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Obesity is a known risk factor for development of osteoarthritis (OA). Numerical tools like finite‐element (FE) models combined with degenerative algorithms have been developed to understand the interplay between OA and obesity. In this study, we aimed to predict knee cartilage degeneration in a cohort of obese adults to investigate the importance of patient‐specific information on degeneration predictions. We used a validated FE modeling approach and three different age‐dependent functions (step‐wise, exponential, and linear) to simulate cartilage degradation under overloading in the knee joint. Gait motion analysis and magnetic resonance imaging data from 115 obese individuals with knee OA were used for musculoskeletal and FE modeling. Cartilage degeneration predictions were contrasted with Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) and Boston–Leeds Osteoarthritis Knee Score (BLOKS) grades. The findings show that overall, the similarities between numerical predictions and clinical measures were better for the medial (average area under the curve (AUC) = 0.62) compared to the lateral compartment (average AUC = 0.52) of the knee. Classification results for KL grades, full patient‐specific models and patient‐specific geometry with generic gait data showed higher AUC values (AUC = 0.71 and AUC = 0.68, respectively) compared to generic geometry and patient‐specific gait (AUC = 0.48). For BLOKS grades, AUC values for both full patient‐specific models and for patient‐specific geometry with generic gait locomotion were higher (AUC = 0.66 and AUC = 0.64, respectively) compared to when the generic geometry and patient‐specific gait were used (AUC = 0.53). In summary, our study highlights the importance of considering individual information in knee OA prediction. Nevertheless, our findings suggest that personalized gait play a smaller role in the OA prediction and classification capacity than personalized joint geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we introduce an innovative mathematical and statistical framework for the analysis of motion energy dynamics in psychotherapy sessions. Our method combines motion energy dynamics with coupled linear ordinary differential equations and a measurement error model, contributing new clinical parameters to enhance psychotherapy research. Our approach transforms raw motion energy data into an interpretable account of therapist–patient interactions, providing novel insights into the dynamics of these interactions. A key aspect of our framework is the development of a new measure of synchrony between the motion energies of therapists and patients, which holds significant clinical and theoretical value in psychotherapy. The practical applicability and effectiveness of our modelling and estimation framework are demonstrated through the analysis of real session data. This work advances the quantitative analysis of motion dynamics in psychotherapy, offering important implications for future research and therapeutic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most multiple object tracking algorithms depend on the output of the detector. Aiming at the problem that the higher detection quality model is restricted by the computing power, and the robustness of the lightweight detection model is easily affected by motion blur, this paper proposes a lightweight moving object detector based on improved YOLOv8 combined with dynamic confidence compensation algorithm. The algorithm combines various technical means such as network structure optimization, lightweight design, self‐knowledge distillation, loss function improvement and dynamic confidence compensation. ByteTrack is used as a tracker to conduct experiments on PASCAL VOC07+12 data set and UA‐DETRAC test sequence. Compared with the baseline YOLOv8n+ByteTrack, the proposed algorithm improves the HOTA by 1.3% when the single frame tracking delay is reduced by 1.1%. Mostly tracked target is improved by 79.7%, mostly lost target is reduced by 10.9%, and the detection effect is better than the original detector and other popular object detectors. The YOLODCC model achieves a balance between lightweight and multi‐object motion blur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of images we perceive visually is heavily impacted by the settings used for camera exposure. When these settings are imbalanced, it can result in an undesired prominent phenomenon known as blur effects. To address this problem, an ExposureNet project has been undertaken, which aims to develop an autonomous camera exposure settings control system for blur effects prevention. The proposed ExposureNet model is a CNN/Transformer hybrid neural structure, created and trained in a comprehensive manner to effectively predict the ideal exposure settings based on the semantic features of the scene being captured. This system is designed to learn the necessary steps for processing, such as identifying relevant scene features, using only two camera exposure parameters (shutter speed (SHS) and ISO) as training signals. As a result, this system can associate the semantic features of a scene with the appropriate exposure parameter adjustments, customized to the scene's dynamics and lighting conditions. By simultaneously optimizing all processing steps and bypassing traditional post‐processing stages, the proposed system is designed to achieve faster performance, reduced computational cost, and lower power consumption. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system significantly outperforms existing methods and achieves cutting‐edge performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to clarify cervical kinematics during daily activities, including level walking and stair ascending, in patients with cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (C‐OPLL). Eighteen patients with myelopathy caused by C‐OPLL and 18 healthy controls were recruited to participate in the study. The sagittal cervical kinematics during level walking and stair ascent were quantitatively assessed using a motion analysis system based on wearable inertial sensors. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association score, Japanese Orthopaedic Association Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire, Neck Disability Index, and deep sensation in the lower extremities were assessed in all participants. Nine of 18 patients with C‐OPLL presented with deep sensory disturbances. Patients with C‐OPLL with deep sensory disturbances exhibited different sagittal plane cervical motion patterns than healthy controls during level walking and stair ascent. During the first phase of stair ascent, both patients with C‐OPLL and healthy controls flexed their necks to the same degree; however, during the middle and final phases of stair ascent and all phases of level walking, the mean cervical flexion angle of patients with C‐OPLL with deep sensory disturbances was significantly higher than that of patients with C‐OPLL without deep sensory disturbance and healthy controls. Our data suggest that patients with C‐OPLL presenting with deep sensory disturbances are likely to walk with their necks flexed and gaze downward to observe their steps throughout their daily lives. This habitual neck posture may lead to a vicious cycle of cervical kyphosis and worsening of compressive myelopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop computational mechanical modeling and methods for the analysis and simulation of the motions of a human body. This type of work is crucial in many aspects of human life, ranging from comfort in riding, the motion of aged persons, sports performance and injuries, and many ergonomic issues. A prevailing approach for human motion studies is through lumped parameter models containing discrete masses for the parts of the human body with empirically determined spring, mass, damping coefficients. Such models have been effective to some extent; however, a much more faithful modeling method is to model the human body as it is, namely, as a continuum. We present this approach, and for comparison, we choose two digital CAD models of mannequins for a standing human body, one from the versatile software package LS‐DYNA and another from open resources with some of our own adaptations. Our basic view in this paper is to regard human motion as a perturbation and vibration from an equilibrium position which is upright standing. A linear elastodynamic model is chosen for modal analysis, but a full nonlinear viscoelastoplastic extension is possible for full‐body simulation. The motion and vibration of these two mannequin models is analyzed by modal analysis, where the normal vibration modes are determined. LS‐DYNA is used as the supercomputing and simulation platform. Four sets of low‐frequency modes are tabulated, discussed, visualized, and compared. Higher frequency modes are also selectively displayed. We have found that these modes of motion and vibration form intrinsic basic modes of biomechanical motion of the human body. This view is supported by our finding of the upright walking motion as a low‐frequency mode in modal analysis. Such a "walking mode" shows the in‐phase and out‐of‐phase movements between the legs and arms on the left and right sides of a human body, implying that this walking motion is spontaneous, likely not requiring any directives from the brain. Dynamic motions of CAD mannequins are also simulated by drop tests for comparisons and the validity of the models is discussed through Fourier frequency analysis. All computed modes of motion are collected in several sets of video animations for ease of visualization. Samples of LS‐DYNA computer codes are also included for possible use by other researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault activity and structure are important factors for the assessment of seismic hazards. The Anninghe fault is one of the most active strike‐slip faults in southwestern China but has been experiencing seismic quiescence for M > 4 earthquakes since the 1970s. To understand better the characteristics of its highly locked southern segment, we investigate seismicity and ground motion variability using recently deployed multi‐scale dense arrays. Assisted by machine learning (ML) seismic phase picking and event discrimination models, we first compile a