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Recently, passive radiative cooling (PRC) that realizes thermal management without consuming any energy has attracted increasing attention. However, few studies focus on low‐cost and robust PRC film fabricated by a facile and environmentally friendly method. In this study, via coextrusion blow film molding and water leaching, sandwiched PRC film (SPRCF) is efficiently prepared, and its skin and core layer are respectively high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) film and oriented ZnO@HDPE microfiber layer. Of note, such a sandwiched structure enables SPRCF to possess remarkable mechanical properties, abrasion, and weather resistance. Moreover, with the introduction of ZnO, SPRCF shows lower sunlight transmittance (≈3.8%) but higher mid‐infrared transmittance (≈88.8%), endowing it with remarkable PRC performance (the maximum cooling power of daytime and nighttime are respectively 73.8 and 96.7 W m−2). Furthermore, the decent self‐cleaning performance of SPRCF‐45 endows it with maintenance‐free features outdoors. This work proposes a facile and environmentally friendly method for preparing low‐cost and robust SPRCF, opening a new pathway to develop PRC film following the concept of polymer "structuring" processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) holds a great potential for converting CO2 into valuable carbon‐based chemicals and fuels. A promising strategy for enhancing CO2RR performance is the deliberate structural design of electrocatalysts, which can maximize the utilization of inherent structural advantages. In this work, SnO2 nanocubes (NCs) and nanorods (NRs) are synthesized using a surface energy‐driven growth orientation method, where the stable (110) facet and the highly energetic (001) facet constitute the SnO2 nanostructures. Leveraging the inherent structural merits of different facets on SnO2, theoretical calculations reveal that the (001) facet plays a primary role in inhibiting hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), while both (110) and (001) facets are highly favorable for CO2‐to‐formate conversion under the external bias. As a result, SnO2 NCs with a higher facet ratio of (001)/(110) achieve nearly 100% selectivity for the formation of carbonaceous products during CO2RR. More importantly, a maximum partial current density of about 1 A cm−2 with a formate Faradaic efficiency (FE) of over 90% is achieved in a flow cell, distinguishing it from most of the reported Sn‐based electrocatalysts. These results highlight the strategic advantages of leveraging the inherent structure of nanomaterials for efficient CO2RR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen of the deadly disease tuberculosis, depends on the redox cofactor mycofactocin (MFT) to adapt to and survive under hypoxic conditions. MftR is a TetR family transcription regulator that binds upstream of the MFT gene cluster and controls MFT synthesis. To elucidate the structural basis underlying MftR regulation, we determined the crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MftR (TB‐MftR). The structure revealed an interconnected hydrogen bond network in the α1‐α2‐α3 helices of helix‐turn‐helix (HTH) DNA‐binding domain that is essential for nucleic acid interactions. The ligand‐binding domain contains a hydrophobic cavity enclosing long‐chain fatty acyl‐CoAs like the key regulatory ligand oleoyl‐CoA. Despite variations in ligand‐binding modes, comparative analyses suggest regulatory mechanisms are largely conserved across TetR family acyl‐CoA sensors. By elucidating the intricate structural mechanisms governing DNA and ligand binding by TB‐MftR, our study enhances understanding of the regulatory roles of this transcription factor under hypoxic conditions, providing insights that could inform future research into Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most dominant interannual signal of climate variability and profoundly affects river flooding globally, especially in East Asia. However, ENSO also has ∼2,000 and ∼1,000‐year cycles, but due to the lack of flood records with sufficient length, little is known about the ENSO's impact on floods at these millennial timescales. Here we test this in the middle‐lower Yangtze River by reconstructing the first Holocene flood record with optically stimulated luminescence and 14C ages of flood deposits. We find the periods with high flooding probability generally correspond with intervals of weakened solar activity. Importantly, the flood record displays 2,000 and 1,000‐year cycles similar to the ENSO record, and band‐pass filter results show the two records are synchronous at these bands. Our results reveal a persistent control of ENSO on millennial‐scale hydroclimatic