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Aphids severely affect crop production by transmitting many plant viruses. Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that mostly depend on vectors for their transmission and survival. A majority of economically important plant viruses are transmitted by aphids. They transmit viruses either persistently (circulative or non‐circulative) or non‐persistently. Plant virus transmission by insects is a process that has evolved over time and is strongly influenced by insect morphological features and biology. Over the past century, a large body of research has provided detailed knowledge of the molecular processes underlying virus‐vector interactions. In this review, we discuss how aphid biology and morphology can affect plant virus transmission. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pea cyv1 gene is a yet‐to‐be‐identified recessive resistance gene that inhibits the infection of clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV). Previous studies confirmed that the cell‐to‐cell movement of ClYVV is inhibited in cyv1‐carrying pea plants; however, the effect of cyv1 on viral replication remains unknown. In this study, we developed a new pea protoplast transfection method to investigate ClYVV propagation at the single‐cell level. Using this method, we revealed that ClYVV accumulates to similar levels in both ClYVV‐susceptible and cyv1‐carrying pea protoplasts. Thus, the cyv1‐mediated resistance would not suppress intracellular ClYVV replication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Cr-N thin films, which have a gauge factor of about 16 and a temperature coefficient of resistivity close to zero, are a promising new next-generation strain gauge material. In this paper, the fabrication and characterization of a single-module system of the load vector sensor using the Cr-N strain-sensitive thin films, which can be applied to sole sensors, are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A route for the asymmetric synthesis of (−)-stenine, a member of the Stemona alkaloid family used as folk medicine in Asian countries, is described. The key features of the sequence employed include stereoselective transformations on a cyclohexane ring controlled by a chiral auxiliary unit and an intramolecular Mitsunobu reaction to construct the perhydroindole ring system. By using an intermediate in the route to (−)-stenine, an asymmetric synthesis of 9a- epi-stenine was also executed. The C(9a) stereocenter in 9a- epi-stenine was installed by using a Staudinger/aza-Wittig reaction of a keto-azide precursor followed by reduction of the resulting imine. The results of this effort demonstrate the applicability of the chiral auxiliary based strategy to the preparation of naturally occurring alkaloids that contain highly functionalized cyclohexane cores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a criterion for the energy measures of regular Dirichlet forms on post-critically finite self-similar sets to be singular with respect to every self-similar measure. A probabilistic interpretation of the singularity is also discussed. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification 60G30 (primary), 28A80, 31C25, 60J60 (secondary). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Arabidopsis thaliana plants with mutations in the genes encoding eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF4E) or isoform of eIF4E (eIF(iso)4E) were tested for susceptibility to Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV), a member of the genus Potyvirus. ClYVV accumulated in both inoculated and upper uninoculated leaves of mutant plants lacking eIF(iso)4E, but not in mutant plants lacking eIF4E. In contrast, Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), another member of the genus Potyvirus, multiplied in mutant plants lacking eIF4E but not in mutant plants lacking eIF(iso)4E. These results suggest the selective involvement of members of the eIF4E family in infection by potyviruses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A case of a 70-year-old woman with endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the ovary with functioning stroma is presented. The symptom was postmenopausal bleeding. The preoperative level of serum estradiol was as high as 162.4 pg/mL, and serum gonadotropin levels were suppressed. The endometrial tissue showed hyperplastic changes. The surgical specimens consisted of a multilocular cystic ovarian tumor of 95 mm in diameter and an enlarged uterus. Histologically, the tumor was composed of proliferating, atypical, columnar cancer cells resembling early secretory endometrial cells, and condensation of plumed stromal cells resembling theca lutein cells. The diagnosis of endometrial adenocarcinoma of the ovary with functioning stroma was made. After surgery, the serum levels of estradiol decreased and of follicle-stimulating hormone increased. Almost all types of ovarian tumor have been reported to be associated with endocrine abnormalities. Mucinous epithelial ovarian tumors most commonly present with estrogenic stroma, although the frequency of endometrioid adenocarcinoma with functioning stroma is very low. Here, a rare case with the patient's clinical course and histopathologic findings is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]