high‐resolution catalog of local seismic events. We find limited earthquakes that occurred on the Anninghe fault, consistent with its generally acknowledged high locking degree. Whereas, most newly detected events appear within off‐fault clusters, among which four are closely related to anthropogenic activities (e.g., mining blasts), and two neighboring faults host the remaining ones. We further apply an ML‐based first‐motion polarity (FMP) classifier and successfully obtain a reliable small earthquake focal mechanism, which agrees well with the geologically inferred north‐south trending and eastward dipping of the Anninghe fault. Analyses of ground motion variations along two across‐fault linear arrays show abrupt changes in FMPs and obvious frequency‐dependent site amplifications near the mapped fault traces. It further suggests that, at finer scales, the damaged Anninghe fault zone may have split into two smaller damaged zones at shallower depths, resulting in a typical "flower‐type" fault structure. The efficient workflow developed in this study can be well applied for the longer‐term monitoring and better characterization of the southern Anninghe fault, or other similar regions. Plain Language Summary: The Anninghe fault in southwestern China has great potential to produce devastating earthquakes. However, its southern segment has experienced seismic quiescence during the past 40 years, resulting in less knowledge about its detailed seismicity and structures which are crucial for seismic hazard assessment. Here, we apply a series of novel machine learning methods to seismic data of multi‐scale temporary dense arrays we deployed near the southern segment of the Anninghe fault. Our event detection and location results show that earthquakes along this segment are very limited, consistent with the well‐acknowledged highly locked fault plane status. The detected seismic events are mostly located off the fault and many are closely related to human activities (e.g., mining explosions). The source parameters of one on‐fault earthquake agree with the geologically inferred fault orientation and slip direction. The dense across‐fault recordings from local and regional sources reveal much larger amplitudes around the mapped fault traces, corresponding to two shallower fault damage zones that can trap seismic energies and promote earthquake ruptures. The efficient methods used here can be extended to future longer‐term seismic experiments over the Anninghe fault, or other similar faults. Key Points: We have compiled a high‐resolution seismic event catalog with anthropogenic and natural sources better separated around the southern Anninghe faultA reliable focal mechanism inverted using dense seismic records agrees well with the geologically inferred fault orientation and slip directionGround motion amplifications are obvious and frequency‐dependent around fault traces, suggesting distributed damage zones at shallower depths [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformer tracking always takes paired template and search images as encoder input and conduct feature extraction and target‐search feature correlation by self and/or cross attention operations, thus the model complexity will grow quadratically with the number of input images. To alleviate the burden of this tracking paradigm and facilitate practical deployment of Transformer‐based trackers, we propose a dual pooling transformer tracking framework, dubbed as DPT, which consists of three components: a simple yet efficient spatiotemporal attention model (SAM), a mutual correlation pooling Transformer (MCPT) and a multiscale aggregation pooling Transformer (MAPT). SAM is designed to gracefully aggregates temporal dynamics and spatial appearance information of multi‐frame templates along space‐time dimensions. MCPT aims to capture multi‐scale pooled and correlated contextual features, which is followed by MAPT that aggregates multi‐scale features into a unified feature representation for tracking prediction. DPT tracker achieves AUC score of 69.5 on LaSOT and precision score of 82.8 on TrackingNet while maintaining a shorter sequence length of attention tokens, fewer parameters and FLOPs compared to existing state‐of‐the‐art (SOTA) Transformer tracking methods. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DPT tracker yields a strong real‐time tracking baseline with a good trade‐off between tracking performance and inference efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this era of endoscopic surgery, feedback from recorded surgical videos is useful and efficient; therefore, effective methods of obtaining this feedback are needed. We analyzed surgical videos using motion analysis software and verified the usefulness of visualizing and objectively evaluating surgical procedures. We measured the grasping and traction angles of the vascular sheath when using forceps and the trajectory of the forceps tip for the upper pulmonary vein during right upper lobectomy during video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery performed by three trainers and trainees. Compared with the trainers, the trainees exhibited insufficient traction of the vascular sheath, performed many slow and unnecessary manipulations, and sometimes performed sudden and fast movements. By visualizing the surgical procedures, the trainee will be better able to identify dangerous or futile movements. It may also make it easier to objectively recognize improvements in one's technique. Motion analysis software could allow for efficient surgical education and self‐learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the joint kinematics between the front squat (FS) conducted in the upright (natural gravity) position and in the supine position on a short arm human centrifuge (SAHC). Male participants (N = 12) with no prior experience exercising on a centrifuge completed a FS in the upright position before (PRE) and after (POST) a FS exercise conducted on the SAHC while exposed to artificial gravity (AG). Participants completed, in randomized order, three sets of six repetitions with a load equal to body weight or 1.25 × body weight for upright squats, and 1 g and 1.25 g at the center of gravity (COG) for AG. During the terrestrial squats, the load was applied with a barbell. Knee (left/right) and hip (left/right) flexion angles were recorded with a set of inertial measurement units. AG decreased the maximum flexion angle (MAX) of knees and hips as well as the range of motion (ROM), both at 1 and 1.25 g. Minor adaptation was observed between the first and the last repetition performed in AG. AG affects the ability to FS in naïve participants by reducing MAX, MIN and ROM of the knees and hip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: No report has proven how tibial and femoral joint‐line inclinations affect thigh and shank motion, respectively, according to Kellgren–Lawrence grade in motion analysis with a sufficient sample size. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the motion of the thigh and shank individually from the ground and the relative motion between bones in a large‐sample motion analysis to determine the differences between normal and osteoarthritic knees and examine the effects of tibial and femoral joint‐line inclination on motion according to osteoarthritis (OA) grade. Methods: Of 459 participants with healthy knees and varus knee OA undergoing three‐dimensional gait analysis, 383 (218 females and 165 males) with an average age of 68 ± 13 years were selected. Gait analysis was performed using a motion–capture system. The six degrees of freedom motion parameters of the knee in the Grood and world coordinate systems and the joint‐line inclination in the standing radiographs were measured. Results: Osteoarthritic knees demonstrated a relative motion different from that of normal knees, with responsibility for the thigh in the sagittal and rotational planes and the thigh and shank in the coronal plane. The involvement of joint‐line inclination in motion was mainly on the tibial side, and the effect was minimal in normal knees. Conclusions: The details of the relative motion of both the thigh and shank can be clarified by analysing individual motions to determine the responsible part. The tibial joint‐line affected knee motion: however, the effect was minimal in normal knees. This finding implies that if physical ability can be improved, the negative effects of deformity in osteoarthritic knees may be compensated for. Level of Evidence: Level Ⅱ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the offline‐trained Siamese pipeline has drawn wide attention due to its outstanding tracking performance. However, the existing Siamese trackers utilise offline training to extract 'universal' features, which is insufficient to effectively distinguish between the target and fluctuating interference in embedding the information of the two branches, leading to inaccurate classification and localisation. In addition, the Siamese trackers employ a pre‐defined scale for cropping the search candidate region based on the previous frame's result, which might easily introduce redundant background noise (clutter, similar objects etc.), affecting the tracker's robustness. To solve these problems, the authors propose two novel sub‐network spatial employed to spatial feature embedding for robust object tracking. Specifically, the proposed spatial remapping (SRM) network enhances the feature discrepancy between target and distractor categories by online remapping, and improves the discriminant ability of the tracker on the embedding space. The MAML is used to optimise the SRM network to ensure its adaptability to complex tracking scenarios. Moreover, a temporal information proposal‐guided (TPG) network that utilises a GRU model to dynamically predict the search scale based on temporal motion states to reduce potential background interference is introduced. The proposed two network is integrated into two popular trackers, namely SiamFC++ and TransT, which achieve superior performance on six challenging benchmarks, including OTB100, VOT2019, UAV123, GOT10K, TrackingNet and LaSOT, TrackingNet and LaSOT denoting them as SiamSRMC and SiamSRMT, respectively. Moreover, the proposed trackers obtain competitive tracking performance compared with the state‐of‐the‐art trackers in the attribute of