variability in the Yangtze basin and likely other basins. Plain Language Summary: El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the prominent pattern of interannual climate variability, profoundly affecting the river flow and flooding at the global scale. However, the ENSO's interannual cycle was strongly damped or even non‐existent in most of the Holocene, compared with a more robust millennial periodicity. It remains unclear whether a link exists between the flood and ENSO at millennial timescales due to the lack of sufficiently long flood series. Here we test this in the Yangtze River (YR) because ENSO has the most significant impact on this drainage area. We compiled the most detailed flood ages over the middle and lower YR to reconstruct the Holocene flood record. We found that the flood variations have prominent 2,000 and 1,000‐year cycles, and they exhibit in‐phase relationship with ENSO at these cycles, suggesting a persistent modulation of ENSO on the flooding at millennial timescales in the middle and lower Yangtze basin. This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the driving forces of floods in the Yangtze catchment at millennial timescales, thereby aiding to accurately assess flood hazards and flooding prediction in hydroclimatic modeling for the densely populated Yangtze basin. Key Points: We reconstructed the Holocene flood record for the middle and lower Yangtze River by compiling optically stimulated luminescence and 14C ages of flood depositsThe flood record displays clear 2,000 and 1,000‐year cyclesThe flood record is synchronous with El Niño‐Southern Oscillation at 2,000 and 1,000‐year cycles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development and maturity of electrochemical CO2 conversion involving cathodic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) and anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), conventional ex situ characterizations gradually fall behind in detecting real‐time products distribution, tracking intermediates, and monitoring structural evolution, etc. Nevertheless, advanced in situ techniques, with intriguing merits like good reproducibility, facile operability, high sensitivity, and short response time, can realize in situ detection and recording of dynamic data, and observe materials structural evolution in real time. As an emerging visual technique, scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) presents local electrochemical signals on various materials surface through capturing micro‐current caused by reactants oxidation and reduction. Importantly, SECM holds particular potentials in visualizing reactive intermediates at active sites and obtaining instantaneous morphology evolution images to reveal the intrinsic reactivity of active sites. Therefore, this review focuses on SECM fundamentals and its specific applications toward CO2RR and OER, mainly including electrochemical behavior observation on local regions of various materials, target products and onset potentials identification in real‐time, reaction pathways clarification, reaction kinetics exploration under steady‐state conditions, electroactive materials screening and multi‐techniques coupling for a joint utilization. This review undoubtedly provides a leading guidance to extend various SECM applications to other energy‐related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α,β‐Unsaturated compounds are one of the most important functional compounds. Due to their unique property and versatile utility, they usually occur as the key intermediates for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and biological materials. Thus, their synthesis has attracted more attentions than before. The early approaches to α,β‐unsaturated compounds are mainly about transition‐metal‐free methods, such as halogenation‐dehydrohalogenation methods and strong oxidants methods (organosulfur, organoselenium, benzoquinone). Subsequently, palladium and the other transition‐metals catalyzed dehydrogenation of carbonyl compounds appeared respectively. In this review, transition‐metal‐catalyzed α,β‐dehydrogenation is discussed, which is categorized by functional groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Olives, which are rich in bioactive compounds, are processed into beverages in China. We investigated the effect of fermentation by Limosilactobacillus fermentum NCU001464 on the physicochemical characteristics, biological activities and phenolic compounds of olive pulp. After fermentation for 48 h, pH and individual sugar content of olive pulp decreased. Lm. fermentum NCU001464 fermentation enhanced the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and the inhibitory effect against xanthine oxidase (XO) of olive pulp. Total phenol content