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Spatiotemporally resolved urban fossil fuel CO2 (FFCO2) emissions are critical to urban carbon cycle research and urban climate policy. Two general scientific approaches have been taken to estimate spatiotemporally explicit urban FFCO2 fluxes, referred to here as "downscaling" and "bottom‐up." Bottom‐up approaches can specifically characterize the CO2‐emitting infrastructure in cities but are labor‐intensive to build and currently available in few U.S. cities. Downscaling approaches, often available globally, require proxy information to allocate or distribute emissions resulting in additional uncertainty. We present a comparison of a downscaled FFCO2 emission data product (Open‐source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2 (ODIAC)) to a bottom‐up estimate (Hestia) in four U.S. urban areas in an effort to better isolate and understand differences between the approaches. We find whole‐city differences ranging from −1.5% (Los Angeles Basin) to +20.8% (Salt Lake City). At the 1 km × 1 km spatial scale, comparisons reveal a low‐emission limit in ODIAC driven by saturation of the nighttime light spatial proxy. At this resolution, the median difference between the two approaches ranged from 47 to 84% depending upon city with correlations ranging from 0.34 to 0.68. The largest discrepancies were found for large point sources and the on‐road sector, suggesting that downscaled FFCO2 data products could be improved by incorporating independent large point‐source estimates and estimating on‐road sources with a relevant spatial surrogate. Progressively coarsening the spatial resolution improves agreement but greater than approximately 25 km2, there were diminishing returns to agreement suggesting a practical resolution when using downscaled approaches. Plain Language Summary: Comparison of greenhouse gas emission approaches using globally available data in specific cities shows large differences when compared to greenhouse gas emission approaches constructed from local data sources. Differences are largest at the smaller scales compared to the whole city. This suggests a limit on the use of global greenhouse gas inventories when applied to urban areas. Key Points: The difference between the global downscaled and bottom‐up estimates for the whole‐city domain exceeds 10% in three of the four citiesAverage grid cell FFCO2 differences at 1‐km2 range from 47% (Salt Lake City) to 84% (LA Basin) with spatial correlations of 0.34 to 0.68Average grid cell FFCO2 differences show diminishing agreement improvements when resolution is coarsened beyond 25 km2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Background Real-world studies of the emergency reversal of warfarin using 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) report unwarranted delays. The delay to receiving PCC was ≥ 8 h in 46·7% of patients with warfarin-associated bleeding (PWAB) treated with a variable PCC dosing protocol in our retrospective audit. Objective To report the impact of a simplified PCC dosing protocol on the interval to reversal of anticoagulation. Methods We developed a PCC dosing protocol standardising the initial PCC dose and simplifying dosing calculations. Study end points were the proportion of PWAB achieving international normalised ratio (INR) ≤1·5 and treated within 8 h of presentation, respectively. Results Of 17, 15 (88·2%) PWABs achieved a post-treatment INR ≤ 1·5; 14 of 17 (82·4%) PWABs were reversed within 8 h. Median intervals between triage and PCC request and PCC request and start of infusion (administration interval) were 126 min (range 39-520) and 30 min (range 5-100), respectively. Compared with the retrospective cohort, RAPID is associated with an improved administration interval (mean 37·7 vs 76 min, P = 0·031) and the proportion of PWABs treated within 30 min (58·8 vs 6·7%, P = 0·009). Conclusion The RAPID protocol reduces unwarranted delays without compromising efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the performance of first-trimester nuchal translucency ( NT) measurement by providers (physician-sonologists and sonographers) within the Nuchal Translucency Quality Review ( NTQR) program. Methods After training and credentialing providers, the NTQR monitored performance of NT measurement by the extent to which an individual's median multiple of the normal median ( MoM) for crown-rump length ( CRL) was within the range 0.9-1.1 MoM of a published normal median curve. The SD of log10 MoM and regression slope of NT on CRL were also evaluated. We report the distribution between providers of these performance indicators and evaluate potential sources of variation. Results Among the first 1.5 million scans in the NTQR program, performed between 2005 and 2011, there were 1 485 944 with CRL in the range 41-84 mm, from 4710 providers at 2150 ultrasound units. Among