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Children with elevated behavioural inhibition (BI) show context‐inappropriate fear and dysregulated RSA across stressor tasks. However, few studies have examined dynamic RSA within tasks and relations to parent and child anxiety. Using piecewise growth modelling and multimethod baseline data from an intervention study of 151 3.5–5‐year‐old children and their parents, we examined relations between child social anxiety (SA), parent anxiety and their interaction in predicting children's RSA across social stressor tasks (e.g. learning about unfamiliar peers, Trier Social Stress). Within the sample, 49.63% of children were reported to be White, non‐Hispanic/Latine (n = 67), 22% multiracial (n = 31), 14.81% Asian/Pacific Islander (n = 20) and 12.59% Black/African‐American (n = 17). Furthermore, 64.44% of the parents were reported to be White, non‐Hispanic/Latine (n = 87), 20% Asian/Pacific Islander (n = 27), 13.33% Black/African‐American (n = 18) and 2.22% multiracial (n = 3). Children showed differentiated RSA reactivity and recovery within an anticipatory social learning task based on their level of clinically appraised SA. Relations between child SA and RSA across tasks was moderated by parent anxiety, specifically for dyads matched in anxiety. Findings provide support for the potential influence of both child and parent anxiety on children's parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) responses across specific self‐regulatory tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is unknown whether 5‐year overall survival (OS) differs and to what extent between the American Joint Committee on Cancer stage III non‐seminoma testicular germ cell tumor (NS‐TGCT) patients and simulated age‐matched male population‐based controls, according to race/ethnicity groups. Methods: We identified newly diagnosed (2004–2014) stage III NS‐TGCT patients within the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database 2004–2019. For each case, we simulated an age‐matched male control (Monte Carlo simulation), relying on Social Security Administration (SSA) Life Tables with 5 years of follow‐up. We compared OS rates between stage III NS‐TGCT patients and simulated age‐matched male population‐based controls, according to race/ethnicity groups (Caucasian, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander and African American). Both, cancer‐specific mortality (CSM) and other‐cause mortality (OCM) were computed. Results: Of 2054 stage III NS‐TGCT patients, 60% were Caucasians versus 33% Hispanics versus 4% Asians/Pacific Islanders versus 3% African Americans. The 5‐year OS difference between stage III NS‐TGCT patients versus simulated age‐matched male population‐based controls was highest in Asians/Pacific Islanders (64 vs. 99%, Δ = 35%), followed by African Americans (66 vs. 97%, Δ = 31%), Hispanics (72 vs. 99%, Δ = 27%), and Caucasians (76 vs. 98%, Δ = 22%). The 5‐year CSM rate was highest in Asians/Pacific Islanders (32%), followed by African Americans (26%), Hispanics (25%), and Caucasians (20%). The 5‐year OCM rate was highest in African Americans (8%), followed by Caucasians (4%), Asians/Pacific Islanders (4%), and Hispanics (2%). Conclusion: Relative to SSA Life Tables, the highest 5‐year OS disadvantage applied to stage III NS‐TGCT Asian/Pacific Islander race/ethnicity group, followed by African American, Hispanic and Caucasian, in that order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counselors and other mental health professionals use Instagram for brand‐building and disseminating information on mental health and counseling resources. This study was an exploratory mixed‐methods analysis of Asian American/Pacific Islander mental health edu‐fluencers to understand their post content and user engagement over the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic. We describe post content and present analyses of variance results to compare user engagement. Implications of social media use are discussed for mental health professionals and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate Covid‐19 vaccination as a potential secondary public health benefit of case management for Medicaid beneficiaries with health and social needs. Data Sources and Study Setting: The CommunityConnect case management program for Medicaid beneficiaries is run by Contra Costa Health, a county safety net health system in California. Program enrollment data were merged with comprehensive county vaccination records. Study Design: Individuals with elevated risk of hospital and emergency department use were randomized each month to a case management intervention or usual care. Interdisciplinary case managers offered coaching, community referrals, healthcare connections, and other support based on enrollee interest and need. Using survival analysis with intent‐to‐treat assignment, we assessed rates of first‐dose Covid‐19 vaccination from December 2020 to September 2021. In exploratory sub‐analyses we also examined effect heterogeneity by gender, race/ethnicity, age, and primary language. Data Collection and Extraction Methods: Data were extracted from county and program records as of September 2021, totaling 12,866 interventions and 25,761 control enrollments. Principal Findings: Approximately 58% of enrollees were female and 41% were under age 35. Enrollees were 23% White, 12% Asian/Pacific Islander, 20% Black/African American, and 36% Hispanic/Latino, and 10% other/unknown. Approximately 35% of the intervention group engaged with their case manager. Approximately 56% of all intervention and control enrollees were vaccinated after 9 months of analysis time. Intervention enrollees had a higher vaccination rate compared to control enrollees (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.10). In sub‐analyses, the intervention was associated with stronger likelihood of vaccination among males and individuals under age 35. Conclusions: Case management infrastructure modestly improved Covid‐19 vaccine uptake in a population of Medicaid beneficiaries that over‐represents social groups with barriers to early Covid‐19 vaccination. Amidst mixed evidence on vaccination‐specific incentives, leveraging trusted case managers and existing case management programs may be a valuable prevention strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapidly expanding area of marine space in the Pacific is being assessed under a process known as Marine Spatial Planning (MSP). Through the political process, MSP brings together an assemblage of national governments, private organizations and local communities to define how marine spaces should be governed. MSP results in numerous new marine spatial categories that delimit an area according to the respective principals and rules decided upon. The authors of this article argue that traditional powers to make and enforce decisions concerning the governance of marine spaces have been weakened through the political process of MSP in the Pacific. The responses that emerged from conducting qualitative semi‐structured interviews with participants in Fiji and the Cook Islands indicate that indigenous marine authority is being undermined through manipulation of the MSP process. The findings further revealed an underlying recognition that the MSP process has proven to be incapable of equitably weighing indigenous Pacific Islanders' interests in relation to the economic, environmental and security interests of external ocean stakeholders. The authors further argue that external ocean stakeholders can successfully pursue their own objectives through the MSP process in ways that bypass indigenous authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Marshallese Pacific Islanders experience higher rates of obesity than other racial and/or ethnic communities. Despite the obesity rates experienced in this community, there are currently no childhood obesity prevention interventions designed for Marshallese Pacific Islanders in the United States. The purpose of this study is to assess the acceptability and feasibility of a culturally adapted group‐based pediatric intervention, Kokajjiriri, with Marshallese mothers to improve nutrition and reduce childhood obesity. Methods: A multi‐methods design was used to culturally adapt the Kokajjiriri intervention for Marshallese mothers in Arkansas (n = 17). In phase one, we conducted 24‐h dietary recalls with 20 Marshallese mothers to inform the cultural adaptation of the group‐based pediatric intervention, and then in phase two, we culturally adapted and piloted three sessions of the intervention to determine the acceptability and feasibility of the intervention. Results: Participants found the adapted intervention to be acceptable and feasible, found the location to be convenient and found the facilitator to be knowledgeable. Four themes emerged from the qualitative data: (1) Lactation Support; (2) Introducing Healthy Solids; (3) Rice Portion Control; and (4) Finding Resources. Conclusions: This is the first study to assess the acceptability and feasibility of a culturally adapted group‐based pediatric intervention, Kokajjiriri, with Marshallese mothers to improve nutrition and reduce childhood obesity. The results from this culturally adapted group‐based pediatric intervention, Kokajjiriri, will be used to inform future adaptations and implementation of the full intervention for Marshallese women and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions This study compared incident breast cancer cases in the National Cancer Database (NCDB) and Surveillance, Epidemiology, End Results Program (SEER) to a national population cancer registry.Patients with malignant or in situ breast cancer (BC) 2010–2019 in the NCDB and SEER were compared to the US Cancer Statistics (USCS). Case coverage was estimated as the number of patients in the NCDB/SEER as a proportion of USCS cases.The USCS reported 3,047,509 patients; 77.5% patients were included in the NCDB and 46.0% in SEER. Case ascertainment varied significantly by patient sex (both registries, p < .001). For males, 84.1% were captured in the NCDB, whereas only 77.5% of females were included. Case coverage in SEER was better for females than males (46.1% vs. 43.5%). Registries varied significantly by race/ethnicity (both p < .001). Case coverage in the NCDB was highest for non‐Hispanic White (78.2%), non‐Hispanic Black (77.7%), and non‐Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander (72.5%) BC patients, and lowest for Hispanic (56.4%) and non‐Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native (41.1%) patients. In SEER, case coverage was highest for non‐Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander (78.1%) and Hispanic (69.6%) patients and it was significantly lower for all other subgroups (non‐Hispanic Black, 44.8%; non‐Hispanic White, 42.4%; and non‐Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native, 36.6%).National US tumor registries provide data for a large sampling of breast cancer patients, yet significant differences in case coverage were observed based on age, sex, and race/ethnicity. These findings suggest that analyses using these data sets and interpretation of findings should account for these meaningful variances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Community based dementia prevalence studies are expensive and resource intensive. Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) has never had a community based dementia prevalence study representing all major ethnic groups. In recent years, dementia prevalence estimates have been derived from routinely collected health data but issues of underdiagnosis and undercoding limit their utility. Capture‐recapture techniques can estimate the number of dementia cases missing from health datasets by modelling the ascertained overlaps between linked data sources. Methods: Three routinely collected national health data sets—interRAI, Public hospital discharges, and Pharmaceuticals—were linked and all prevalent cases of dementia in NZ for the year 1 January 2021–31 December 2021 were identified. Capture‐recapture analysis fitted eight loglinear models to the data, with the best fitting model used to estimate the number of prevalent cases missing from all three datasets. Results: We estimated that almost half (47.8%) of dementia cases are not present in any of the three datasets. Dementia prevalence increased from 3.7% to 7.1% (95% CI 6.9%–7.4%) in the NZ 60+ population and from 4.9% to 9.2% (95% CI 8.9%–9.6%) in the NZ 65+ population when missing cases were included. Estimates of missing cases were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in Māori (49.2%), Pacific peoples (50.6%) and Asian (59.6%) compared to Europeans (46.4%). Conclusions: This study provides updated estimates of dementia prevalence in NZ and the proportion of undiagnosed dementia in NZ, highlighting the need for better access to dementia assessment and diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aim Materials and methods Results Conclusion Universal mismatch repair immunohistochemistry (MMR IHC) tumour testing in endometrial cancer (EC) for Lynch syndrome (LS) was introduced in Auckland, New Zealand, in January 2017. Identifying patients with LS allows them and their families to access risk reduction strategies. Universal MMR IHC testing aids in the molecular classification of EC and has prognostic and therapeutic implications.We aimed to determine the incidence of LS in women with EC in Auckland, New Zealand, following the introduction of MMR testing and the impact of universal screening on local genetic services.This is a retrospective clinicopathological evaluation of women with a new EC diagnosis referred to the Auckland Gynaecological Oncology Unit from 1/1/17 to 31/12/18. Patient data were extracted from the Gynaecological Oncology Unit database and electronic records, and analysed using descriptive statistics.During the study period, 409 patients were diagnosed with EC, with an over‐representation of Pacific Islanders (32.5%). Of these, 82.6% underwent MMR IHC testing, 20% were MMR‐deficient (MMRd), and 71% had somatic hypermethylation. The Pacific Islander population had a 64% (odds ratio 0.36, P = 0.005) reduction in the odds of having MMRd tumours compared with Europeans. Of the patients who underwent MMR IHC testing, 5.5% were referred to a genetic clinic for germline testing. LS was confirmed in eight patients (2.3%).LS was diagnosed in 2.3% of patients. There was an over‐representation of Pacific Islanders in the EC group but not among those diagnosed with LS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigated changes in proximal descriptive alcohol use norms from high school to college, social integration as a predictor of stable versus shifting peer norms, and the consequences of norm profile membership for developmental outcomes. Using data (N = 9753 12th grade students; 59% female; 80% White, 7% Black, 5% Hispanic, 5% Asian/Pacific Islander, 3% other races/ethnicities) from the Monitoring the Future panel study, we identified five distinct norm profiles—three stable profiles (high, moderate‐high, and low) and two shifting profiles (increasing, declining)—that had unique patterns of perceived friend alcohol use norms. Social integration distinguished norm profile membership, and we observed particular detriments to outcomes for those in the stable high peer norm profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disaster experiences and explorations of preparedness among Asian, Pacific Islander, and Desi Americans (APIDA) in the United States are often overlooked owing to their relatively smaller population share. APIDA are not homogenous, and their disaster experiences warrant further examination. This paper does so by investigating disaster preparedness using disaggregated information about APIDA. The study utilises nationally representative data from the 2017 American Housing Survey, analysing sociodemographic covariates. The disaster preparedness score among APIDA communities was approximately 4.81 on a zero to nine scale. APIDA renters and non‐US citizens were less prepared than homeowners and US citizens. Among subgroups, Korean, Chinese, and Vietnamese respondents who were non‐US citizens were less prepared than those who were US citizens. Marital status was significantly and positively associated with preparedness among Indians, Japanese, Vietnamese, and multiracial respondents. The findings underscore the importance of data disaggregation and tailored preparedness information and resources to address specific challenges APIDA communities face instead of a one‐size‐fits‐all approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue Addressed: Ethnic disparities in chronic pain exist in Aotearoa New Zealand, including a greater impact of pain, less access to chronic pain services and less benefit from treatment for Pasifika people. This study investigated Sāmoan health perceptions and beliefs in relation to pain and how it is managed. Methods: An interpretive descriptive study was undertaken involving interviews with nine Sāmoan key informants from Aotearoa New Zealand. Interviews explored their beliefs in relation to interpretations of pain and experiences of and preferences for pain management. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Four main themes were constructed from the data. Pain is interpreted holistically described the attribution of pain to many causes, without limitation to physiological explanations. Stoicism is a character virtue described the predominant belief that pain should be endured without display or complaint. Strength in connectivity described the inherent pain coping strategies that are present within Sāmoan communities. To improve healthcare is to nurture vā described the disconnect Sāmoan people feel from healthcare services and the need to foster relationships to improve health delivery. Conclusions: Sāmoan people have beliefs and perceptions about pain and its management that extend beyond traditional Western interpretations. While pain is often endured using traditional strengths within the 'āīga (family) and community, the Sāmoan community faces challenges in receiving healthcare from mainstream pain services. So What?: Clinicians need to foster stronger relationships with Sāmoan individuals and their 'āīga and appreciate the wider psychosocial context of pain, including spirituality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue Addressed: Co‐designed and culturally tailored preventive initiatives delivered in childhood have high potential to close the cross‐cultural gap in health outcomes of priority populations. Māori and Pacific Islander people living in Australia exhibit a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity and higher rates of multimorbidity, including heart disease, cancer and diabetes. Methods: This