background clutter and similar object, validating the effectiveness of our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two new parallel mechanisms (PMs) with fewer active inputs than the degrees of freedom (DOFs)are proposed: (i) an nSPS (n = 7, 8, 9) six‐DOF PM with n‐6 active inputs and six lockable joints. and (ii) a 3RPS‐SPS 3‐DOF PM with one active input and three lockable joints. Compared with the traditional PMs, the difference is that the proposed PMs can achieve the same mobility by using a minimal number of active joints. Moreover, the load‐carrying capacity is also improved compared with the original standard mechanisms, since the new PMs become statically redundant when all the branches are locked. For this purpose, a sequential motion control principle is introduced that requires both inverse and forward kinematics of PMs. Kinematic modeling, dimensional optimization, and structural design are carried out for the 7SPS and 3RPS‐SPS mechanisms, and the two prototypes are constructed for experimental validation. Both simulation and experiment results have shown that the proposed hybrid PM can achieve the original mobility while significantly reducing the number of actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chelicerae, distinctive feeding appendages in chelicerates, such as spiders, scorpions, or horseshoe crabs, can be classified based on their orientation relative to the body axis simplified as either orthognathous (parallel) or labidognathous (inclined), exhibiting considerable diversity across various taxa. Among extinct chelicerates, sea scorpions belonging to the Pterygotidae represent the only chelicerates possessing markedly elongated chelicerae relative to body length. Despite various hypotheses regarding the potential ecological functions and feeding movements of these structures, no comprehensive 3D kinematic investigation has been conducted yet to test these ideas. In this study, we generated a comprehensive 3D model of the pterygotid Acutiramus, making the elongated right chelicera movable by equipping it with virtual joint axes for conducting Range of Motion analyses. Due to the absence in the fossil record of a clear indication of the chelicerae orientation and their potential lateral or ventral movements (vertical or horizontal insertion of joint axis 1), we explored the Range of Motion analyses under four distinct kinematic settings with two orientation modes (euthygnathous, klinogathous) analogous to the terminology of the terrestrial relatives. The most plausible kinematic setting involved euthygnathous chelicerae being folded ventrally over a horizontal joint axis. This configuration positioned the chelicera closest to the oral opening. Concerning the maximum excursion angle, our analysis revealed that the chela could open up to 70°, while it could be retracted against the basal element to a maximum of 145°. The maximum excursion in the proximal joint varied between 55° and 120° based on the insertion and orientation. Our findings underscore the utility of applying 3D kinematics to fossilized arthropods for addressing inquiries on functional ecology such as prey capture and handling, enabling insights into their possible behavioral patterns. Pterygotidae likely captured and processed their prey using the chelicerae, subsequently transporting it to the oral opening with the assistance of other prosomal appendages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It remains unknown if hip joint forces during squat tasks are altered in people with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS). The aim of this study is to compare hip joint forces between people with FAIS and healthy controls during double leg squat and single leg squat tasks and within limbs during a single leg squat task in people with FAIS. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected in eight people with FAIS and eight healthy matched controls using 3D motion capture and force plates. AnyBody Modeling System was used to perform musculoskeletal simulations to estimate hip joint angles, forces, and moments for all participants. Estimates were postprocessed with AnyPyTools and converted into normalized time series to be compared using a 1D statistical nonparametric mapping (SnPM) approach. SnPM with an independent samples t‐test model was used to compare people with FAIS to controls, while a paired samples model was used to compare involved to uninvolved limb in people with FAIS. Patients demonstrated lower proximodistal force compared to controls (p < 0.01) and compared to the uninvolved side (p = 0.01) for single leg squat. The smaller joint contact forces in people with FAIS compared to controls could represent a strategy of reduced muscle forces to avoid pain and symptoms during this high demand task. These findings when combined with imaging data could help assess the severity of FAIS on hip related function during higher demand tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate bearing‐time recordings play a crucial role in hydroacoustic target motion analysis and situation estimation. The target bearing estimated by vector hydrophone in the interference environment suffers from poor display and low signal‐to‐noise ratio. To solve this problem, a two‐stage bearing‐only motion analysis method is proposed. Firstly, the bearing peak information and bearing dispersion are extracted for each sampling moment of the bearing‐time recording. Custom constraint regions and adaptive parameters are then set based on this information. The order truncate average algorithm is improved to enhance the quality of the low‐quality bearing‐time recording map. Secondly, a bearing‐only target motion model is established based on the bearing‐time recording distribution features, and a bearing‐time recording trust interval is constructed. Then a modified pseudo‐linear estimation algorithm is proposed to solve the target motion situation information, including target abeam time, target abeam bearing, target course, velocity‐to‐initial‐distance ratio, and so forth. Finally, by comparing the solved values of the sea trial data with the automatic identification system calculation results, the enhancement effect of the target bearing‐time recording map is significant and the solving error of the target motion elements meets the needs of engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exact solutions for the dynamics of incompressible fluids showing rate-type behavior have mostly been found in circumstances where the boundary velocities are given in the body of existing research. This phenomenon results from the constitutive equation of the corresponding extra-stress tensor, which specifies the natural relationship between velocity and shear stress. In this paper, we focus on a unique observation of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) movements of incompressible Maxwell fluids, and the governing equations regulating velocity and shear stress. We focus our analysis on the case of an infinite plate submerged in a porous substance. Within this framework, we do an analytical analysis of a motion issue with a boundary that has a predetermined shear stress. We can easily ascertain the shear stress associated with the motion brought on by a flat plate in order to be more exact. The fluid is subjected to a shear stress by this plate that changes over time. The velocity field from a boundary motion with a predetermined velocity is used to achieve this. We give two graphical representations of individual solutions for the sake of clarity and result verification. Last but not least, we use graphical depiction to highlight how a magnetic field and a porous media affect the fluid’s flow resistance. The results show that the flow resistance of the fluid increases in the presence of a porous media and decreases when a magnetic field is present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Left ventricle (LV) regional myocardial displacement due to cardiac motion was assessed using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) cine images to establish region‐specific margins for cardiac radioablation treatments. Methods: CMR breath‐hold cine images and LV myocardial tissue contour points were analyzed for 200 subjects, including controls (n = 50) and heart failure (HF) patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF, n = 50), mid‐range ejection fraction (HFmrEF, n = 50), and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF, n = 50). Contour points were divided into segments according to the 17‐segment model. For each patient, contour point displacements were determined for the long‐axis (all 17 segments) and short‐axis (segments 1–12) directions. Mean overall, tangential (longitudinal or circumferential), and normal (radial) displacements were calculated for the 17 segments and for each segment level. Results: The greatest overall motion was observed in the control group—long axis: 4.5 ± 1.2 mm (segment 13 [apical anterior] epicardium) to 13.8 ± 3.0 mm (segment 6 [basal anterolateral] endocardium), short axis: 4.3 ± 0.8 mm (segment 9 [mid inferoseptal] epicardium) to 11.5 ± 2.3 mm (segment 1 [basal anterior] endocardium). HF patients exhibited lesser motion, with the smallest overall displacements observed in the HFrEF group—long axis: 4.3 ± 1.7 mm (segment 13 [apical anterior] epicardium) to 10.6 ± 3.4 mm (segment 6 [basal anterolateral] endocardium), short axis: 3.9 ± 1.3 mm (segment 8 [mid anteroseptal] epicardium) to 7.4 ± 2.8 mm (segment 1 [basal anterior] endocardium). Conclusions: This analysis provides an estimate of epicardial and endocardial displacement for the 17 segments of the LV for patients with normal and impaired LV function. This reference data can be used to establish treatment planning margin guidelines for cardiac radioablation. Smaller margins may be used for patients with higher degree of impaired heart function, depending on the LV segment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyze the respiratory‐induced motion trajectories of each liver segment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to derive a more accurate internal margin and optimize treatment protocol selection. Materials and Methods: Ten‐phase‐gated four‐dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) scans of 14 patients with HCC were analyzed. For each patient, eight