the 3463 providers with at least 30 scans in total, the median of the providers' median NT-MoMs was 0.913. Only 1901 (55%) had a median NT-MoM within the expected range; there were 89 above 1.1 MoM, 1046 at 0.8-0.9 MoM, 344 at 0.7-0.8 MoM and 83 below 0.7 MoM. There was a small increase in the median NT-MoM according to providers' length of time in the NTQR program and number of scans entered annually. On average, physician-sonologists had a higher median NT-MoM than did sonographers, as did those already credentialed before joining the program. The median provider SD was 0.093 and the median slope was 13.5%. SD correlated negatively with the median NT-MoM ( r = −0.34) and positively with the slope ( r = 0.22). Conclusion Even with extensive training, credentialing and monitoring, there remains considerable variability between NT providers. There was a general tendency towards under-measurement of NT compared with expected values, although more experienced providers had performance closer to that expected. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the epidemic spread of francisellosis disease, a systemic granulomatous inflammatory disease among Celtic Sea Atlantic cod in the North-East Atlantic region. An overview of commercial fishing of Celtic Sea Atlantic cod fishes in the late 1990s is noted. The Norwegian government has conducted funded projects to breed wild-caught cod broodstock fishes. It also highlights a research study for a vaccine development for treating francisellosis disease among Atlantic cod fishes.

The aim of this review was to determine the impact of spinal cord stimulation ( SCS) on physical function and sleep quality in individuals with failed back surgery syndrome ( FBSS). This review comprised three phases: an electronic database search ( PubMed, Cinahl Plus, EMBASE, PsychInfo, Pedro, Cochrane Library) identified potential papers; these were screened for inclusion criteria, with extraction of data from accepted papers and rating of internal validity by two independent reviewers using the Effective Public Health Practice Project quality assessment tool, a tool designed to assess non- RCTs (randomized controlled trials) as well as RCTs. Strength of the evidence was rated using the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guidelines. The search generated 13 quantitative papers that fulfilled the inclusion criteria; all 13 studies investigated the impact of SCS on physical function, and nine studies investigated the impact of SCS on sleep quality. Consistent evidence (level C) found that SCS positively affected physical function, with improvements in participation in activities of daily living, leisure, social and work-related activities. Similarly, consistent evidence (level C) found improvements in sleep quality following SCS. Improvements in sleep quantity, a reduction in awakenings and a decrease in sleep medication use were also noted (level D). The impact of SCS on cognitive function, i.e., memory and concentration, was also assessed using the same search strategy, no papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this study. Spinal cord stimulation effectively addressed many physical function and sleep problems associated with FBSS; however, there is a need for further high-quality objective investigations to support this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study describes the successful design and testing of a quick, least-invasive, reliable and inexpensive sampling procedure for Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. This protocol can be easily applied to postlarval fish following a simple three-step procedure, without availing of commercial DNA extraction kits, while ensuring survival of sampled individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary In this article we review economy class syndrome or travellers’ thrombosis as it should be more appropriately described. We review the evidence for and against the existence of this condition. Much of the evidence included in this article has been justifiably criticised but it is the best evidence available to date. We conclude that there is a probable link between thrombosis and long distance travel. However this association is confined to individuals with additional risk factors and fatal pulmonary embolus is very rare. The probable aetiology of this association is prolonged immobilisation in cramped conditions. Other factors are likely to play a minor role. When considering preventative measures, for the majority of individuals the risk is very small. Simple advise can be given with no requirement for additional intervention. Compression stockings should be considered for high-risk patients. In individuals planning prolonged travel with multiple risk factors for thrombosis low dose low molecular weight heparin should be considered. The criteria for defining risk groups