mixed‐methods, pilot implementation and evaluation study, aimed to evaluate the implementation of a community‐based, co‐designed and culturally tailored childhood obesity prevention program, using quantitative (pre–post anthropometric measurement, pre–post health behaviour questionnaire) and qualitative (semi‐structured interview) methods. Sessions relating to healthy eating, physical activity and positive parenting practices were delivered to families residing in Brisbane (Australia) over 8‐weeks. Results: Data were collected from a total of 66 children (mean age 11, SD 4) and 38 parents (mean age 40, SD 8) of Māori and Pacific Islander background, from July 2018 to November 2019. Anthropometric changes included a reduction in Body Mass Index (BMI) z‐score among 59% of children (median change −0.02, n = 38, p = 0.17) and BMI among 47% of adults (median change +0.06 kg/m2, n = 18, p = 0.64). Significant improvements (p < 0.05) in self‐reported health behaviours from pre‐ to post‐program included increased vegetable consumption among children, decreased discretionary food intake of children, decreased discretionary drink consumption among both children and adults, increased minutes of daily physical activity among adults and increased parental confidence in the healthy diets of their children. Qualitative data revealed participants valued the inclusion of all family members, learning of practical skills and cultural tailoring delivered by the Multicultural Health Coaches. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence that the Healthier Together program improved self‐reported health behaviours and physical activity levels among Māori and Pacific Islander children and their families in the short‐term; however, due to the small sample size, these results must be interpreted carefully. The program empowered change via cultural tailoring and accessibility; however, long‐term implementation and evaluation with a larger cohort is needed to validate the observed health behaviour improvements and their sustainability. So What?: The co‐design framework that informed program development and key learnings of implementation will provide guidance to health practitioners, health workers, public health professionals and policy makers to develop inclusive and pragmatic co‐design solutions for priority cultural populations in Australia. Health outcomes will improve as a result, promoting health equity for future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite substantial declines in underage drinking and binge drinking, alcohol consumption has increased in the past 30 years. This study examined how beverage‐specific drinking patterns varied by sex, age, and race and ethnicity from 1979 to 2020. Methods: Secondary data analysis was conducted on pooled data from the National Alcohol Survey series from 1979 to 2020 of a sample of U.S. adults ages 18 years or older. Total and beverage‐specific volume were calculated from graduated frequency questions on reported beverage type, which included beer, wine, and spirits. Sex‐stratified analyses focused on descriptive trends of each alcohol measure over time and by age and race and ethnicity. Time‐varying effect models were also conducted to identify subgroups at higher risk for increased consumption over time. Results: Women's drinking increased, with alcohol volume rising substantially from 2000 to 2020; the largest increase was among women 30 and older. Men's alcohol volume also rose over this period but remained below the levels of 1979 and 1984, with older adults increasing their consumption those 18–29 decreased their drinking. Beverage‐specific trends showed some similarities by gender: in 2020, wine volume was at its highest level for both women and men, while spirits volume also was at its highest level for men and in women was tied with the 1979 peak in spirits consumption. Increases were also found among Black men and women and Latina women from 2000 to 2020. Conclusions: Given the increases in alcohol volume, particularly among women and older age groups, alcohol policy, interventions, and education should consider ways to reduce harms associated with alcohol use among these groups. Continued monitoring of beverage‐specific drinking patterns is needed to track policy‐relevant changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about how children and adolescents evaluate unequal teacher allocations of leadership duties based on ethnicity‐race and gender in the classroom. U.S. boys and girls, White (40.7%), Multiracial (18.5%), Black/African American (16.0%), Latine (14.2%), Asian (5.5%), Pacific Islander (0.4%), and other (4.7%) ethnic‐racial backgrounds, 8–14 years, N = 275, evaluated teacher allocations of high‐status leadership positions favoring specific ethnic‐racial or gender groups during 2018–2021. Adolescents, more than children, negatively evaluated unequal teacher allocations of leadership duties that resulted in group‐based inequalities, expected peers who shared the identity of a group disadvantaged by the teacher's allocation to view it more negatively than others, and rectified inequalities. Understanding perceptions of teacher‐based bias provides an opportunity for interventions designed to create fair and just classrooms that motivate all students to achieve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high prevalence of mental health problems and underutilization of mental health treatment are more severe among the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (NHPI) populations and remain misunderstood and understudied. Examining mental health literacy (MHL) – the knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders – aids their recognition, management, or prevention – has been shown to identify barriers to seeking and receiving care. This study aimed to assess the level of MHL in NHPIs and identify associated demographic variables. Data for this cross‐sectional study were collected from 298 US NHPIs via an online questionnaire of the Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS). The overall mean MHLS score was 121 (SD = 17.3), with statistically significant higher scores in female participants, >31 years old, Tongan, more educated, and with higher income. This study demonstrated that overall MHL is comparable among NHPI compared to the current literature. However, NHPI men ≤30 years old and with lower income had lower MHL, which may be linked to the mental health disparities specific to this population. Current interventions should focus on increasing knowledge of risk factors, causes, self‐treatments, and available professional help regarding mental disorders. Efforts to improve the MHL of NHPI should target men ≤30 years with lower income (<$50 000). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frontier of colonial Queensland was pushed northward through the second half of the 19th century by proliferating sugar plantations. The cultivation of sugar cane for these plantations rested predominantly on the shoulders of unfree, racialized Pacific Islander workers. This history reveals dialectics of cheap lives and land, as nature was produced for exchange at the commodity frontier, unfolding in crises of disease, death and exhaustion. In exploring the story of this frontier, an opportunity emerges to begin a conversation between a recent return to materialism within Australian historiography and the traditions of eco‐Marxism and Black radicalism. The contention here is that this engagement represents both 'urgent history' and 'truth‐telling', as plantation socioecologies of cheapness continue to (re)produce the crises of the racial Capitalocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Literature comparing "atypical" anorexia nervosa (atypical AN) and anorexia nervosa (AN) suggests these diagnoses share significant similarities in eating disorder (ED) pathology and psychiatric comorbidities. This study evaluated potential differences in ED pathology, psychiatric comorbidity, associated mechanisms (i.e., ED fears and perfectionism), and demographic factors (i.e., ethnicity and age) between individuals with atypical AN and AN. Method: Data from seven protocols were combined for a total 464 individuals diagnosed with atypical AN (n = 215) or AN (n = 249). Between‐group differences in ED severity and behaviors, psychiatric comorbidities, ED fears, perfectionism, and demographic factors were assessed using t‐tests, Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests, and Fisher's exact test. Results: Participants with atypical AN reported higher levels of overvaluation of weight and shape than those with AN. Participants with AN scored higher on food‐related fears (anxiety about eating, food avoidance behaviors, and feared concerns) and fears of social eating, as well as obsessive‐compulsive symptoms. Participants with AN were more likely to identify as Asian or Pacific Islander. No other statistically significant differences were found between groups for overall ED severity, ED behaviors, psychiatric comorbidities, general ED fears, perfectionism, or demographic factors. Discussion: Overall, results support previous literature indicating limited differences between individuals with atypical AN and AN, though individuals with atypical AN reported more overvaluation of weight and shape and those with AN reported higher food and social eating fears and obsessive‐compulsive symptoms. Relatively few overall differences between