representative regions of interest (ROI) were delineated on each liver segment in all 10 phases. The coordinates of the center of gravity of each ROI were obtained for each phase, and then the respiratory motion in the left–right (LR), anteroposterior (AP), and craniocaudal (CC) directions was analyzed. Two sets of motion in each direction were also compared in terms of only two extreme phases and all 10 phases. Results: Motion of less than 5 mm was detected in 12 (86%) and 10 patients (71%) in the LR and AP directions, respectively, while none in the CC direction. Motion was largest in the CC direction with a maximal value of 19.5 mm, with significant differences between liver segment 7 (S7) and other segments: S1 (p < 0.036), S2 (p < 0.041), S3 (p < 0.016), S4 (p < 0.041), and S5 (p < 0.027). Of the 112 segments, hysteresis >1 mm was observed in 4 (4%), 2 (2%), and 15 (13%) in the LR, AP, and CC directions, respectively, with a maximal value of 5.0 mm in the CC direction. Conclusion: A significant amount of respiratory motion was detected in the CC direction, especially in S7, and S8. Despite the small effect of hysteresis, it can be observed specifically in the right lobe. Therefore, caution is required when using 4DCT to determine IM using only end‐inspiration and end‐expiration. Understanding the respiratory motion in individual liver segments can be helpful when selecting an appropriate treatment protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: High‐quality CBCT and AI‐enhanced adaptive planning techniques allow CBCT‐guided stereotactic adaptive radiotherapy (CT‐STAR) to account for inter‐fractional anatomic changes. Studies of intra‐fractional respiratory motion management with a surface imaging solution for CT‐STAR have not been fully conducted. We investigated intra‐fractional motion management in breath‐hold Ethos‐based CT‐STAR and CT‐SBRT (stereotactic body non‐adaptive radiotherapy) using optical surface imaging combined with onboard CBCTs. Methods: Ten cancer patients with mobile lower lung or upper abdominal malignancies participated in an IRB‐approved clinical trial (Phase I) of optical surface image‐guided Ethos CT‐STAR/SBRT. In the clinical trial, a pre‐configured gating window (± 2 mm in AP direction) on optical surface imaging was used for manually triggering intra‐fractional CBCT acquisition and treatment beam irradiation during breath‐hold (seven patients for the end of exhalation and three patients for the end of inhalation). Two inter‐fractional CBCTs at the ends of exhalation and inhalation in each fraction were acquired to verify the primary direction and range of the tumor/imaging‐surrogate (donut‐shaped fiducial) motion. Intra‐fractional CBCTs were used to quantify the residual motion of the tumor/imaging‐surrogate within the pre‐configured breath‐hold window in the AP direction. Fifty fractions of Ethos RT were delivered under surface image‐guidance: Thirty‐two fractions with CT‐STAR (adaptive RT) and 18 fractions with CT‐SBRT (non‐adaptive RT). The residual motion of the tumor was quantified by determining variations in the tumor centroid position. The dosimetric impact on target coverage was calculated based on the residual motion. Results: We used 46 fractions for the analysis of intra‐fractional residual motion and 43 fractions for the inter‐fractional motion analysis due to study constraints. Using the image registration method, 43 pairs of inter‐fractional CBCTs and 100 intra‐fractional CBCTs attached to dose maps were analyzed. In the motion range study (image registration) from the inter‐fractional CBCTs, the primary motion (mean ± std) was 16.6 ± 9.2 mm in the SI direction (magnitude: 26.4 ± 11.3 mm) for the tumors and 15.5 ± 7.3 mm in the AP direction (magnitude: 20.4 ± 7.0 mm) for the imaging‐surrogate, respectively. The residual motion of the tumor (image registration) from intra‐fractional breath‐hold CBCTs was 2.2 ± 2.0 mm for SI, 1.4 ± 1.4 mm for RL, and 1.3 ± 1.3 mm for AP directions (magnitude: 3.5 ± 2.1 mm). The ratio of the actual dose coverage to 99%, 90%, and 50% of the target volume decreased by 0.95 ± 0.11, 0.96 ± 0.10, 0.99 ± 0.05, respectively. The mean percentage of the target volume covered by the prescribed dose decreased by 2.8 ± 4.4%. Conclusion: We demonstrated the intra‐fractional motion‐managed treatment strategy in breath‐hold Ethos CT‐STAR/SBRT using optical surface imaging and CBCT. While the controlled residual tumor motion measured at 3.5 mm exceeded the predetermined setup value of 2 mm, it is important to note that this motion still fell within the clinically acceptable range defined by the PTV margin of 5 mm. Nonetheless, additional caution is needed with intra‐fractional motion management in breath‐hold Ethos CT‐STAR/SBRT using optical surface imaging and CBCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peristalsis is a common motion in various biological systems, especially the upper urinary tract, where it plays a pivotal role in conveying urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Using computational fluid dynamics, this study aims to investigate the effect of various peristaltic parameters on the motion of an obstacle through a two‐dimensional ureter. Methodologically, Incompressible Navier–Stokes equations were utilized as the fluid domain's governing equations, and the Dynamic Mesh method (DM) was employed to simulate the peristaltic and obstacle motion. The peristaltic motion was modeled by a sinusoidal contraction wave propagating alongside the ureter at the physiological speed, and the motion of the obstruction through the ureter, which is caused by the fluid forces applied on its surface, was explored using the equation of Newton's second law. Various test cases of different shapes and sizes were supposed as kidney stones to understand the influence of the peristalsis properties on the stone removal process. The results show that the motion of the kidney stone is highly influenced by the gradient pressure force applied to its surface in the fluid domain. Moreover, investigating the effects of the peristaltic physical properties on the obstacle's motion indicates that the stone's motion is dependent on these parameters. Furthermore, this analysis provides insight into the peristaltic motion effects, assisting physicians in developing new medicines to facilitate the kidney stone removal process based on its shape and size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses performance limitations in passive clutching inertia devices due to the absence of flywheel deceleration damping. A solution introducing viscous damping to serve as the flywheel deceleration mechanism is proposed, thus forming the "CIDS" (Clutching Inertia‐Damping System). The study establishes a multi‐body motion analysis model for the CIDS within a single‐degree‐of‐freedom structure. Simulations investigate the impact of control force model parameters on the computation. The impact of additional damping on structural dynamic responses and the system's relative motion is thoroughly elucidated and revealed through dynamic simulations and multi‐body motion decomposition. The "ELS" (Equivalent Linear System) is introduced for the simplified performance assessment of CIDS. Expressions for equivalent damping and inertance are derived based on the equivalence of vibration period and energy in sinusoidal steady‐state vibration. The feasibility and accuracy of ELS for assessing CIDS's performance are validated through response analyses under harmonic and seismic excitations. Notably, displacement indicators exhibit higher precision than acceleration. When subjected to seismic excitation, selecting a more suitable excitation frequency to determine the corresponding equivalent damping can enhance the accuracy of ELS. Considering the frequency dependence of equivalent damping, a frequency‐domain‐based random response evaluation method is proposed. The influence of additional rotational damping, flywheel inertia, and structural natural period on random response is evaluated and analyzed. In CIDS with similar rotational damping and inertia, its control effect is related to the excitation. In summary, this study offers a structured framework for comprehending and evaluating the performance of CIDS, offering valuable insights into its potential engineering design, applications, and analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to analyze the motion ghosting phenomenon on liqu id crystal displays (LCDs), a motion block artifact simulation model based on response time (RT) curves is established usin g human visual perception theory. By calculating the brightn ess integral, the presence and degree of the Rebound pheno menon are quantified. Furthermore, based on the quantified changes in RT curves at different frames, the mechanism of Rebound generation is analyzed and improvement measures a re proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible sensors have attracted extensive research interest due to their great application potential in biodetection, flexible display, and wearable devices. However, they still have a lot of room for improvement in terms of luminous color, flexibility, and self‐powered systems. A wearable, antifreeze, and discoloration sensing system based on electroluminescence, mechanoluminescence, and tribo‐power generation is developed in this paper. Triboelectric nanogenerator systems can harvest biomechanical energy from hand clapping and knee/elbow bending to generate real‐time electrical signals. The use of dielectric materials reduces the initial voltage and frequency of light‐emitting devices, enabling them to be driven by Triboelectric nanogenerators. At the same time, the device can produce red, blue, white, and other multicolor light. In addition, the system can produce an optical signal output due to external mechanical stimulation. As a result, the sensor system is simple to manufacture and unique to operate, proving its potential applications in areas such as cold‐resistant displays, wearable optoelectronics, soft robotics, and electronic skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop a fast and effective image deblurring method, the blind recovery of motion‐blurred images based on DeblurGAN(GAN, Generative Adversarial Networks) is researched.Firstly, the number of residual modules in the DeblurGAN network is changed, and