remains unclear and we outline our recommendations. There is conflicting evidence with regard to the use of aspirin but considering the latest evidence we do not recommend it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to assess whether atrial pacing reduced the frequency of tachycardia in patients with recurrent junctional tachycardias, ten patients with recurrent junctional tachycardias with atrial Intertach antitachycardia pacemakers in situ were paced in a random order in atrial demand mode at 50 ppm (AAI 50), 80 ppm (AAI 80), and 100 ppm (AAI 100) for a period of up to 1 month. The numbers of tachycardias detected by the pacemaker over this period were recorded and compared with the number seen when unpaced (000). Correct arrhythmia detection by the pacemaker was confirmed by Holter monitoring. The number of tachycardias in 000 was 44.7 ± 19.8 (mean ± SEM). No significant reduction in tachycardia frequency was seen in any pacing mode. Back-up atrial pacing at 50 ppm tended to reduce the frequency of tachycardias (32.3 ± 12.8 tachycardias; P = 0.06). The higher pacing rates increased the number of tachycardias (AAI 80; 57.1 ± 24.6 tachycardias, P = 0.20: AAI 100; 81.8 ± 30.2 tachycardias; P = 0.31). Symptoms increased with each pacing mode and palpitations were statistically more severe in AAI 100 mode. Four patients had disabling symptoms at this rate and had to drop out. Atrial back-up pacing may be of use in some patients with junctional tachycardia, but overdrive pacing is not helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented concerning the role of the social media in the management of diabetes.

An abstract of the article "Disparities in first trimester screening in the US," by P. Dar1, J. L. Spitz, J. A. Copel, G. Toland, and D. O'keeffe is presented.

Aim: Early intervention for people experiencing first episode psychosis is a priority, and keyworkers are vital to such services. However, keyworkers' roles in addressing first episode psychosis patients' physical health are under researched. This study addresses this knowledge gap by evaluating a keyworker-mediated intervention promoting physical health among first episode psychosis patients., Methods: The study was informed by the Medical Research Council's Framework for Complex Interventions to Improve Health. First episode psychosis participants were recruited from three Irish mental health services. The intervention was evaluated in terms of its feasibility/acceptability., Results: Feasibility outcomes were mixed (recruitment rate = 24/68 [35.3%]; retention rate = 18/24 [75%]). The baseline sample was predominantly male (M:F ratio = 13:6; Med age = 25 y; IQR = 23-42 y). Common health issues among participants included overweightness/obesity (n = 11) and substance use (smoking/alcohol consumption [n = 19]). Participants' initial health priorities included exercising more (n = 10), improving diet (n = 6), weight loss (n = 7) and using various health/healthcare services. The intervention's acceptability was evidenced by the appreciation participants had for physical health keyworkers' support, as well as the healthy lifestyle, which the intervention promoted. Acceptability was somewhat compromised by a low-recruitment rate, variable linkages between keyworkers and general practitioners (GPs) and COVID-19 restrictions., Conclusions: Physical health-oriented keyworker interventions for first episode psychosis patients show promise and further evaluation of such initiatives is warranted. Future interventions should be mindful of participant recruitment challenges, strategies to enhance relationships between keyworkers and GPs, and if necessary, they should mitigate COVID-19 restrictions' impacts on care., (© 2021 The Authors. Early Intervention in Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

There are limited prospective data on lenalidomide, subcutaneous bortezomib, and dexamethasone (RsqVd) in transplant-eligible/transplant-ineligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Reliable biomarkers for efficacy and toxicity are required to better tailor therapy. Two parallel studies were conducted by Cancer Trials Ireland (CTI; NCT02219178) and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI; NCT02441686). Patients received four 21-day cycles of RsqVd and could then receive either another 4 cycles of RsqVd or undergo autologous stem cell transplant. Postinduction/posttransplant, patients received lenalidomide maintenance, with bortezomib included for high-risk patients. The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR) after 4 cycles of RsqVd. Eighty-eight patients were enrolled and 84 treated across the two studies; median age was 64.7 (CTI study) and 60.0 years (DFCI study), and 59% and 57% had stage II-III disease. Pooled ORR after 4 cycles in evaluable patients was 93.5%, including 48.1% complete or very good partial