was not significantly different between olive pulp fermented for 0 and 48 h. However, the fermented olive phenol extract had a lower IC50 value than the unfermented phenol extract. Fluorescence spectroscopy results revealed that the olive phenol extract had a stronger XO inhibitory effect after fermentation. The dominant binding forces between olive phenols and XO were hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. There were 31 different phenolic compounds between the unfermented and fermented extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A four‐component reaction of N‐arylpropiolamides, Hantzsch esters, Na2S2O5 and water via a radical cascade cyclization process with the insertion of sulfur dioxide mediated by K2S2O8 is reported. A series of alkylsulfonated spiro[4,5] trienones are prepared up to 86% yield with a good functional group tolerance and substrate applicability. Preliminary mechanism experiments indicate that carbonyl oxygen of spiro[4,5] trienones originated from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General methods for the preparation of geminal bis(boronates) are of great interest due to their widespread applications in organic synthesis. While the terminal gem‐diboron compounds are readily accessible, the construction of the sterically encumbered, internal analogues has remained a prominent challenge. Herein, we report a formal umpolung strategy to access these valuable building blocks. The readily available 1,1‐diborylalkanes were first converted into the corresponding α‐halogenated derivatives, which then serve as electrophilic components, undergoing a formal substitution with a diverse array of nucleophiles to form a series of C−C, C−O, C−S, and C−N bonds. This protocol features good tolerance to steric hindrance and a wide variety of functional groups and heterocycles. Notably, this strategy can also be extended to the synthesis of diaryl and terminal gem‐diboron compounds, therefore providing a general approach to various types of geminal bis(boronates). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General methods for the preparation of geminal bis(boronates) are of great interest due to their widespread applications in organic synthesis. While the terminal gem‐diboron compounds are readily accessible, the construction of the sterically encumbered, internal analogues has remained a prominent challenge. Herein, we report a formal umpolung strategy to access these valuable building blocks. The readily available 1,1‐diborylalkanes were first converted into the corresponding α‐halogenated derivatives, which then serve as electrophilic components, undergoing a formal substitution with a diverse array of nucleophiles to form a series of C−C, C−O, C−S, and C−N bonds. This protocol features good tolerance to steric hindrance and a wide variety of functional groups and heterocycles. Notably, this strategy can also be extended to the synthesis of diaryl and terminal gem‐diboron compounds, therefore providing a general approach to various types of geminal bis(boronates). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with individuals with hearing loss, tinnitus patients without hearing loss have more psychological or emotional problems. Tinnitus is closely associated to abnormal metabolism and function of the limbic system, a key brain region for emotion experience, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. Using whole‐brain microvasculature dynamics imaging, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is identified as a key brain region of limbic system involve in the onset of salicylate‐induced tinnitus in mice. In the tinnitus group, there is enhanced purine metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and a distinct pattern of phosphorylation in glutamatergic synaptic pathway according to the metabolome profiles, quantitative proteomic, and phosphoproteomic data of mice ACC tissue. Electroencephalogram in tinnitus patients with normal hearing thresholds show that the functional connectivity between pregenual anterior cingulate cortex and the primary auditory cortex is significantly increased for high‐gamma frequency band, which is positively correlated with the serum glutamate level. These findings indicate that ACC plays an important role in the pathophysiology of tinnitus by interacting with the primary auditory cortex and provide potential molecular targets in the ACC for tinnitus treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UV nonlinear optical materials require the simultaneous achievement of a large second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficient (≥1 × KH2PO4 (KDP), dij > 0.39 pmV−1), wide bandgap (λ < 300 nm, Eg > 4.2 eV), and moderate birefringence (0.05‐0.10@1064 nm) in a single