atypical AN and AN highlight the importance of exploring dimensional conceptualizations of AN as an alternative to the current categorical conceptualization. Public Significance: This study assessed differences among individuals with atypical anorexia nervosa and anorexia nervosa in eating disorder severity and behaviors, comorbid psychiatric diagnoses, associated mechanisms, and demographic factors. Few differences emerged, though participants with atypical anorexia nervosa reported more overvaluation of weight and shape, while those with anorexia nervosa reported more food and social eating fears and higher obsessive‐compulsive symptoms. Results support exploration of these diagnoses as a spectrum disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the association between rate of gestational weight gain (GWG) and preterm birth (PTB) classified by pre‐pregnancy BMI among Pacific Islander individuals in the United States. Methods: Pacific Islander mothers (n = 55,975) and singleton infants (22–41 gestational weeks) without congenital anomalies were included using data from the National Center for Health Statistics (2014–2018). PTB was compared by pre‐pregnancy BMI among women in each stratum of rate of GWG using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Compared with mothers with a rate of GWG within the guidelines, mothers with a rate of GWG below the guidelines and either pre‐pregnancy underweight (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.10–3.06), healthy weight (aHR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.15–1.65), obesity class I (aHR = 1.22, 95% CI: 0.97–1.52), or obesity class II (aHR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.05–1.96) had an increased risk of PTB; mothers with a rate of GWG above the guidelines and either pre‐pregnancy underweight (aHR = 1.57, 95% CI: 0.92–2.69) or obesity class II (aHR = 1.31, 95% CI: 0.98–1.76) had an increased risk of PTB. Conclusions: The association between rate of GWG below or above the guidelines and PTB differs by pre‐pregnancy BMI among Pacific Islander individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the experiences of project directors at two‐year Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander serving institutions in the Midwest. Specifically, we examined how project directors faced racialized campus environments, navigated support structures (or the lack thereof), and continually combatted misperceptions about the Asian American and Pacific Islander (AA/PI) communities and the Midwest. We discussed the isolation, myths, lack of institutional support, and campus climate for project directors and AA/PI communities. We end with recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ASLO Multicultural Program (ASLOMP) began in 1990 to promote diversity in the aquatic sciences. It involves brining diverse undergraduate and graduate students to annual ASLO meetings. The students participate in special programing that includes an opening dinner and keynote speaker, a student symposium where they present their work, a field trip, and work with meeting mentors. Between 1990 and 2023, 1443 different students participated in ASLOMP. They were a diverse lot; 43.0% African American, 33.0% Hispanic, 6.4% white, 6.4% Native American, 5.3% Pacific Islander, 3.5% Asian, and 2.4% other. Participants have gone on to be the first persons of color to serve on the ASLO Board of Directors and to assume other leadership positions in the society. Many former ASLOMP participants have gone on for advanced degrees and often return as mentors in the program. The ASLOMP model has been adopted by various other scientific societies including the Ecological Society of America (Strategies for Ecology Education, Diversity and Sustainability ‐ SEEDS), the Society of Wetland Scientists, Sigma Xi, and the Coastal and Estuarine and Research Federation. The founding of ASLOMP demonstrated the usefulness of empowered allies in leading efforts to address issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study systematically reviewed the literature on ethnic‐racial socialization (ERS) in mono‐racial Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) families in the United States. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we examined what is known about (1) ERS strategies used, (2) child and parent factors related to ERS, and (3) the relation of ERS to child outcomes in mono‐racial AAPI families. We included peer‐reviewed, original studies published between January 2002 and August 2023, abstracted in Sociological Abstracts, PubMed, and/or PsychINFO, and focused on ERS in AAPI families. Fifty‐eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The reviewed studies show that mono‐racial AAPI families engage in ERS, but parents' messages tend to focus on positive aspects of ethnicity‐race (e.g., ethnic pride) and avoid negative aspects (e.g., discrimination). However, due to the COVID‐19 pandemic and Black Lives Matter, parents are increasingly willing to address the negative aspects of ethnicity‐race, including racism and anti‐racism, to prepare their children for a racialized society. ERS is related to AAPI child identity, psycho‐social outcomes, ethnic‐racial attitudes and experiences, and other outcomes but in a variety of contingent ways. We identify gaps in the literature and recommend future research on ERS in AAPI families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored differences in distress scores at intake as well as the change in anxiety and depression scores over the course of 12 therapy sessions for Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) college students. Data were collected from the Center for Collegiate Mental Health (N = 256,242). Results support the notion that NHPI college students experience anxiety and depression in therapy differently from other ethnic groups with moderate‐to‐large magnitudes of effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: The colonial legacies of aid and development in the Pacific continue to be at the centre of policy debate. The ideal is to decolonize and localize the practice of aid and development. However, decolonization and localization have become highly contested in their definition and proposed practical approaches. We call decolonization and localization "decolocalization." Purpose: This article aims to explore perspectives and proposals for decolocalization in the Pacific Islands. Methods and approach: We talked to five key informants, all local to their islands, all with considerable development experience; we held a focus group; and we combined these insights and learnings with our own experience as Pacific Islanders engaged with development. Our analysis is reflexive. Finding s : Development practice in the Pacific Islands typically overvalues external Euro‐centric knowledge and undervalues local knowledge. Most aid and development discourse has stressed financial figures, charts, and statistical assertions overwhelmingly from a donor perspective; Pacific non‐statistical, human, and embodied contextual realities are overlooked or discounted. Hierarchies are created that privilege outsiders and discriminate against islanders. A practical operationalization of decolocalization can begin with the recognition and practice of outsiders yielding and insiders wielding power. Policy implications: We recommend decolocalization as a framework for studying and analysing colonial vestiges in Pacific aid and development. Decolocalization can be practised by outsiders yielding and insiders wielding power in aid and development. Decolocalization is not an ultimate solution to a highly complex issue, but it offers a conceptual position; one that allows Pacific Islander scholars, thought leaders, and aid and development practitioners to further unpack the nuances and issues around aid and development from a Pacific Islander perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There are limited data examining the impact of both donor and recipient race on outcomes following orthotopic heart transplant (OHT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between donor and recipient race and OHT outcomes. Methods: The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was retrospectively reviewed from January 2000 to March 2018 for donor hearts. A comparison was conducted based on donor and recipient race (White, Black, Hispanic, Other/Unknown). Races for which there were limited numbers were excluded from the analysis (Asian, n = 1292; American Indian, n = 132; Pacific Islander, n = 132, Multiple ethnicities, n = 225). The primary endpoint was survival at 30 days, 1 year survival, and post‐transplant rejection. Logistic and Cox models were used to quantify survival endpoints. Results: A total of 41 841 OHT were included. Of the recipients, 29 894 (71%) were White, 8475 (20%) were Black, and 3472 (8%) were Hispanic. Of the donors 27 783 (66%) were White, 6277 (15%) were Black, 6576 (16%) were Hispanic, and 1205 (3%) were Unknown/Other race. In a comparison of recipient demographics, White recipients were older (54.09 ± 12.21 years) compared to Black (49.44 ± 12.83 years) and Hispanic (49.97 ± 13.27 years) recipients. All other differences between groups were not clinically significant. Black recipients were more likely to receive a heart with an "urgent" status (probability.80) compared to White (.73) and Hispanic (.75) recipients (p <.001). Hispanic recipients were