and tertiary grades. Each case was assigned a grade score, either by adding the primary and secondary grades, by adding the primary and tertiary grades when the tertiary grade was 3 or by doubling the grade when only one grade existed. Necrosis was estimated semi‐quantitatively. The inter‐observer reproducibility in grading was evaluated using Kappa and Kendall's tau‐c. Correlations between the various grades, the stage of the tumour and the amount of necrosis were assessed using Spearman rho and Kendall's tau‐b. Results: 31.89% of cases showed one grade, and 68.11% showed at least two grades. 16.38% showed three grades. The two commonest grade scores were 3 and 5. The inter‐observer reproducibility for grading and grade scoring was satisfactory. A positive correlation was noted between the grades and the amount of necrosis. No significant correlation was found between the grades, grade scores and the stage of the tumours. Conclusions: The TPSCRPBC/WRPBC grading scheme can be suitably applied to PACs with good inter‐observer reproducibility. Cases often show multiple grades in the same tumour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine the long‐run impact of state‐level per capita income on public education expenditure and public health expenditure in 17 major Indian states over the period 1993–2017. To test for the existence of a unit root, we have employed the Zivot–Andrews test and the Clemente–Montañes–Reyes test, which allows for an endogenous structural break in the data series. These tests indicate that all variables are nonstationary. Autoregressive distributed lag model with one structural break is applied to find the cointegration of variables and estimate the cointegrating equation. The bounds test reveals the presence of a long‐run relationship between public health expenditure and per capita income in 12 out of 17 states, between public education expenditure and per capita income in 15 out of 17 states. The result shows that per capita income affects the public health and education expenditure of states. We find elasticities of public health expenditure and public education expenditure vary across states and are small in magnitude (less than one for most of the states). Our results suggest that public health and education expenditures are necessary goods. Based on the results, we also draw policy implications from our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates the sales tax effort for tax revenues of 18 Indian states from 2011–12 to 2016–17, exclusive and inclusive of petroleum tax revenues, using stochastic frontier analysis. From empirical analysis, it is observed that sales tax revenue is significantly influenced by higher non‐agriculture GSDP, greater supply of bank credit and higher urbanization. The calculation of Sales tax effort is found to be overstated when petroleum tax revenue is included in sales tax. States' sales tax effort tends to become lower when the influence of petroleum tax revenue is factored out. It is found that Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala and Haryana are the top five states with greater sales tax effort, inclusive of petroleum tax revenue, during the said period. The West Bengal, Maharashtra, Bihar, Goa and Madhya Pradesh are the bottom five states. Further, it is observed that only half of the states in India have shown improvement in their tax effort between 2011–12 and 2016–17, indicating no uniform improvement across the states. From the robustness analysis, a regression model exhibit similar results. Therefore, it can be suggested that assessment of the sales tax effort of Indian states should be made after having excluded the petroleum tax revenues from sales tax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the revenue effort of Indian states during the 13th and 14th Finance Commission periods and estimates the impact of central transfers recommended by the Finance Commission on the relative revenue effort of states. Using panel data the study finds that Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Assam and Kerala are the top five states with the greatest relative revenue effort. Further, the impact of central transfers on revenue effort was found to be negative, suggesting that greater devolution encourages laxity in the state's tax collection efficiency by providing perverse incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive review on stability analysis in multimachine power system is presented in this study. The increasing demand of power has led to the expansion of power system and complexity in design as well as operation. This threatens to deteriorate the stability and reliability in the power network. However, with the advances in semiconductor and power electronic control technology, various flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) are designed to enhance the power system stability. Different power system configurations with the incorporation of conventional and distributed generations (DGs) are proposed whose stability is being tested in the presence of the FACTS controllers. The optimal damping of power system oscillations under transient operating conditions are studied in presence of HVAC and HVDC links with conventional as well as DG systems and energy storage options like battery, supercapacitors and so on. Different control approaches such as classical control, robust control, wide-area control along with soft computing approaches like neural networks, fuzzy logic control, adaptive neurofuzzy inference system, genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimisation and so on are broadly discussed. A comparative analysis of different methodologies is presented to establish a quick survey of the proposed solutions for stability enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comparative study of transient stability and reactive power compensation issues in an autonomous wind–diesel‐photovoltaic based hybrid system (HS) using robust fuzzy‐sliding mode based unified power flow controller (UPFC). A linearised small‐signal model of the different elements of the HS is considered for the transient stability analysis in the HS under varying loading conditions. An IEEE type 1 excitation system is considered for the synchronous generator in the HS, with negligible saturation characteristic, for detailed voltage stability analysis. It is noted from the simulation results that the performance of UPFC is superior to static VAR compensator and static synchronous compensator in improving the voltage profile of the HS. Further, fuzzy and fuzzy‐sliding mode based UPFC controller is designed in order to improve the transient performance. Simulation results reflect the robustness of the proposed fuzzy‐sliding mode controller for better reactive power management to improve the voltage stability in comparison with the conventional PI and fuzzy‐PI controllers. In addition to this, system stability analysis is performed based on eigenvalue, bode and popov for supporting the robustness of the proposed controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skeletal metastasis from carcinoma of the cervix occurs in 0.8–23% of cases. The majority of bone metastases occur either in the long bones or in the vertebrae. Metastasis to distal bones like the skull is rare. Metastasis to bone is commonly associated with advanced stage and poor control of primary disease. We present a rare case of scalp metastasis in a patient with stage IIIB carcinoma of the cervix. The patient had completed radiation therapy treatment resulting in controlled primary disease until she was diagnosed with skull bone metastasis. We present this case because of its rarity and for documentation and discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]