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ABSTRACT Tall oil is one of the side products from the kraft pulping process of lignocellulosic material. The most abundant acid found in this crude viscous material is abietic acid. Strangely, in the past, the utilization of tall oil has been limited to incineration for cogeneration of power. In this study, tall oil rosin acids (TORAs) were used in two different applications. First, it was used to enhance the hydrophobicity and thermal properties of hemp fibers. Second, TORAs were used to supplement epoxy for the production of a polymeric material. The reaction conditions from a model study were mimicked using a crude tall oil rosin acid mixture to enhance hemp fibers. Treated hemp fibers were characterized with increased surface hydrophobicity and improved thermal properties. Also, IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed successful chemical modification and grafting of carbon rich moieties onto the surface of the fibers, respectively. Furthermore, TORAs were used to supplement epoxy resin and produced plastics with comparable properties to pure epoxy based plastics. Specifically, 25% (w/w) replacement exhibited little difference in thermal stability and curing when compared to virgin epoxy plastics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44327. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND As a result of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( BSE) emergence, certain tissues of cattle are categorized as specified risk material ( SRM) and completely banned from their traditional applications as an ingredient in animal feed, pet food, or fertilizer applications. The goal of this study was to investigate the hydrolysis of such hazardous proteinacious biomass and extract a safe proteinacious fraction to produce industrial feedstock for value-added applications. RESULTS The SRM was hydrolyzed at subcritical temperatures of 180, 200, 220, 240, and 260 °C for 40 min according to government-approved protocols. The recovery and cleavage of proteins and lipids, the generation and degradation of free and total amino acids, and the generation of organic acids were studied and found to be temperature-dependent. The yield of the hydrolyzed and recovered proteinacious fractions varied between 71.6 and 87.6% by weight of the original protein content in the SRM. The molecular size was also significantly dependent on the hydrolysis temperature. CONCLUSION The valorization of an otherwise waste SRM by subcritical hydrolysis and recovery techniques resulted in protein hydrolyzates suitable for bio-based chemicals and materials applications. The increase of temperature resulted in higher degrees of hydrolysis as shown by the smaller molecular size of hydrolyzed proteins. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this research was to develop a waste protein based adhesive, and to optimize its lap shear strength under dry and wet conditions using Taguchi method. The feedstock for this work was specified risk material (SRM) that is considered the tissue potentially at risk of containing misfolded prions. SRM was hydrolyzed in accordance with government approved techniques and modified with a resin system to develop a renewable adhesive platform. Eight of the nine formulated adhesives met the minimum dry shear strength requirement of urea formaldehyde type adhesive, and three of the formulations also met the soak shear strength requirement. This work demonstrates a general valorization platform for the utilization of animal waste protein as a renewable adhesive feedstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this work was to develop a novel adhesive technology platform for oriented strand board (OSB) using waste animal protein extracts, as feedstock. In this research, a hazardous animal processing waste was thermally hydrolyzed, and the proteinaceous fractions were recovered and modified into an adhesive. The adhesive developed as such was formulated for OSB adhesion applications, and the OSB performance was also evaluated. Performance results showed that the OSB specimens made with up to 60% by weight of protein hydrolyzate based adhesive met the Canadian Standard Association (CSA O437.0-93) requirements for commercial applications. Based on the intermediate moisture resistance results observed, the recommended use of these boards could be for relatively low moisture environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]