more likely to receive a transplant when listed as "non‐urgent" (Probability.47) compared to White (.37) and Black (.30) recipients (p <.001). In terms of outcomes, compared to White recipients, Hispanic patients experienced a decreased 30‐day survival (OR 1.27; p =.011) and 1‐year survival (OR 1.17; p =.016). In comparing Donor/Recipient combinations compared to a White Donor/White Recipient combination, overall survival was decreased in White donor/African American recipient (HR 1.36; p <.001), African American donor/African American recipient (HR 1.41; p <.001) and Hispanic donor/African American recipient (HR 1.30; p <.001) combinations (Table 1). Conclusions: African American and Hispanic recipients have decreased survival compared to White recipients after heart transplant. The African American donor does not decrease survival. Racial differences still exist in donor and recipient characteristics and recipient outcomes after OHT. Increasing the donor pool for all races and ethnicities would potentially benefit all recipients. Continued study is warranted in order to minimize these differences among recipients and identify factors that could be contributing to decreased survival, in order to optimize outcomes for African American and Hispanic recipients post‐transplant and eliminate disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop a current profile of prosthodontics program directors (PPDs) in United States dental schools and describe the current challenges and responsibilities of those serving in the position and assess the professional needs of the program directors (PDs) to better support them in their roles. Materials and methods: A survey was sent to 51 participants who were identified as PPDs in North America via Qualtrics in 2019 to assess the professional needs of PDs to better support their roles. The survey consisted of 29 items organized into six sections: (1) demographic information; (2) hours and time spent in various areas of the job; (3) greatest challenges; (4) perceived importance of specific competencies; (5) opinions on the greatest rewards of the position; (6) their needs for support from the American College of Prosthodontists and advice for the future PD. Results: The response rate for this survey was 88.3%. Of the 45 respondents, the majority were white/non‐Hispanic, followed by Asian/Pacific Islanders. The two largest and equal numbers of participants who worked for more than 10 years and between 1 and 3 years were observed with approximately 29% each, and PDs who worked less than a year occupied the least amount. Overall, 34% of PDs are on the tenure track and 80% of those are tenured. Teaching and clinical services took away the greatest time with approximately 42% and 22.1%, respectively. Thirty‐five (78%) PDs listed the greatest challenge they encountered was the workload of the role. Skills listed in leadership and personnel competencies were all rated more important than most of the skills listed in management. Conclusions: There is a wide gender gap and a lack of racial diversity among the PPDs. The biggest challenge faced by them is the amount of workload followed by budget and fiscal constraints. And for their improved efficiency, they gave emphasis on learning time management and continuous clinical training of newer advances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the differences in the proximal humerus and wrist fracture incidence among Asian American subgroups as compared to non-Hispanic White (NHW) adults. Also cited are the use of the log-Poisson regression method in the research, and the sex-specific proximal humerus fracture incidence rate ratios (IRR) in terms of race and ethnicity of the subjects.

Objectives: The incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) has been declining in the United States (US) in recent years. However, little is known about the latest trends in NPC mortality in the US population. This study aimed to examine the trends in NPC mortality rate by age, sex, race and ethnicity and US Census Region from 1999 to 2020. Methods: Mortality data were extracted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide‐ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) database. Decedents whose cause of death was NPC were identified using the International Classification of Diseases Codes, 10th Revision: C11.0‐C11.9. Trends in age adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) from NPC were assessed using a joinpoint regression model. Annual Percentage Changes (APC) and Average Annual Percentage Changes were examined overall and by age, sex, race and ethnicity and census region. Results: From 1999 through 2020, a total of 14 534 NPC deaths were recorded in the US (AAMR = 0.2 per 100 000; 95% CI: 0.2, 0.2). Overall trends remained stationary throughout the study period. Since 2006, recent trends declined by 6.1% per year (95% CI: −8.4, −3.7) among Non‐Hispanic Whites, and by 2.7% per year among Non‐Hispanic Blacks, Asians/Pacific Islanders and Hispanics. Trends either stabilized or declined by sex, age and US Census Region. Similar results were obtained when the analysis was restricted to decedents aged 65 years and above. Conclusions: Stationary or declining trends in NPC mortality could be due to the falling incidence of the disease and/or advances in medical diagnosis and treatment. Considering the enigmatic nature of NPC, future studies should explore the genetic and sociodemographic factors associated with the trends reported in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence was rising in the United States. Previously, using data collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program through 2017, we found that overall incidence had begun to decline, although not in Black and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations. Utilizing expanded SEER data encompassing ~50% of the population, we examined secular trends and demographic differences in HCC incidence through 2019. Methods: We included cases of HCC diagnosed in adults aged ≥20 years residing in SEER‐22 registry areas. We examined case counts, incidence rates (per 100,000 person‐years), annual percent changes (APCs), and calendar years when APCs changed significantly. Results: HCC incidence increased from 5.56 in 2000 to 8.89 in 2009 (APC, 5.17%), then rose more slowly during 2009–2015 (APC, 2.28%). After peaking at 10.03 in 2015, incidence fell to 9.20 in 2019 (APC, −2.26%). In Asian/Pacific Islanders (A/PI), the decline began in 2007 and accelerated in 2015 (APCs: 2007–2015, −1.84%; 2015–2019, −5.80%). In 2014, incidence began to fall in the White (APC: 2014–2019, −1.11%) and Hispanic populations (APC: 2014–2019, −1.72%). In 2016, rates began to fall in Black individuals (APC: 2016–2019, −6.05%). In the AI/AN population, incidence was highest in 2017, although the subsequent decline was not statistically significant. In 2019, population‐specific rates were: White, 6.94; Black, 10.74; A/PI, 12.11; AI/AN, 14.56; Hispanic, 15.48. Conclusion: HCC incidence is now decreasing in most US racial/ethnic populations, including among Black individuals. The onset of decline differed among racial/ethnic groups and wide disparities in HCC rates remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Hepatic steatosis (HS) is common worldwide, but there is little data on the prevalence of HS in Pacific Islanders (PIs) and Asians within the United States. Our aim was to compare prevalence of HS in obese 18–50‐year‐olds of Asian and PI ethnicity who underwent computerized tomography (CT). Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of all members of an integrated healthcare system who self‐identified as Asian or PI, were between the ages of 18 and 50 years, had a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30, and underwent a CT scan that included the liver during 2021, resulting in 748 subjects. Imaging was analyzed using a method sensitive and specific for moderate to severe HS. Additionally, multiple binary logistic regression was performed to explore the relationship between HS and HbA1c, BMI, and age. Results: Of the 748 patients, 311 (41.6%) had HS. We found no significant difference in the prevalence of HS between Asians and PIs (χ21 = 1.3, P = 0.25), between Asian and PI men (χ21 = 2.8, P = 0.096), or between Asian and PI women (χ21 = 0.053, P = 0.82). Higher odds of HS was associated with increasing BMI (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.06–1.11; P < 0.001) and HbA1c (OR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.04–1.26; P = 0.00489), but HS was not associated with age in this age range (OR = 0.993; 95% CI: 0.973–1.01; P = 0.46). Conclusion: Moderate to severe HS is very common in obese Asian and PI adults, and occurs at similar rates in these ethnicities. Abdominal CT imaging presents an opportunity to diagnose HS and provides relevant information to patients and healthcare providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across three studies, conducted between Spring 2020 and Spring 2021, we tested whether exposure to an Asian American/Pacific Islander (AAPI) target person wearing a face mask would increase or decrease White Americans' perceived threat from and positivity toward AAPI individuals. Although results varied by study, a single‐paper meta‐analysis revealed that the masked (compared to unmasked) AAPI target resulted in greater positivity toward AAPIs, due to reduced perceptions of