responses (CTI study: 91.9%, 59.5%; DFCI study: 95.0%, 37.5%), and in the all-treated population was 85.7% (44.0%). Patients received a median of 4 (CTI study) and 8 (DFCI study) RsqVd cycles; 60% and 31% of patients (CTI study) and 33% and 51% of patients (DFCI study) underwent transplant or received further RsqVd induction, respectively. The most common toxicity was peripheral neuropathy (pooled: 68%, 7% grade 3-4; CTI study: 57%, 7%; DFCI study: 79%, 7%). Proteomics analyses indicated elevated kallikrein-6 in good versus poor responders, decreased midkine in good responders, and elevated macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha in patients who stopped treatment from neurotoxicity, suggesting predictive biomarkers warranting further investigation., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a novel entity that emerged in March 2021 following reports of unusual thrombosis after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, (AstraZeneca) vaccination. Following the recognition of this syndrome, multiple consensus guidelines have been released to risk stratify patients presenting with possible symptoms after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. All guidelines rapidly identify VITT in patients with the complete triad of thrombocytopenia, thrombosis and elevated D-dimers after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. However, with earlier recognition of the associated symptoms, the clinical manifestations are likely to be more heterogeneous and represent an evolving spectrum of disease. In this setting, current guidelines may lack the sensitivity to detect early cases of VITT and risk missed or delayed diagnoses. The broad clinical phenotype and challenges associated with diagnosis of VITT are highlighted in our present case series of four patients with confirmed VITT. Dependent on the guidance used, each patient could have been classified as a low probability of VITT at presentation. The present study highlights the issues associated with the recognition of VITT, the limitations of current guidance and the need for heightened clinical vigilance as our understanding of the pathophysiology of this novel condition evolves., (© 2021 The Authors. British Journal of Haematology published by British Society for Haematology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a psychosis information intervention for professionals in contact with young people in Ireland. A quasi-experimental pre- and post-intervention design was used. One thousand and thirty-two professionals received an information intervention designed to improve mental health literacy (MHL) and confidence in providing help to people with psychosis. Seven hundred and fifty-five participants completed the Psychosis Information and Confidence Questionnaire pre- and post-intervention. The information intervention significantly improved participants': (1) knowledge of psychosis; (2) ability to recognize signs and symptoms of psychosis; (3) awareness of how to access services; and (4) confidence in providing help to people experiencing psychosis. Findings provide promising support for the intervention's feasibility and acceptability. The intervention enhanced MHL regarding psychosis among professionals in contact with young people. Further research assessing if such improvements translate to the facilitation of appropriate help seeking, the enhanced early detection of psychosis and a reduction of the duration of untreated psychosis is required., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

This retrospective analysis assessed the response, safety and duration of response to standard dose rituximab 375 mg/m(2) weekly for four weeks as therapy for patients with primary or secondary warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (WAIHA), who had failed initial treatment. Thirty-four patients received rituximab for WAIHA in seven centres in the Republic of Ireland. The overall response rate was 70·6% (24/34) with 26·5% (9/34) achieving a complete response (CR). The time to response was 1 month post-initiation of rituximab in 87·5% (21/24) and 3 months in 12·5% (3/24) of patients. The median duration of follow-up was 36 months (range 6-90 months). Of the patients who responded, 50% (12/24) relapsed during follow up with a median time to next treatment of 16·5 months (range 6-60 months). Three patients were re-treated with rituximab 375 mg/m2 weekly for four weeks at relapse and responded. There was a single episode of neutropenic sepsis. Rituximab is an effective and safe treatment for WAIHA but a significant number of patients will relapse in the first two years post treatment. Re-treatment was effective in a small number of patients, suggesting that intermittent pulse treatment or maintenance treatment may improve long-term response., (© 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)