structure. Therefore, designing UV nonlinear optical materials with excellent comprehensive performance is a challenging task. Herein, four UV transparent selenite materials are successfully obtained, namely, Al2(SeO3)3(H2O)3 (1), Ga2(SeO3)3(H2O)3 (2), NaGa3(HSeO3)6(SeO3)2 (3), and Cd5Ga4(HSeO3)2(SeO3)10 (4), through rational design and screening in the pure selenite system. Al2(SeO3)3(H2O)3 (1) and Ga2(SeO3)3(H2O)3 (2) are UV nonlinear optical materials with balanced properties, exhibiting moderate SHG responses (1.2 and 1.1 × KDP), appropriate birefringence (0.084 and 0.076@1064 nm), and wide bandgaps (5.5 and 5.3 eV). Such bandgaps are the largest in the reported pure selenite nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. This work further demonstrates that pure selenite is a good candidate for UV NLO materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) supported metal nanoparticles (MNPs) (MNPs@MOFs) composites, as a class of effective functional materials, have been extensively explored because of the synergetic effect of MOFs and MNPs. Lots of synthesized methods are developed to synthesize MNPs@MOFs composites. These strategies can be generally divided into four main synthesis strategies: ship‐in‐the‐bottle, bottle‐around‐the‐ship, one‐pot, and sandwich assembly approaches. In this review, the recent synthesized strategies are discussed and summarized for the design and fabrication of different MNPs@MOFs composites. Then, the catalytic applications of some MNPs@MOFs composites are presented. Lastly, the challenges and future perspectives are also pointed out in this hot research filed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many kinds of medicinal ingredients occur in Cirsium lineare that have good clinical efficacy, conferring on this species its high medicinal development value. However, with a rapidly changing global climate, it is increasingly imperative to study the factors affecting the habitat distribution and survival of species. We predicted the current and future distribution areas of suitable habitats for C. lineare, analyzed the importance of environmental variables in influencing habitat shifts, and described the alterations to suitable habitats of C. lineare in different periods (modern, 2050s, and 2070s) and scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5). The results show that, under the current climate, the total suitable area of C. lineare is about 2,220,900 km2, of which the highly suitable portion amounts to ca. 292,600 km2. The minimum temperature of the coldest month, annual precipitation, and mean daily temperature range are the chief environmental variables affecting the distribution of habitat for C. lineare. In the same period, with rising greenhouse gas emission concentrations, the total suitable area will increase. In general, under future climate change, the suitable habitat for C. lineare will gradually migrate to the west and north, and its total suitable area will also expand. The results of this experiment can be used for the conservation and management of the wild resources of C. lineare. We can choose suitable growth areas to protect the medicinal resources of C. lineare through in situ conservation and artificial breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has historically been exceedingly challenging to create physically and chemically stable lanthanide compounds with strong second harmonic generation (SHG) due to their strong preference to central symmetry. In this work, five new non‐centrosymmetric lanthanide selenites, namely, Ln2F2(OH2)(MoO3)2(SeO3)2 (Ln = Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb and Dy), are achieved by partial fluorination of the lanthanide oxygen polyhedron. An HF corrosion resistant supercritical hydrothermal method is developed, which is a facile and universal method for HF corrosion and high‐temperature high‐pressure environment. The title compounds displayed a novel 3D framework composed of 1D molybdenum selenite chains bridged by Ln2F2O12(OH2) dimers. Their powder SHG responses showed a large difference, ranging from 1.0 to 9.0 × KH2PO4 (KDP) at 1064 nm. The half‐filled Gd compound exhibited very strong SHG efficiency of up to 1.2 × KTP (KTiOPO4) at 2050 nm. Compounds Tb and Gd are the first lanthanide selenites with SHG intensity reaching KTP level, which is very rare in this system. Furthermore, these compounds can also possess excellent physicochemical stability and strong luminescence emission, indicating that they are promising multifunctional nonlinear optical materials. This work offered an effective way for design and synthesis of multifunctional and high‐performant nonlinear optical materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a Boolean network model