an attempt is made to optimize the network structure to achieve better results in the blind recovery of motion‐blurred images. Secondly, an image deblurring method based on the improved DeblurGAN network is proposed.This paper makes corresponding adjustments to the generator and discriminator networks to change their input and output size to 512 × 512 while keeping the overall structure of the network unchanged, and the experimental results show that the quality of the restored images has been greatly improved. In addition, the images were divided into four classes of images,to achieve improved restoration of blurred images with specific content. Experimental results on the benchmark GoPro dataset validate that the improved DeblurGAN achieves more than 1.5 dB improvement than DeblurGAN in terms of peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR) as trained utilizing the same amount of data, and structural similarity assessment (SSIM) evaluation means and maximum values increased between 0.2 and 0.3. The improved DeblurGAN is more effective in terms of both blur removal and detail recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we propose a novel motion re‐targeting framework that provides natural motions of target robot character models similar to the given source motions of a different skeletal structure. The natural target motion requires satisfying kinematic constraints to show a similar motion to the source motion although the kinematical structure between the source and the target character models differ from each other. Simultaneously, the target motion should maintain physically plausible features such as keeping the balance of the target character model. To handle the issue, we utilize a simple physics model (an inverted‐pendulum‐on‐a‐cart model) during the motion re‐targeting process. By interpreting the source motion's balancing property via the pendulum model, the target motion inherits the balancing property of the source motion. The inheritance is derived by performing the motion analysis to extract the necessary parameters for re‐targeting the pendulum model's motion pattern and parameter learning to estimate the suitable parameters for the target character model. Based on the simple physics inheritance, the proposed framework provides balance‐preserving target motions, even applicable to the full‐body physics simulation or a real robot control. We validate the framework by experimenting with motion re‐targeting from animal character and human character source models to the quadruped‐ and humanoid‐type target models with Muaythai punching, kicking and walking motions. We also implement comparisons with the existing methods to clarify the enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Licorice (liquorice) is a common food additive and is used in Chinese medicine. Excess licorice intake can induce atrial fibrillation. Patients with atrial fibrillation possess constitutively activated G protein‐gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels. Whether licorice affects GIRK channel activity is unknown. We aimed to clarify the effects of licorice ingredients on GIRK current and the mechanism of action. Experimental Approach: A major component of licorice, glycyrrhizic acid (GA), and its metabolite, 18β‐glycyrrhetinic acid (18β‐GA), were tested. We performed electrophysiological recordings in Xenopus oocytes to examine the effects of GA and 18β‐GA on various GIRK subunits (Kir3.1–Kir3.4), mutagenesis analyses to identify the crucial residues for drug action and motion analysis in cultured rat atrial myocytes to clarify effects of 18β‐GA on atrial functions. Key Results: GA inhibited Kir3.1‐containing channels, while 18β‐GA activated all Kir3.x subunits. A pore helix residue Phe137 in Kir3.1 was critical for GA‐mediated inhibition, and the corresponding Ser148 in Kir3.2 was critical for 18β‐GA‐mediated activation. 18β‐GA activated GIRK channel in a Gβγ‐independent manner, whereas phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2) was essential for activation. Glu236 located at the cytoplasmic pore of Kir3.2 appeared to be important to interactions with 18β‐GA. In rat atrial myocytes, 18β‐GA suppressed spontaneous beating via activation of GIRK channels. Conclusion and Implications: GA acts as a novel GIRK inhibitor, and 18β‐GA acts as a novel GIRK activator. 18β‐GA alters atrial function via activation of GIRK channels. This study elucidates the pharmacological activity of licorice ingredients and provides information for drug design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing potato grading device has a complex structure and a large volume, which is not suitable for small‐scale potato farmers. However, traditional manual grading methods not only have low efficiency but also high labor costs. This article developed a small movable rotating plate (MRP)‐type potato grading device, and the influences of three factors (the height of the horizontal slide, the tilt angle of the inclined slide, and the chain speed) on the grading efficiency and accuracy were investigated using the discrete element method and virtual orthogonal experiments. It was found that the horizontal slide height of 185 mm, the inclined slide tilt angle of 3.5°, and the chain speed of 0.9 m/s yielded the optimal grading efficiency (13.84 t/h) and grading accuracy (94.11%). Finally, the potato grading process was tested and validated through indoor tests, and the optimal grading accuracy was 91.04%. The grading accuracy deviation between the test and simulation results was less than 8%. Practical Application: Currently, most commercial potato grading machines are designed for large‐scale farms, which are not suitable for developing countries. The potato grading device designed in this article can not only be used independently by small‐scale farms, but also be integrated with potato combine harvesters to achieve potato harvest and grading joint operations. This grading device has a simple structure, small footprint (1700 × 1200 × 840 mm3), and a very low cost ($600). With a high grading efficiency and accuracy, it can significantly improve the grading productivity of small and medium‐sized potato farmers in developing countries, reduce the production costs, and save labors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fully functional prototype of a bullet‐shaped trans‐domain amphibious vehicle with the ability to perform reciprocating cross‐medium movements has been developed. Once the bullet‐shaped underwater vehicle completes its designated underwater tasks, upon reaching a suitable location for surface observation, it will transform into a bullet‐shaped coaxial counter‐propeller aircraft to carry out cross‐domain out‐of‐water and performing aerial flight missions. The successful transition of the vehicle into amphibious mode is attributed to the design of an innovative energy attitude multiplexing mechanism. Simultaneously, a rational and effective hybrid‐switching strategy has been proposed to enhance the reliability of the vehicle's amphibious mode transition. In view of the complex and changeable cross‐domain environment, we have adopted a modular design concept, breaking down the entire cross‐domain movement process into three key phases: air operation flight, transient cross‐domain, and underwater active sailing. Detailed theoretical analysis, algorithm design, and experimental research have been conducted for each phase. This paper proposes and expounds the key design principles, evaluates the performance indicators of key components, and weighs the matching of body dynamics and propulsion performance to ensure that the vehicle achieves the expected performance. Finally, the success of the test at different phases further proves that the vehicle has the ability to achieve complete cross‐domain operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate that river discharge can be estimated by deriving water surface velocity estimates from satellite‐derived video imagery when combined with high‐resolution topography of channel geometry. Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) was used to map surface velocity from 28 s of 5 Hz satellite video acquired at a 1.2 m nominal ground spacing over the Darling River, Tilpa, Australia, during a 1‐in‐5‐year flood. We stabilized and assessed the uncertainty of the residual motion induced by the satellite platform, enhancing our sub‐pixel motion analysis, and quantified the sensitivity of image extraction rates on computed velocities. In the absence of in situ observations, LSPIV velocity estimates were validated against predictions from a calibrated 2D hydrodynamic model. Despite the confounding influence of selecting a surface velocity depth‐averaging coefficient, inference of discharge was within 0.3%–15% compared with gauging station measurements. These results provide a valuable foundation for refining satellite video LSPIV techniques. Plain Language Summary: Estimates of river flow are needed to manage water resources and flood risk. However, many of the world's rivers are not gauged, limiting hydrological understanding of river response to changing environmental conditions and storm events. We demonstrate that satellite video can be used to map velocity by tracking surface water features from one video frame to the next, and scaled to compute discharge where river geometry is known. Using a video of a flood on the River Tilpa, Australia, our results agree with ground‐based measurements to within 0.3%–15%. The ability to deploy satellites to acquire video anywhere globally could contribute to measuring discharge on ungauged rivers. Key Points: Satellite video acquired along 12.6 km of the River Darling, Australia, at 5 Hz for 28 s during a 1‐in‐5‐year storm eventSatellite video‐based velocities coupled with high resolution topography estimate riverine discharges to within 15% of in situ gauge dataParametrization of non‐contact velocimetry and choice of a depth‐averaging coefficient (α) influence the accuracy of discharge estimates [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable and flexible capacitive pressure sensors have recently attracted significant attention in the fields of healthcare monitoring and intelligent human‐machine interaction. While considerable progress is made in achieving high‐pressure resolution over a wide linearity range, practical implementation still faces significant challenges due to complex manufacturing processes, as well as limited accuracy and stability for information transmission. To address these issues, inspiration is drawn from human skin and develop a new hybrid dielectric comprising a low‐permittivity (low‐k) micro‐cilia array and a high‐permittivity (high‐k) foam. Without assistance from an elaborate fabrication methodology, the template‐free method provides a cost‐effective and convenient way to realize the functional dielectric for flexible capacitive sensors. The hybrid dielectric exhibits a pressure‐induced series‐parallel conversion mechanism, enabling effective manipulation of the linear effective dielectric constant and controlled initial/resultant capacitance. Through systematic optimization, the sensor demonstrates a high sensitivity of 0.236 kPa−1 within an ultrabroad linearity range of up to 1100 kPa. Thanks to the unique characteristics of the hybrid dielectric, this device showcases potential applications in various domains including human joint motion analysis, healthcare monitoring, accurate message transmission, and convenient Morse code communication utilizing non‐overlapping capacitance signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: People with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and limited joint mobility syndrome (LJMS) can experience increased forefoot peak plantar pressures (PPPs), a known risk factor for ulceration. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ankle and 1st metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint mobilisations and home-based stretches in people with DPN improve joint range of motion (ROM) and reduce forefoot PPPs. Design and methods: Sixty-one people with DPN (IWGDF risk 2), were randomly assigned to a 6-week programme of ankle and 1st MTP joint mobilisations (n = 31) and home-based stretches or standard care only (n = 30). At baseline (T0); 6-week post intervention (T1) and at 3 months follow-up (T2), a blinded assessor recorded dynamic ankle dorsiflexion range using 3D (Codamotion) motion analysis and the weight bearing lunge test, static 1st MTP joint dorsiflexion ROM, dynamic plantar pressure and balance. Results: At T1 and T2 there was no difference between both groups in ankle dorsiflexion in stance phase, plantar pressure and balance. Compared to the control group, the intervention group showed a statistically significant increase in static ankle dorsiflexion range (Left 1.52 cm and 2.9cms, Right 1.62 cm and 2.7 cm) at 6 (T1) and 18 weeks (T2) respectively p < 0.01). Between group differences were also seen in left hallux dorsiflexion (2.75°, p < 0.05) at T1 and in right hallux dorsiflexion ROM (4.9°, p < 0.01) at T2 follow up. Further, functional reach showed a significant increase in the intervention group (T1 = 3.13 cm p < 0.05 and T2 = 3.9 cm p < 0.01). Intervention adherence was high (80%). Conclusions: Combining ankle and 1st MTP joint mobilisations with home-based stretches in a 6-week programme in people with DPN is effective in increasing static measures of range. This intervention may be useful for improving ankle, hallux joint mobility and anteroposterior stability limits in people with diabetes and neuropathy but not for reducing PPP or foot ulcer risk. Trial registration: https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03195855. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the effect of probiotics on the growth and culture condition of rotifer in medium‐sized culture tanks. The influence of probiotics on the changes in swimming patterns, velocity and sinuosity indices of rotifer was also examined. The rotifers (Brachionus rotundiformis) were cultured for 14 days in nine polycarbonate tanks containing seawater which were divided into three groups: a control group (Chlorella product) and two treatment groups: Chlorella + Probiotic I and Chlorella + Probiotic II. The rotifer population and the water quality parameters were monitored daily. To evaluate the locomotory behaviour of the rotifer, a sub‐sample containing rotifers was obtained from each treatment and placed on a glass‐bottomed dish. A high‐speed camera mounted on a stereo microscope was used to record the rotifer movement. The footage was then analysed using motion analysis software to establish the swimming velocity, swimming pattern and sinuosity indices of the rotifers. Co‐feeding rotifer on microalgae and probiotics resulted in a higher rotifer growth rate (0.51 ± 0.03) and decreased concentration of unionized ammonia (0.14 ± 0.02 mg L−1). In addition, the probiotic‐fed rotifers had 1.59 times higher average swimming velocity (0.97 ± 0.11 mm s−1) and more straight swimming pattern compared to rotifers that fed on microalgae alone whose velocity was slow (0.61 ± 0.14 mm s−1) and more sinuous. From these data, we can postulate that probiotics have the potential to attenuate rotifer culture conditions by decreasing ammonia concentration as well as influence rotifer swimming behaviour which could affect rotifer reproduction and the quality of fish larvae in aquaculture systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to the external rotation of the femur during knee flexion. Methods: Three-dimensional (3D) digital models of the femur and tibia were reconstructed from computed tomography images of 41 healthy Japanese subjects. Thirteen parameters related to femoral and tibial morphology and alignment of the lower extremities were evaluated, including the inclination angle of the posterior lateral and medial femoral condyles, the ratio of the medial and lateral posterior condyle radii approximated as spheres, the spherical condylar angle, the posterior condylar angle, the medial and lateral posterior tibial slope, the difference of medial and lateral posterior tibial slope, the tibiofemoral rotation angle, the 3D femorotibial angle, the 3D hip-knee-ankle angle, and the passing point of the weight-bearing line (medial–lateral and anterior–posterior). The rotation angle of the femur relative to the tibia during squatting was investigated using a 3D to 2D image matching technique and the relationships with the13 parameters were determined. Results: The femur externally rotated substantially up to 20° of knee flexion (9.2° ± 3.7°) and gently rotated after 20° of knee flexion (12.8° ± 6.2°). The external rotation angle at 20°–120° of knee flexion correlated with the spherical condylar angle, the tibiofemoral rotation angle and the inclination angle of the posterior medial condyles (correlation coefficient; 0.506, 0.364, 0.337, respectively). Conclusion: The parameter that was most related to the external rotation of the femur during knee flexion was the spherical condylar angle. Level of Evidence: IV [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we developed a capacitive seating analysis sensor using a conductive textile for evaluating a Seating Motion. Physical burden on caregivers is a common problem at nursing care sites. Developing long‐term caregiving skills can help reduce the physical burden on amateur caregivers. Several quantitative evaluation studies have focused on the skills of caregivers. However, such evaluation is highly expensive and require huge area because it involves the use of motion capture systems with several 3D cameras for dynamic motion analysis. In our previous study, we developed a conductive textile sensor for measuring the seating position of a care recipient in a wheelchair. The sensor could measure either seating body pressure or distance between the buttocks and the seat. The system can measure the care recipient's motion without requiring any motion capture system. We recommend using the sensor to evaluate the skills of caregivers; the sensor output can be used to determine the seating speed of the care recipient on the chair. Herein, we report the validity of the measurement system comprising a conductive textile–based capacitive seating analysis sensor for evaluating seating in nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports‐related concussions (SRCs) are associated with neuromuscular control deficits in athletes following return to play. However, the connection between SRC and potentially disrupted neural regulation of lower extremity motor control has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate brain activity and connectivity during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) lower extremity motor control task (bilateral leg press) in female adolescent athletes with a history of SRC. Nineteen female adolescent athletes with a history of SRC and nineteen uninjured (without a history of SRC) age‐ and sport‐matched control athletes participated in this study. Athletes with a history of SRC exhibited less neural activity in the left inferior parietal lobule/supramarginal gyrus (IPL) during the bilateral leg press compared to matched controls. Based upon signal change detected in the brain activity analysis, a 6 mm region of interest (seed) was defined to perform secondary connectivity analyses using psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analyses. During the motor control task, the left IPL (seed) was significantly connected to the right posterior cingulate gyrus/precuneus cortex and right IPL for athletes with a history of SRC. The left IPL was significantly connected to the left primary motor cortex (M1) and primary somatosensory cortex (S1), right inferior temporal gyrus, and right S1 for matched controls. Altered neural activity in brain regions important for sensorimotor integration and motor attention, combined with unique connectivity to regions responsible for attentional, cognitive, and proprioceptive processing, indicate compensatory neural mechanisms may underlie the lingering neuromuscular control deficits associated with SRC. Our research provides a new perspective on motor control alterations in female adolescent athletes with a history of sports‐related concussion (SRC), by identifying neural alterations via functional magnetic resonance imaging during lower extremity movement. This work complements previous evidence of neuromuscular control impairments in athletes following a concussion and identifies a potential underlying mechanism for lower extremity injury risk in female adolescent athletes with a history of SRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the spread of airborne corner reflector (ACR) in the field of shipborne equipment, radar guided anti‐ship missile is facing new challenges. In order to achieve the mastery of the jamming principle of this apparatus, the paper studied its motion properties and sequential Radar Cross Section (RCS) properties. Firstly, the motion model of the ACR was obtained under certain constraints, by deriving the centroid dynamics equation and rotation dynamics equation according to the theoretical mechanics. Then, the dynamic sequential RCS model of ACR array was established by combining the motion model with the modified geometric optics method and coherent synthesis method. Through the simulation and analysis of the motion model, it was found that the flight process of the ACR can be divided into two stages: fast falling and steady falling. In the fast falling stage, the variables of the ACR system change rapidly, while the ACR rotates slowly and falls smoothly in the steady falling stage. From simulation of dynamic sequential RCS model, the results showed that the obvious depolarisation effect is occur in the fast falling stage. Further statistical analysis showed that, the omnidirectivity of single ACR is well from the dynamic perspective, meanwhile array placement can effectively enhance RCS amplitude and improve the probability density distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional approaches for monitoring human gait have severe spatial and temporal restrictions with complex analysis methods and high cost, which are powerless to promote the development of intelligent life involving fitness, sport training, and healthcare. Herein, a portable smart insole system with high spatial resolution and simple manufacturing process to measure plantar pressure distribution anytime, anywhere for gait analysis is proposed. An insole‐shaped array of 104 piezoresistive sensors with highly robust characteristics is assembled, exhibiting a good pressure‐sensing uniformity. The smart insole not only detects the subtle displacement of the center of gravity of the body, but also exhibits a real‐time, high‐resolution thermodynamic diagram of the plantar pressure distribution during human activities. More importantly, the function of motion intelligence identification can be realized by regionalizing and digitizing the whole plantar pressure distribution, achieving an average recognition accuracy of 83.32% among six predefined motions. These results imply that the carbon fiber‐based smart insole can provide an effective approach for convenient gait analysis and motion identification, which has a great potential in the application of future intelligent life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing 3D single object tracking methods primarily extract features from the global coordinates of point clouds, overlooking the potential exploitation of their positional information. However, due to the unordered, sparse, and irregular nature of point clouds, effectively exploring their positional information presents a significant challenge. In this letter, the network is explicitly reformulated by introducing a point position embedding module in conjunction with a self‐attention coding module, replacing the use of global coordinate inputs. The proposed reformulation is further integrated into a top‐notch model M2‐Track, called Point Position Embedding (PPE) in this letter. Comprehensive empirical analysis are performed on the KITTI and NuScenes datasets. Experimental results show that the PPE surpasses M2‐Track by a large margin in overall performance. Especially for the challenging NuScenes dataset, the method attains the highest precision and success in all classes compared to state‐of‐the‐art methods. The code is available at https://github.com/GZHU‐DVL/PPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical metamaterials are attracting considerable attention due to their unique properties not found in natural materials. Advanced geometrical shapes such as Menger cubes, origami templates, and gyroids offer exciting avenues for device engineering. In addition, the recent developments of various additive manufacturing technologies have expanded materials selection and geometrical complexities. Herein, a piezoresistive pressure sensor based on a 3D‐printed gyroid structure with a conformal coating of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is presented. The gyroid structures are printed using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), providing mechanical robustness even at low densities. By altering the relative density of the gyroid structure, Young's modulus can be tailored, ranging from 0.32 MPa at 30% relative density and 3.61 MPa at 80% relative density. The presented gyroid‐based pressure sensor achieves a wide sensing range of up to 1.45 MPa and a high sensitivity of 2.68 MPa−1. The sensor is integrated into a shoe for wearable applications, demonstrating its mechanical robustness and potential for human stance and motion monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in Neural Radiance Fields enable the capture of scenes with motion. However, editing the motion is hard; no existing method allows editing beyond the space of motion existing in the original video, nor editing based on physics. We present the first approach that allows physically‐based editing of motion in a scene captured with a single hand‐held video camera, containing vibrating or periodic motion. We first introduce a Lagrangian representation, representing motion as the displacement of particles, which is learned while training a radiance field. We use these particles to create a continuous representation of motion over the sequence, which is then used to perform a modal analysis of the motion thanks to a Fourier transform on the particle displacement over time. The resulting extracted modes allow motion synthesis, and easy editing of the motion, while inheriting the ability for free‐viewpoint synthesis in the captured 3D scene from the radiance field. We demonstrate our new method on synthetic and real captured scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limited dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) is a risk factor for lateral ankle sprain. However, varied DFROM exists within the chronic ankle instability (CAI) population, and how the variability may influence altered movement patterns during landing is unclear. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify different movement strategies during maximal jump landing/cutting among CAI patients classified by varied DFROM. Methods: One hundred CAI subjects were classified into 3 subgroups based on their DFROM, measured by the weight‐bearing lunge test: a Hypo‐ (≤40°), Normal‐ (40–50°), and Hyper‐DFROM group (≥50°). Participants completed five trials of maximal jump landing/cutting. Lower extremity joint angles and EMG activation of seven muscles were collected from initial contact to toe‐off. Functional analyses of variance were used to evaluate between‐group differences for these outcome variables. Results: Hypo‐DFROM group (14M, 10F) displayed the reduced ankle dorsiflexion and inversion angles with increased hip flexion angle as a compensatory kinematic chain movement strategy. In addition, motion restrictions of the ankle are associated with altered muscle activation in both distal and proximal muscles during landing/cutting. Normal‐DFROM (25M, 30F) and Hyper‐DFROM (11M, 10F) groups also have different movement strategies including greater inversion angle and less EMG activation, which could contribute to further ankle injuries. Conclusions: Our data suggest that limited DFROM negatively affects the ankle joint during demanding movement within the CAI population. These movement patterns in CAI patients with pathomechanical deficits could contribute to further ankle sprains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Preoperative assessment of pleural adhesion is crucial for appropriate surgical planning. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the usefulness of motion analysis using dynamic chest radiography (DCR) for assessing pleural adhesions. Methods: Sequential chest radiographs of 146 lung cancer patients with or without pleural adhesions (n = 25/121) were obtained using a DCR system during respiration (registration number: 1729). The local motion vector was measured, and the percentage of poor motion area to the maximum expiration lung area (%lung area with poor motion) was calculated. Subsequently, percentage values ≥49.0% were considered to indicate pleural adhesions. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated to assess the prediction performance. The percentage of lung area with poor motion was compared between patients with and without pleural adhesions (p < 0.05). Results: DCR‐based motion analysis correctly predicted pleural adhesions in 21 out of 25 patients, with 47 false‐positive results (sensitivity, 84.0%; specificity, 61.2%; PPV, 30.9%; NPV, 94.9%). The lung with pleural adhesions showed a significantly greater %lung area with poor motion than the opposite lung in the same patient, similar to the cancerous lung in patients without pleural adhesions. Conclusion: On DCR‐based motion analysis, pleural adhesions could be indicated by an increase in the percentage of lung area with poor motion. Although the proposed method cannot identify the exact location of pleural adhesions, information regarding the presence or absence of pleural adhesions provided by DCR would help surgeons prepare for challenging surgeries and obtain informed consent from patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Markerless motion capture based on low‐cost 2‐D video analysis in combination with computer vision techniques has the potential to provide accurate analysis of running technique in both a research and clinical setting. However, the accuracy of markerless motion capture for assessing running kinematics compared to a gold‐standard approach remains largely unexplored. Objective: Here, we investigate the accuracy of custom‐trained (DeepLabCut) and existing (OpenPose) computer vision techniques for assessing sagittal‐plane hip, knee, and ankle running kinematics at speeds of 2.78 and 3.33 m s−1 as compared to gold‐standard marker‐based motion capture. Methods: Differences between