both symbolic threat to group values and realistic threat to group health. Positivity toward AAPIs did not reliably differ after exposure to a masked versus unmasked White target. Implications for interventions that encourage COVID‐safe behaviors and combat anti‐AAPI attitudes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Home‐based noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is an effective treatment for a range of conditions that cause respiratory failure which reduces hospitalisation and mortality and improves quality of life. Aims: To collect NIV prevalence, disease burden and equity data needed for effective national NIV health service planning. Methods: The authors collected demographics and the primary diagnosis of patients receiving publicly funded NIV in New Zealand in 2018 by surveying all providers. National and regional prevalence rates were calculated using adult population data (aged ≥20 years) for each District Health Board region compared with a 2011 study. A subanalysis of individual‐level data was used to calculate age‐standardised rates by diagnostic category. Results: A total of 1197 adults were receiving NIV giving a national rate of 32.9 per 100 000; almost twice the 2011 rate (16.7 per 100 000). Significant regional variations in NIV provision (4.5–84.2 per 100 000) were observed. The most frequent indications were obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) (562, 47%), obstructive pathologies (335, 28%) and neuromuscular disorders (175, 15%); all have significantly increased in prevalence since 2011. Māori and Pacific peoples were significantly overrepresented among NIV users (2.24 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.72–2.93] and 7.03 [95% CI, 5.52–8.94], respectively). The prevalence of NIV‐dependent use (>15 h/day) was 4%. Conclusions: Home‐based NIV provision has doubled since the previous survey, reflecting increased burden from OHS and obstructive pathologies and a disproportionate disease burden among Māori and Pacific populations. The large regional variations are concerning and highlight the urgent requirement for national service specifications, education and equipment provision. Further research is needed to address access equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gout is a common chronic inflammatory disorder due to monosodium urate deposition, which results in severe inflammatory arthritis. It is particularly common in those of Māori or Pacific Islander heritage. There is a significant number of this at‐risk ethnic group in western Sydney. Aims: To determine the healthcare burden of gout in Western Sydney. Methods: We characterised patients managed in the emergency departments (EDs) of the four Western Sydney Local Health District (WSLHD) hospitals and those admitted for gout as the primary or secondary diagnosis from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2018. Results: There were 472 patients managed in ED on 552 occasions at a direct cost to the LHD of A$367 835. Those of Māori or Pacific Islander ethnicity comprised 25.2% (n = 119/472), while half (n = 39/80) of those managed in ED for gout on two or more occasions were of Māori or Pacific Islander ethnicity. Overall, 310 patients were admitted with gout as the principal diagnosis on 413 occasions at a cost of A$1.73 million. Seventy‐five (24.2%) of the 310 patients were of Māori or Pacific Islander heritage. A total of 584 WSLHD inpatients had gout as a secondary diagnosis. This was associated with 714 admissions. Conclusions: The disproportionately large healthcare burden of gout in Western Sydney from the relatively small Māori and Pacific Islander population needs attention. Urgent culturally appropriate interventions to address gout are required to address this inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Disney + Kingdom: Essays on nostalgia, representation and branding" is a book that explores the commercialization of nostalgia in reboot culture and the struggle to incorporate diversity and representation in media. The collection of essays examines various Disney+ content, including reboots of popular series and films, the evolution of the Disney Princess line, and the diversification of Marvel and Star Wars properties. The book presents different perspectives on Disney's efforts to rectify past biases and questions whether these attempts are genuine or simply a branding tactic. Overall, the book offers critical insights for Disney fans, scholars, media and fandom studies scholars, and writers. [Extracted from the article]

Drawing on long‐term ethnographic fieldwork with Seasonal Worker Programme (SWP) workers in south‐east Australia, I reflect in this paper on the experience of interminable temporariness and on its implications for the structural conditions underpinning contemporary horticultural labour in Australia. Although in many ways reflective of the specificities of a unique historical moment, the interminable temporariness experienced through the COVID‐19 pandemic also speaks to broader, enduring conditions produced within contemporary Australian agriculture. Here, the restructuring of the agri‐industry produces for many what Lauren Berlant describes as the "impasse" or "crisis ordinariness" of life under neoliberalism. At the same time, logics of development—including racialized imaginaries and border regimes—articulate with agricultural guest worker schemes in ways that seek to fix whole populations and regions in relations of suspended hope. In this context, I argue, the pandemic exposed and intensified structural vulnerabilities and unequal distributions of risk, which are encoded in the political economy of farm work in Australia, while also cleaving open new, if tentative, possibilities for agency and solidarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the current study was to examine trajectories of relational and physical aggression in early childhood and evaluate peer predictors of these trajectories (i.e., peer rejection, relational victimization, and physical victimization). The study spanned three‐time points (T1 in the spring, T2 in the fall, and T3 in the spring) in early childhood (N = 300; 44.0% girls; Mage = 44.70 months, SD = 4.38; 3.0% African American/Black, 7.6% Asian/Asian American/Pacific Islander, 1.0% Hispanic/Latinx, 11.3% multiracial, 62.1% White, and 15.0% missing/unknown). Observations of peer victimization and teacher report of peer rejection were collected at T1, and teacher report of aggression was collected at all time points. Results from piecewise latent growth models demonstrated that both forms of aggression decreased from T1 to T2 as children entered a new classroom and increased from T2 to T3 as they remained in that classroom. The increase in physical aggression from T2 to T3 was only significant for boys. Peer rejection at T1 emerged as a predictor of both intercepts and slopes from T1 to T2, and physical victimization predicted the physical aggression intercept and physical aggression slope from T1 to T2. Children high on these peer risk variables had higher initial levels of aggression, followed by a greater decrease in aggression from T1 to T2. Results underscore the importance of studying incremental change in aggression in early childhood and suggest that children who experience negative peer treatment have greater fluctuations in aggression over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asian and Pacific Islander (Asian/PI) adults have lower hip fracture incidence than non‐Hispanic White (NHW) adults, but data regarding Asian/PI subgroups are limited. We compared hip fracture incidence among older US Asian/PI and NHW populations, including ethnic subgroup differences. Methods: Using observational data from a California healthcare system, we identified Asian/PI and NHW adults aged ≥50 years (2000–2019) and followed subjects to 2021 for hip fracture determined by principal/primary hospital diagnosis or by secondary hospital diagnosis with hip/femur procedure codes. Age‐adjusted hip fracture incidence was calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Log‐Poisson regression was used to determine fracture incidence rate ratios (IRRs, [CI]; NHW or Chinese as reference) adjusting for age and year. Results: Among 215,359 Asian/PI and 776,839 NHW women, hip fracture incidence was 1.34 (1.28–1.40) and 2.97 (2.94–3.01) per 1000 person‐years, respectively, with IRR 0.45 (0.43–0.47). Among 188,328 Asian/PI and 697,046 NHW men, hip fracture incidence was 0.62 (0.58–0.67) and 1.81 (1.78–1.84) per 1000 person‐years, respectively, with IRR 0.34 (0.32–0.37). For the four largest Asian/PI subgroups, Filipina women (IRR 0.85 [0.75–0.96]) had lower, and Japanese (IRR 1.36 [1.20–1.54]) and South Asian (IRR 1.36 [1.07–1.72]) women had higher hip fracture incidence compared to Chinese women. Hip fracture incidence was only higher among South Asian (IRR 1.61 [1.21–2.14]) compared to Chinese men. Conclusion: Hip fracture incidence among US Asian/PI adults was 55% (women) and 66% (men) lower than NHW adults, but incidence varied by Asian/PI subgroup. The heterogeneity among Asian/PI adults highlights the importance of examining fracture risk by ethnic subgroup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To better understand the epidemiology of preterm birth among Pacific Islanders in the United States and the US‐Affiliated Pacific Islands. Methods: Systematic searches of MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, two nonindexed regional journals, and gray literature were conducted and finalized in September 2021. Observational studies published since January 2010 that documented preterm birth outcomes among Pacific Islanders in the United States and the US‐Affiliated Pacific Islands were eligible for inclusion. Outcomes of interest included preterm birth prevalence, risk compared with white women, and risk factors for preterm birth among Pacific Islanders. Results: Fourteen of the 3183 screened articles were included in meta‐analyses. Random‐effects models were used for pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals. The pooled prevalence of preterm birth among Pacific Islanders was 11.2%, 95% CI: 9.3%‐13.6%. Marshallese women had the highest pooled prevalence (20.7%, 95% CI 18.6%‐23.0%) among Pacific Islander subgroups. Compared with white women, Pacific Islander women had higher odds of experiencing preterm birth (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.28‐1.53). Four risk factors for preterm birth could be explored with the data available: hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and pre‐pregnancy body mass index; hypertension and diabetes significantly increased the odds of preterm birth. Conclusions: Existing literature suggests that United States Pacific Islanders were more likely to experience preterm birth than white women, although the pooled prevalence varied by Pacific Islander subgroup. Data support the need for disaggregation of Pacific Islanders in future research and argue for examination of subgroup‐specific outcomes to address perinatal health disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine whether a gout polygenic risk score (PRS) is associated with age at gout onset and tophaceous disease in European, East Polynesian, and West Polynesian men and women with gout. Methods: A 19‐variant gout PRS was produced in 7 European gout cohorts (N = 4,016), 2 East Polynesian gout cohorts (N = 682), and 1 West Polynesian gout cohort (N = 490). Sex‐stratified regression models were used to estimate the relationship between the PRS and age at gout onset and tophaceous disease. Results: The PRS was associated with earlier age at gout onset in men (β = –3.61 in years per unit PRS [95% confidence interval (95% CI) –4.32, –2.90] in European men; β = –6.35 [95% CI –8.91, –3.80] in East Polynesian men; β = –3.51 [95% CI –5.46, –1.57] in West Polynesian men) but not in women (β = 0.07 [95% CI –2.32, 2.45] in European women; β = 0.20 [95% CI –7.21, 7.62] in East Polynesian women; β –3.33 [95% CI –9.28, 2.62] in West Polynesian women). The PRS showed a positive association with tophaceous disease in men (odds ratio [OR] for the association 1.15 [95% CI 1.00, 1.31] in European men; OR 2.60 [95% CI 1.66, 4.06] in East Polynesian men; OR 1.53 [95% CI 1.07, 2.19] in West Polynesian men) but not in women (OR for the association 0.68 [95% CI 0.42, 1.10] in European women; OR 1.45 [95% CI 0.39, 5.36] in East Polynesian women). The PRS association with age at gout onset was robust to the removal of ABCG2 variants from the PRS in European and East Polynesian men (β = –2.42 [95% CI –3.37, –1.46] and β = –6.80 [95% CI –10.06, –3.55], respectively) but not in West Polynesian men (β = –1.79 [95% CI –4.74, 1.16]). Conclusion: Genetic risk variants for gout also harbor risk for earlier age at gout onset and tophaceous disease in European and Polynesian men. Our findings suggest that earlier gout onset involves the accumulation of gout risk alleles in men but perhaps not in women, and that this genetic risk is shared across multiple ancestral groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on race and policing increasingly draws upon data collected by police officers to estimate racial disparities in police contact. Many of these data sets, however, rely on officer perception of a stopped person's race, which may be inconsistent with how those individuals self‐identify. Furthermore, researchers frequently benchmark contact data where race is perceived by police officers against census and survey data where race is self‐identified. We argue that discordance between how individuals self‐identify and how they are classified by officers can bias estimates of racial disparities. Using a unique data set, which allows us to compare officers' racial classification of stopped persons with those same persons' racial self‐identification, we characterize rates of racial misclassification in administrative police records. We find evidence of racial misclassification in police records, especially among Hispanic and Asians/Pacific Islanders. We find that officer classification of Hispanics as (non‐Hispanic) White is the most common form of racial misclassification in our sample and that its substantive consequences are significant. Specifically, we find that officer classification of Hispanics as White may lead analysts to incorrectly conclude that Hispanics are no more likely than Whites to be cited by police. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Asian American Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) face unique barriers in seeking treatment for substance use disorders (SUD) and are less likely than the general population to receive treatment. Barriers specific to AAPI women may be especially significant given identified gender and racial differences in SUD prevalence and treatment. This review examines rates of SUD in AAPI women and summarizes the literature on SUD treatment for AAPI women. Methods: Data from 2016 to 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) surveys were extracted to summarize rates of SUD. A scoping review of the literature on AAPI women and SUD treatment was conducted; eight articles published from 2010 to present were reviewed. Results: The prevalence of SUDs among AAPI women increased overall, although rates of SUDs were generally lower in AAPI women compared to their male counterparts. Patterns of gender differences in SUDs varied for subpopulations of AAPI women. There is limited research on treatment utilization and access for AAPI women. The few studies that examined treatment outcomes found favorable outcomes for AAPI women; research on culturally adapted interventions was promising but nascent. Discussion and Conclusions: Literature on SUD treatment for AAPI women is limited. The availability of more culturally tailored treatments addressing the specific needs of AAPI women may lead to more acceptability and treatment utilization for this group. Additional research is needed to elucidate the unique barriers to treatment AAPI women face. Scientific Significance: With rising rates of substance use in AAPI women, there is a need to develop and test effective SUD treatments adapted for AAPI women. Answer questions and earn CME credit [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidence of postpartum anaemia (PPA) in New Zealand, and the extent of intravenous iron (IV‐iron) use in its treatment, are unknown. Aims: To report the incidence of PPA in three district health board (DHB) regions and describe current management of moderate to severe PPA, including by ethnicity. Materials and Methods: Retrospective observational study of PPA (haemoglobin (Hb) <100 g/L) in three DHBs from July–December 2019. Cases with moderate to severe PPA (Hb <90 g/L) were reviewed and management compared to local and national guidance. Logistic regression examined demographic associations of PPA. Results: There were 8849 women who gave birth during the study period: 4076 (46%) had postpartum Hb testing and 1544 (38%) had PPA. Of those tested, and after adjusting for deprivation and region, European women had lower adjusted odds ratios compared to Māori for being identified as having PPA (0.46, 95% CI 0.37–0.57, P < 0.01). Of 681 women with Hb <90 g/L, 278 (41%) received IV‐iron only, 66 (10%) red blood cell transfusion (RBC‐T) only and 155 (23%) both. Of those receiving RBC‐T, 40/221 (18%) were actively bleeding. Māori (92/138, 67%) and Pacific (127/188, 68%) women with Hb <90 g/L had the highest incidence of IV‐iron use. No guidelines provided recommendations for haemodynamically stable women without active bleeding. Conclusion: The incidence and management of PPA differs by ethnicity but fewer than half of the women had Hb testing, making precise determination of incidence impossible. The majority of women with Hb <90 g/L received IV‐iron, with or without RBC‐T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Racial and ethnic minority enrollees in Medicare Advantage (MA) plans tend to be in lower‐quality plans, measured by a 5‐star quality rating system. We examine whether differential access to high‐rated plans was associated with this differential enrollment in high‐rated plans by race and ethnicity among MA enrollees. Data Sources: The Medicare Master Beneficiary Summary File and MA Landscape File for 2016. Study Design: We first examined county‐level MA plan offerings by race and ethnicity. We then examined the association of racial and ethnic differences in enrollment by star rating by controlling for the following different sets of covariates: (1) individual‐level characteristics only, and (2) individual‐level characteristics and county‐level MA plan offerings. Data Collection/Extraction Methods: Not applicable Principal Findings: Racial and ethnic minority enrollees had, on average, more MA plans available in their counties of residence