with high dimensional chaos driving and investigates the synchronization of the chaos‐driven Boolean network with a semi‐tensor product. In order to protect the privacy and ensure the security of image transmission, the synchronization results are utilized in the image cryptosystem to achieve compression and encryption. First, the driving chaos system is coupled with multiple local systems and synchronized with the transmitted encrypted signals. Second, the Boolean network is driven and synchronized with derived chaos signals. Finally, images are encrypted and compressed with chaos‐driven Boolean network signals in the transmitter, and then decrypted and recovered with synchronized chaos and Boolean network signals in the recipient. Because of the complexities of high dimensional chaos and Boolean network, the proposed cryptosystem has good security in the secure communication and image process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic ferroelectrics have long dominated research and applications, taking advantage of high piezoelectric performance in bulk polycrystalline ceramic forms. Molecular ferroelectrics have attracted growing interest because of their environmental friendliness, easy processing, lightweight, and good biocompatibility, while realizing the considerable piezoelectricity in their bulk polycrystalline forms remains a great challenge. Herein, for the first time, through ring enlargement, a molecular ferroelectric 1‐azabicyclo[3.2.1]octonium perrhenate ([3.2.1‐abco]ReO4) with a large piezoelectric coefficient d33 up to 118 pC/N in the polycrystalline pellet form is designed, which is higher than that of the parent 1‐azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanium perrhenate ([2.2.1–abch]ReO4, 90 pC/N) and those of most molecular ferroelectrics in polycrystalline or even single crystal forms. The ring enlargement reduces the molecular strain for easier molecular deformation, which contributes to the higher piezoelectric response in [3.2.1‐abco]ReO4. This work opens up a new avenue for exploring high piezoelectric polycrystalline molecular ferroelectrics with great potential in piezoelectric applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practical application of spinel‐type lithium titanate Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) lithium‐ion batteries is hindered by its poor conductivity and relatively low capacity. To address these issues, an LTO/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/SnO2 is synthesized via an in situ electrostatic self‐assembly and hydrothermal reduction process. Density function theory (DFT) simulations are conducted to understand the geometrical structures of these composites and the energy storage mechanisms. The DFT results confirm that the introduction of rGO and SnO2 to LTO increases the overall conductivity, improves the structure stability, and increases Li‐ion diffusion speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass‐derived carbon (BC) has attracted extensive attention as anode material for lithium ion batteries (LiBs) due to its natural hierarchical porous structure and rich heteroatoms that can adsorb Li+. However, the specific surface area of pure biomass carbon is generally small, so we can help NH3 and inorganic acid produced by urea decomposition to strip biomass, improve its specific surface area and enrich nitrogen elements. The nitrogen‐rich graphite flake obtained by the above treatment of hemp is named NGF. The product that has a high nitrogen content of 10.12% has a high specific surface area of 1151.1 m2 g−1. In the lithium ion battery test, the capacity of NGF is 806.6 mAh g−1 at 30 mA g−1, which is twice than that of BC. NGF also showed excellent performance that is 429.2 mAh g−1 under high current testing at 2000 mA g−1. The reaction process kinetics is analyzed and we found that the outstanding rate performance is attributed to the large‐scale capacitance control. In addition, the results of the constant current intermittent titration test indicate that the diffusion coefficient of NGF is greater than that of BC. This work proposes a simple method of nitrogen‐rich activated carbon, which has a significantly commercial prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously, we have found that (NbTaZrW)C exhibits a good combination of nanohardness and toughness. In this report, we explore the possibility to further increase the overall properties of this high‐entropy carbide ceramic (HECC) through introducing SiC particle (SiCP). To this end, a series of (NbTaZrW)C–xSiC ceramic composites (x = 0/5/15/30/50 vol.