the markerless and marker‐based approaches were assessed using statistical parameter mapping and expressed as root mean squared errors (RMSEs). Results: After temporal alignment and offset removal, both DeepLabCut and OpenPose showed no significant differences with the marker‐based approach at 2.78 m s−1, but some significant differences remained at 3.33 m s−1. At 2.78 m s−1, RMSEs were 5.07, 7.91, and 5.60, and 5.92, 7.81, and 5.66 degrees for the hip, knee, and ankle for DeepLabCut and OpenPose, respectively. At 3.33 m s−1, RMSEs were 7.40, 10.9, 8.01, and 4.95, 7.45, and 5.76 for the hip, knee, and ankle for DeepLabCut and OpenPose, respectively. Conclusion: The differences between OpenPose and the marker‐based method were in line with or smaller than reported between other kinematic analysis methods and marker‐based methods, while these differences were larger for DeepLabCut. Since the accuracy differed between individuals, OpenPose may be most useful to facilitate large‐scale in‐field data collection and investigation of group effects rather than individual‐level analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of the presence or absence of upper limb movement on the propulsion direction body velocity (TPV) leaving the platform at kick start. The first trial (Standard trial) is a normal kick start, and the second trial (Lower trial) is the same as a normal kick start. The force from the upper limb movement at the time was set so that the start table was not applied, and the start movement calculated the 3D coordinates of the marker attached to the body by 3D movement analysis. As a result, in the movement speed at the time of leaving the platform, the standard trial had a significantly higher value in the propulsion direction and a significantly lower value in the vertical movement speed than the lower trial. In addition, since the standard trial had a significantly lower value in the jumping angle when leaving the platform, the role of the upper limb movement in kick start is to promote by making the jumping angle closer to the horizontal when leaving the platform. It was suggested that it may affect the directional velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Sleep‐related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE) is a focal epilepsy with seizures occurring mostly during sleep. SHE seizures present different motor characteristics ranging from dystonic posturing to hyperkinetic motor patterns, sometimes associated with affective symptoms and complex behaviors. Disorders of arousal (DOA) are sleep disorders with paroxysmal episodes that may present analogies with SHE seizures. Accurate interpretation of the different SHE patterns and their differentiation from DOA manifestations can be difficult and expensive, and can require highly skilled personnel not always available. Furthermore, it is operator dependent. Methods: Common techniques for human motion analysis, such as wearable sensors (e.g., accelerometers) and motion capture systems, have been considered to overcome these problems. Unfortunately, these systems are cumbersome and they require trained personnel for marker and sensor positioning, limiting their use in the epilepsy domain. To overcome these problems, recently significant effort has been spent in studying automatic methods based on video analysis for the characterization of human motion. Systems based on computer vision and deep learning have been exploited in many fields, but epilepsy has received limited attention. Results: In this paper, we present a pipeline composed of a set of three‐dimensional convolutional neural networks that, starting from video recordings, reached an overall accuracy of 80% in the classification of different SHE semiology patterns and DOA. Significance: The preliminary results obtained in this study highlight that our deep learning pipeline could be used by physicians as a tool to support them in the differential diagnosis of the different patterns of SHE and DOA, and encourage further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐assembly of μm‐to‐mm components is important for achieving all‐scale ordering with requirements of extra energy for motion and interaction of components. Marangoni flows caused by surfactants on water provide appropriate energy but have limited lifetimes because of the inevitable interfacial aggregation and difficult decomposition of aggregated covalent surfactants that inactivate Marangoni effects. Here we have synthesized a supra‐amphiphile Marangoni "fuel"—sodium‐4‐(benzylideneamino) benzenesulfonate (SBBS)—that can be hydrolyzed in a timely manner to a species without surface activity to extend the motion time by 10‐fold. The motion was optimized at pH=2 by a fine equilibrium between the releasing and removal of interfacial SBBS, leading to the self‐assembly of millimeter‐scaled ordered dimers. The underlying mechanism was interpreted by motion analyses and simulation. This strategy provides an active solution to self‐assembly at the μm‐to‐mm scale, as well as interactive ideas between miniaturized chemical robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors studied momentary motion leadership in small groups of black neon tetra (Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi) and zebrafish (Danio rerio), its relationship with local interaction parameters, such as the acceleration and turning angle of the individuals, and the relative locations of the individuals within the group. The purpose was to know whether leadership tended to be monopolised by certain individuals or whether it was equitably shared between them and if there were differences in leadership sharing between these two species, which are known to have different degrees of cohesion and polarisation. The authors filmed groups of two, three, four and eight fishes of each species and tracked their individual motion by image analysis and trajectory extraction. In both species, motion leadership was not monopolized but egalitarian and very short lived, with leadership shifts distributed randomly over time. The duration of leadership episodes decreased as group size increased and was longer in black neon tetra than in zebrafish. Momentary leaders did not tend to be in the front positions, but closer to the centre of the group. Acceleration and turning angle were more extreme in zebrafish than in black neon tetra and in the momentary leaders than the followers in both species. In general, these differences between species and between leaders/followers were qualitatively similar with some differences in detail, indicating that the relationship between motion leadership and local interaction parameters is likely to conform to a general physical law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilateral sensorimotor coordination is required for everyday activities, such as walking and sitting down/standing up from a chair. Sensorimotor coordination functional neuroimaging (fMRI) paradigms (e.g., stepping, cycling) increase activity in the sensorimotor cortex, supplementary motor area, insula, and cerebellum. Although these paradigms are designed to assay coordination, performance measures are rarely collected simultaneously with fMRI. Therefore, we aimed to identify neural correlates of lower extremity coordination using a bilateral, in‐phase, multi‐joint coordination task with concurrent MRI‐compatible 3D motion analysis. Seventeen female athletes (15.0 ± 1.4 years) completed a bilateral, multi‐joint lower‐extremity coordination task during brain fMRI. Interlimb coordination was quantified from kinematic data as the correlation between peak‐to‐peak knee flexion cycle time between legs. Standard preprocessing and whole‐brain analyses for task‐based fMRI were completed in FSL, controlling for total movement cycles and neuroanatomical differences, with interlimb coordination as a covariate of interest. A clusterwise multi‐comparison correction was applied at z > 3.1 and p <.05. Less interlimb coordination during the task was associated with greater activation in the posterior cingulate and precuneus (zmax = 6.41, p <.01) and the lateral occipital cortex (zmax = 7.55, p =.02). The inability to maintain interlimb coordination alongside greater activity in attention‐ and sensory‐related brain regions may indicate a failed compensatory neural strategy to execute the task. Alternatively, greater activity could be secondary to reduced afferent acuity that may be elevating central demand to maintain in‐phase lower extremity motor coordination. Future research aiming to improve sensorimotor coordination should consider interventional approaches uniquely capable of promoting adaptive neuroplasticity to enhance motor control. In the first report of a bilateral lower extremity, in‐phase, multi‐joint coordination fMRI motor paradigm with concurrent kinematics, we found that lower extremity coordination was negatively associated with neural activity in the posterior cingulate gyrus, precuneus, and lateral occipital cortex; such that poorer coordination is associated with greater activity. This alteration may indicate a failed compensatory strategy to maintain motor control or higher central demand downstream from reduced afferent acuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell‐specific aptamers offer a powerful tool to study membrane receptors at the single‐molecule level. Most target receptors of aptamers are highly expressed on the cell surface, but difficult to analyze in situ because of dense distribution and fast velocity. Therefore, we herein propose a random sampling‐based analysis strategy termed ligand dilution analysis (LDA) for easily implemented aptamer‐based receptor study. Receptor density on the cell surface can be calculated based on a regression model. By using a synergistic ligand dilution design, colocalization and differentiation of aptamer and monoclonal antibody (mAb) binding on a single receptor can be realized. Once this is accomplished, precise binding site and detailed aptamer‐receptor binding mode can be further determined using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. The ligand dilution strategy also sets the stage for an aptamer‐based dynamics analysis of two‐ and three‐dimensional motion and fluctuation of highly expressed receptors on the live cell membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]