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This study presents a new methodology to determine the optimal Offshore Wind Farms connection point in a power system, with the purpose of maximising the wind power penetration, considering a Benders decomposition approach to represent the security constraints related to the ' $N-1$N−1 ' contingency criterion. The proposed algorithm uses a mixed-integer non-linear programming approach associated with a non-linear programming, and it is evaluated in a tutorial system (IEEE 14-Bus) and two networks from the literature: a small case (IEEE RTS-79), and a medium and real case (Brazilian Birds System). In each case, three points geographically close to each other are selected as candidates in the onshore grid for the wind power injection. The experiments conducted clearly show that the connection decision from the proposed approach led to the maximum safe wind power penetration among the candidate options, which proves its applicability and effectiveness, even for more complex networks, and considering all single transmission line contingencies for safe operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a new methodology to determine the optimal Offshore Wind Farms connection point in a power system, with the purpose of maximising the wind power penetration, considering a Benders decomposition approach to represent the security constraints related to the 'N−1' contingency criterion. The proposed algorithm uses a mixed‐integer non‐linear programming approach associated with a non‐linear programming, and it is evaluated in a tutorial system (IEEE 14‐Bus) and two networks from the literature: a small case (IEEE RTS‐79), and a medium and real case (Brazilian Birds System). In each case, three points geographically close to each other are selected as candidates in the onshore grid for the wind power injection. The experiments conducted clearly show that the connection decision from the proposed approach led to the maximum safe wind power penetration among the candidate options, which proves its applicability and effectiveness, even for more complex networks, and considering all single transmission line contingencies for safe operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents two approaches to handling under‐frequency regulation in isolated microgrids. The first one is a governor power flow (PF) model in which the generators steady‐state governor equations are modeled into a full Newton PF formulation resulting in an augmented sparse linearised system of equations to be solved at each iteration. As a result, it is possible to evaluate the under frequency problem in the case of microgrid islanding as well as to set the reference bus angle to evaluate the possibility of reconnection to the main grid. The second approach presents an optimal PF (OPF) formulation in which the generators governor equations are considered as additional equality constraints to determine the minimum amount of load shedding to keep the system frequency between specified limits. In both methods, it is also used an equation that provides voltage regulation in a droop‐based control. The reactive power generation limits in the OPF approach are bounded by a proposed complementarity constraint‐based method adapted for the generators' droop‐controlled terminal voltage. The proposed approaches are evaluated and validated through the study of the EHV1 Network, a 61‐bus 33/11‐kV radial distribution system, and the New England test system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]