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Main observation and conclusion: Photoredox C—H bond formation can proceed in aerobic environment under solar light and has therefore become attractive. Nowadays, different types of expensive novel metal complexes and nanomaterials have been urbanized as photocatalysts for direct C—H bond formation in between derivatives of heteroarenes (HAs) and aryl diazonium salts. These photocatalysts, however, still suffer from poor stability, high cost, and decay. Herein, a graphitic carbon nitride‐based fluorescein isothiocyanate (g‐C3N4–FITC) film photocatalyst has been reported, which shows excellent light harvesting ability, and band gap suitability to catalyze the metal free direct C—H arylation of HAs under solar light at ambient temperature. Moreover, the g‐C3N4–FITC film photocatalyst can be reused four times without significant loss of activity, confirming the excellent photocatalytic stability. The current strategy to construct a g‐C3N4–FITC film photocatalyst for direct C—H arylation opens a new path towards replacing metal‐based catalysts in fine chemical synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'collective' is used to refer to a group of animals such as a flock of birds or a herd of elephants. Aggregate motions of such collectives often give rise to visually pleasing shapes and patterns (e.g. V-shape formation of geese while they migrate from one place to another). While shapes of moving collectives are of great interest in many scientific studies, scant attention has been given to algorithmically extract and render these shapes via polygonal boundaries or graphs. In this Letter, the authors present a multi-stage, proof of concept framework for tracking geometric shapes and extracting video frames containing a user defined shape of moving collectives, by employing a deep-learning based object detection, well-known alpha shapes and a modified shape context. They demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed framework on a couple of test videos and discuss its potential applications in a wider area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two glasshouse and two field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 to compare the relative importance of four physiological traits: osmotic adjustment ( OA), leaf proline concentration, canopy temperature depression ( CTD) and root depth on drought performance of canola quality B. juncea (juncea canola). Glasshouse experiments were conducted at The University of Melbourne, Parkville, and field experiments were conducted at Horsham, Victoria. The experiments used juncea canola hybrids and their parental lines and were laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications. The glasshouse experiments consisted of two treatments, well watered and water deficit from first open flower to maturity, whereas the field experiments were sown at a site that received 266 mm annual rainfall in 2014. In the glasshouse, canopy temperature depression was the only trait to show a positive and consistent association with drought performance of juncea canola. Cooler canopy temperature was also associated with improved yield in field experiments. Root depth was positively correlated with CTD in 2014 in glasshouse, whereas no correlation of root depth with OA and leaf proline was observed. The results indicated that CTD was the only reliable trait among those tested to screen juncea canola for drought tolerance. Root depth of juncea canola hybrids was a constitutive trait and probably was a result of hybrid vigour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents design and development of X band 8 × 32 element planar array, with center frequency at 9.65 GHz. Stacked microstrip patch antenna where the lower patch is directly fed by microstrip line has been used as a single radiating element. The complex excitation coefficients have been computed using null perturbation technique, so as to provide shaped beam pattern in elevation plane and pencil beam pattern in the azimuth plane. Eight elements have been used to form shaped pattern. Different sets of coefficients were computed. The set of excitation coefficient that results in minimum current taper ratio has been selected to realize the antenna. H plane septum power divider has been used for high-power requirement, along with tapered transition from waveguide to microstrip. The simulated and measured data on return loss and radiation patterns have been presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 832–835, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22257 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption behavior of Cu on three solid waste materials--sea nodule residue (SNR), fly ash (FA), and red mud (RM)--was investigated. The effects of various parameters, such as pH of the feed solution, contact time, temperature, adsorbate and adsorbent concentration, and particle size of the adsorbent, were studied for optimization of the process parameters. Adsorption of copper increased with increasing time, temperature, pH, and adsorbate concentration, and decreased with increasing initial copper concentration. The equilibrium data fit well with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms in the case of SNR, but not on RM and FA, because there was no appreciable effect of temperature on the metal removal on these two adsorbents. The adsorption of copper on SNR followed first-order kinetics involving the surface complex formation mechanism on the charged surface. Under the optimized conditions the adsorption capacity for copper was found to be 19.65 mg/g of SNR, 1.98 mg/g of FA, and 2.28 mg/g of RM. Thus the adsorption capacity of SNR was found to be more than that of activated carbon, thus making it suitable for the treatment of industrial effluents to reduce the level of copper within the permissible limits for its land disposal (3 mg/L) according to ISI guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sclerotia of Botrytis cinerea were found to be a source of primary inoculum for bunch rot of grapes in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales. Conidia-bearing sclerotia were found on canes on grapevines. Resporulation of sclerotia was observed and sporogenic germination led to infection of flowers and berries. Sclerotia survived for eight months in untreated soil in the laboratory. Application of dicarboximides (procymidone, iprodione and vinclozolin) reduced infection of flowers and bunch rot caused by the sporogenic germination of sclerotia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of Crotalaria juncea L. and C. sericea Retz. under 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 h daylengths was studied with respect to dry wt accumulation, leaf area increase, RGR, LAR, SLA, LWR, NAR, the value of α (ratio of mean relative growth rate to mean relative rate of leaf area increase) and S/R ratio. In both species, dry wt and leaf area increased up to 14 h daylength above which these features of C. juncea declined. The higher trend maintained in C. sericea suggests this is of selective value to a ruderal. C. sericea is characterized by a narrower range of values under the varying photoperiods. Strict comparison in terms of LAR is not possible owing to ontogenetic drift. In terms of RGR and NAR, C. sericea shows greater uniformity in all photoperiodic regimes. Values of α for this species also show a narrower range. All these are suggestive of its greater capacity than C. juncea to survive ecological vicissitudes in natural habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two species of Crotalaria, C. juncea L., a fibre-yielding plant, and C. sericea Retz., have been grown in a glasshouse at three different light-intensities. Comparisons have been made of their rates of increase in dry weight, relative growth rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, leaf weight ratio, net assimilation rate, the ratio a of Whitehead & Myerscough and shoot/root ratio. C. sericea appears to be the more shade-tolerant because its increased leaf area ratio compensates for a reduced net assimilation rate and so maintains the level of its relative growth rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and development of a dual-polarized shaped-beam antenna for airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR). A multilayer, stacked, printed antenna with electromagnetic coupling is chosen as the radiating element due to wide bandwidth and low cross polarization. Shaping in elevation plane is achieved by employing the null-perturbation technique in order to obtain complex excitation distribution. Many sets of coefficients giving the same power patterns were obtained and the set with the minimum current taper ratio was selected for realization of the antenna. A planar array of 8 × 8 elements is designed and developed at the C band. The measured and simulated radiation patterns and return-loss performance are also presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 383–385, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20642 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]