%) were fabricated using spark plasma sintering (SPS), their microstructure and mechanical properties were characterized. Our results reveal a grain refinement effects of SiCP, an agglomeration of SiCP with (1 0 0) plane preferentially perpendicular to the SPS‐pressing direction and the formation of a transition region with various stoichiometric ratio of (NbTaZrW)xC1−x in the (NbTaZrW)C–SiCP vicinity. The elastic modulus, microhardness, and flexural strength of the HECCs show tight positive relations with the SiCP content and the beneficial effect of SiCP to the fracture toughness of (NbTaZrW)C becomes evident once the content of SiCP reaches 30 vol.%. Altogether, (NbTaZrW)C–50%SiC, which has a microhardness of 22 GPa, a flexural strength of 455 MPa, and an indentation fracture toughness of 6.54 MPa m1/2, presents the optimal combination of mechanical properties among the investigated composites. Mechanistically, the strengthening effect of SiCP introduction arises from the intrinsic high hardness of SiCP and the SiCP‐induced grain refinement and the toughening effect is mainly associated with crack bridging mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a great challenge to develop UV nonlinear optical (NLO) material due to the demanding conditions of strong second harmonic generation (SHG) intensity and wide band gap. The first ultraviolet NLO selenite material, Y3F(SeO3)4, has been obtained by control of the fluorine content in a centrosymmetric CaYF(SeO3)2. The two new compounds represent similar 3D structures composed of 3D yttrium open frameworks strengthened by selenite groups. CaYF(SeO3)2 has a large birefringence (0.138@532 nm and 0.127@1064 nm) and a wide optical band gap (5.06 eV). The non‐centrosymmetric Y3F(SeO3)4 can exhibit strong SHG intensity (5.5×KDP@1064 nm), wide band gap (5.03 eV), short UV cut‐off edge (204 nm) and high thermal stability (690 °C). So, Y3F(SeO3)4 is a new UV NLO material with excellent comprehensive properties. Our work shows that it is an effective method to develop new UV NLO selenite material by fluorination control of the centrosymmetric compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a great challenge to develop UV nonlinear optical (NLO) material due to the demanding conditions of strong second harmonic generation (SHG) intensity and wide band gap. The first ultraviolet NLO selenite material, Y3F(SeO3)4, has been obtained by control of the fluorine content in a centrosymmetric CaYF(SeO3)2. The two new compounds represent similar 3D structures composed of 3D yttrium open frameworks strengthened by selenite groups. CaYF(SeO3)2 has a large birefringence (0.138@532 nm and 0.127@1064 nm) and a wide optical band gap (5.06 eV). The non‐centrosymmetric Y3F(SeO3)4 can exhibit strong SHG intensity (5.5×KDP@1064 nm), wide band gap (5.03 eV), short UV cut‐off edge (204 nm) and high thermal stability (690 °C). So, Y3F(SeO3)4 is a new UV NLO material with excellent comprehensive properties. Our work shows that it is an effective method to develop new UV NLO selenite material by fluorination control of the centrosymmetric compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fractional constitutive meta‐model for the mechanical behavior of rocks is proposed to bypass complex integration algorithms and consider the uncertainty of model/material parameters. First, a physics‐induced database is constructed with the aid of a fractional constitutive model and two developed input–output strategies. Then three machine algorithms (i.e., random forests, extreme gradient boosting, and multilayer perceptron) together with two input–output strategies are employed to formulate six different meta‐models. The grid‐search and five‐fold cross‐validation methods are utilized to optimize key hyperparameters of meta‐models. Through the comparisons of evaluation metrics and prediction results, the multilayer perceptron algorithm with strategy II becomes an optimal combination to construct the meta‐model. The results of the feature's importance and sensitivity analyses indicate that the parameters' influences in this data‐driven paradigm are in line with physical reality. The effectiveness of the proposed meta‐model is validated by comparing the predicted results with experimental observations from the literature. Additionally, the uncertainty analyses from the meta‐model and material/model parameters can be conducted based on a linear regression model and the Monte Carlo simulation. The study results show that the presented meta‐model based on physics‐guided synthetic data has the potential to replace the general fractional constitutive model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compositions of chromitites and dunites from Moho transition zone (MTZ) of the Coto block of the Zambales ophiolite, Philippines, are used to investigate the geodynamic transition from anhydrous to hydrous magmatism during subduction initiation (SI). Chromite grains in the chromitites have Cr# values [100 × Cr/(Cr + Al)] and TiO2 contents ∼35–50 and 0.05–0.30 wt.