compared to White enrollees (16.1, 20.8, 20.2, vs. 15.1 for Black, Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and White enrollees), but had fewer number of high‐rated plans (4‐star plans or higher) and/or more number of low‐rated plans (3.5‐star plans or lower). While racial and ethnic minority enrollees had lower enrollment in 4–4.5 star plans than White enrollees, this difference substantially decreased after accounting for county‐level MA plan offerings (−9.1 to −0.5 percentage points for Black enrollees, −15.9 to −5.0 percentage points for Asian/Pacific Islander enrollees, and −12.7 to 0.6 percentage points for Hispanic enrollees). Results for Black enrollees were notable as the racial difference reversed when we limited the analysis to those who live in counties that offer a 5‐star plan. After accounting for county‐level MA plan offerings, Black enrollees had 3.2 percentage points higher enrollment in 5‐star plans than White enrollees. Conclusions: Differences in enrollment in high‐rated MA plans by race and ethnicity may be explained by limited access and not by individual characteristics or enrollment decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the early phases of the COVID‐19 vaccine efforts, there was limited supply of the vaccine available to administer. However, as the vaccine supply improved, there was a lack of qualified personnel to administer the vaccine. VaxForce, a volunteer workforce management system to vet healthcare professionals and students and match them with existing vaccination events, was created. VaxForce activities were mainly focused on under‐resourced communities. From March 2021 through July 2022, VaxForce mobilized 316 health professional volunteers in 72 vaccination events administering over 8451 vaccines in 7 counties in California. The racial and ethnic profile of vaccine recipients in VaxForce events were reported to be 49% Latinx, 26% Black, 4% Asian/Pacific Islander, 18% White, 3% Mixed Race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe the epidemiology and clinical profile of children and adolescents with acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in Victoria, Australia. Methods: A retrospective audit was undertaken of children and adolescents with ARF and RHD attending the Royal Children's and Monash Children's Hospitals in Victoria, Australia between 2010 and 2019. Potential cases were identified by searching multiple sources for relevant ICD‐10‐AM codes and keywords, then reviewed manually. For confirmed cases, we collected data on patient demographics, clinical features, comorbidities and management. Results: Of 179 participants included, there were 108 Victorian residents and 71 non‐Victorian residents. 126 had at least one episode of ARF during the study period and 128 were diagnosed with RHD. In the Victorian resident group, the overall incidence of ARF was 0.8 per 100 000 5–14 year olds. This incidence was higher in Victorian Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander (3.8 per 100 000) and Pacific Islander (32.1 per 100 000) sub‐populations. Of 83 Victorian residents who had an ARF episode, 11 (13%) had a recurrence. Most Victorian residents with RHD had mixed aortic and mitral valve pathology (69.4%) and moderate to severe disease (61.9%). Most non‐Victorian residents were Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people (80.3%) and were commonly transferred for tertiary or surgical management of RHD (83.1%). Conclusions: ARF and RHD continue to affect the health of significant numbers of children and adolescents living in Victoria, including severe and recurrent disease. Specialised services and a register‐based control program may help to prevent complications and premature death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we discuss our struggles and efforts to respond to Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) hate crimes and anti‐Asian racism, as well as explore ways to address the issues of anti‐Asian racism, violence, myths, and stereotypes in the art classroom. We researched and learned from contemporary Asian American artists, attended anti‐racism virtual talks, and examined various anti‐racism pedagogical approaches. As an outcome of our research to confront anti‐racism, we developed S‐R‐C strategies to engage students with art‐based anti‐racism, which include facilitating a sense of belonging (S), resisting anti‐Asian racism (R), and coalescing with other minority groups and allies (C). These strategies were developed to fully embrace the equity, diversity, and inclusivity of AAPI sequentially and holistically. This article also reports how we use the S‐R‐C strategies to guide our pre‐service art teachers to confront anti‐Asian racism and advocate for anti‐racism teaching practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Clinical research focused on aging, Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD), and caregiving often does not recruit Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs). Methods: With funding from the National Institute on Aging, we designed and launched the Collaborative Approach for AAPIs Research and Education (CARE), a research recruitment registry to increase AAPIs' participation in ADRD, aging, and caregiving research. We present the design of this novel recruitment program. Results: CARE uses community‐based participatory research methods that are culturally and linguistically appropriate. Since CARE's launch, it has enrolled >7000 AAPIs in a 1‐year period. The majority enrolled in CARE via community organizations and reported never having participated in any kind of research before. CARE also engages researchers by establishing a recruitment referral request protocol. Discussion: CARE provides a promising venue to foster meaningful inclusion of AAPIs who are under‐represented in aging and dementia‐related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complicity with colonialism can be reflected in a particular approach to research, whose interests it serves, and who has power or ownership over the research process. It can also be reflected in neglect, inaction or methodological erasure of groups historically subjected to domination by colonial empires. Social scientists have often failed to account for colonialism's role or the complicit role they have played. We provide a brief historical overview of colonialism in the Marshall Islands and the role social scientists—and their methodological and epistemological approaches—played in the US empire's expansion into the region. We discuss the tenets of Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR), setting the research agenda, co‐direction of the research process, research team membership, collaboration challenges, and the action and outputs which have come from our team's health disparities research among the largest Marshallese population in the continental US. We argue CBPR is a promising but imperfect approach to guarding against complicity within medical sociology and situate our methodological approach within ongoing debates regarding objectivity and advocacy within sociology. We reflect on successes and shortcomings of our CBPR efforts to address health disparities among Marshallese, as well as how those successes and shortcomings overlap with questions of complicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Federation of Asian and Oceanian Biochemists and Molecular Biologists, Inc. (FAOBMB) celebrates its Golden Jubilee in 2022. Established in August 1972 as a regional grouping of three national societies of biochemists in Australia, India and Japan, it took the name Federation of Asian and Oceanian Biochemists (FAOB). The Federation rapidly grew to encompass another 12 national societies (or groups) of biochemists within 6 years, eventually increasing the number of Constituent Members to 21 by 2014. FAOB soon established regular scientific meetings, including triennial Congresses and annual Symposia; from 1980 FAOB Travel Fellowships enabled regional young scientists to participate in them. In 1992, FAOB was constituted as an Incorporated Association in Victoria, Australia, changing its name 1 year later (yielding the acronym FAOBMB). A printed Newsletter/Bulletin was distributed through each Constituent Society or Group from 1972 to 1999. With the advent of the internet and email in the late 1990s, communication rapidly improved, such that the first webpage of FAOBMB was set up in 1995. From the inception of the Federation, an international journal sponsored by FAOB was foreshadowed but only commenced in 1997, sadly lasting only 6 years. Education in biochemistry and molecular biology became prominent in FAOBMB from the 1990s. In the 21st century, awards to high‐achieving scientists and educationists were introduced, the first being the Young Scientist Awards in 2006. The Fellowships program was extended to young educationists in 2018. FAOB(MB) has been supported by the International Union of Biochemistry (and Molecular Biology) almost its entire history, mostly for support of Congresses, Conferences and Symposia, but also for Young Scientist Programs. The most recent challenge to FAOBMB came with the COVID‐19 pandemic. Executive Committee and the Constituent Members rapidly adapted to virtual communications for their administrative meetings and Education Symposia, and a memorable Congress was held totally on‐line in 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]