%, respectively, intermediate between those of chromite in typical MORB‐like lavas (Cr#, ∼20–60; TiO2, ∼0.6–1.7 wt.%) and boninites (Cr#, ∼70–85; TiO2, <0.4 wt.%). Olivine grains in the dunites have δ7Li values varying from ∼−2‰ to +21‰ with most between +10‰ and +15‰, beyond that of normal mantle (+4 ± 2‰) but comparable to those of some arc lavas (up to +12‰). The data set indicates that parental magmas of the high‐Al chromitites originated from hydrated harzburgitic mantle sources and formed temporally between MORB‐like and boninitic magmatism during SI, resulting from the early stage of flux melting in the Zambales proto‐forearc mantle. Modeling of Li diffusion reveals that the MTZ cooled down at a minimum rate of 0.1°C/yr in order to preserve the large δ7Li variation of olivine in the dunites, comparable to the thermal conditions below ultra‐slow to slow spreading ridges. Such a stage of transitional magmatism, although displaying notable slab contributions, took place at a sluggish period of slab rollback and asthenospheric upwelling, leading to a trough level of heat flow and magma production during the entire course of SI. Plain Language Summary: Subduction initiation (SI) is a prerequisite for starting plate movement. It is featured by rollback of subducted oceanic slabs in the mantle and upward flow of deep mantle materials into the shallow mantle wedges, resulting in mid‐ocean ridge‐like spreading settings above the retreating slabs and mid‐ocean ridge basalt‐like (MORB‐like) lavas. Heated by surrounding hot mantle, slabs gradually release fluids into the overlying mantle, inducing H2O‐rich magmatism such as boninitic ones. Although MORB‐like and boninitic lavas are accepted to originate from H2O‐poor and H2O‐rich mantle sources, respectively, few details were revealed on how transition between the two contrasting types of magmatism is achieved. This work did chemical analyses and modeling on some SI‐related rocks that show affinity to transitional MORB‐boninitic magmatism. Our results show the transitional magmas originated from mantle sources chemically similar to those of boninites, but formed under cooler conditions than both MORB‐like and boninitic lavas. Development of such transitional magmatism reveals that the sources of SI‐related magmas became increasingly rich in fluids, and there was a cooling period between the MORB and boninitic magmatism, possibly due to slow slab rollback and sluggish upwelling of deep hot mantle below the SI‐induced spreading centers during the transitional period. Key Points: Parental magmas of high‐Al chromitites were derived from hydrous harzburgitic mantleHigh‐Al chromitites formed at the early stage of flux melting during subduction initiationThe δ7Li variation of olivine in dunites reveals a period of sluggish slab rollback [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Screening promising hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts for water splitting is crucial for the industrial scalability of sustainable energy storage. As HER catalysts, two‐dimensional (2D) MXenes are promising substitution materials for platinum. Tuning the surface termination and loading a single atom can help to improve the electrocatalytic performance of 2D MXenes. We utilized density functional theory (DFT) calculations to explore the catalyst activity, thermal stability, and dynamic stability of 2D single atom‐loaded MXenes with surface terminations. We demonstrate that 21 uninvestigated 2D single‐atom MXene catalysts, among 264 promising candidates, show an electrocatalytic activity surpassing that of platinum. Among the 21 most promising HER catalysts, 7 (Ti3C2I2Ir, Ti3C2Br2Cu, Ti3C2Br2Pt, Ti3C2Cl2Cu, Ti3C2Cl2Pt, Ti3C2Se2Au, and Ti3C2Te2Nb) are dynamically and thermally stable. Furthermore, machine learning tools predicted the catalyst activity and thermal stability using elemental properties that are easily available in chemical data repositories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Herein, we describe the synthesis of a carborane‐supported octanuclear palladacycle complex, Pd8(o‐C2B10H10CS2CH3)4Cl4(CH3CN)4 (complex 1), with B(3)–H activations on o‐carborane ligand. The substitution reaction of 1 has been explored, and three of its substituted complexes Pd8(o‐C2B10H10CS2CH3)4Cl4(L)4 (L = tBuNC, 2; L = C5H5N, 3; L = C4H8S, 4) have been synthesized. The m‐ and p‐carborane disubstituted ligands m‐ and p‐C2B10H10(CS2CH3)2 (ligands 5 and 6) as well as their B—H activated carborane complexes [m‐C2B10H9(CS2CH3)2PdCl] (7) and [p‐C2B10H8(CS2CH3)2][PdCl(tBuNC)]2 (8) have also been synthesized by the similar method. All of these complexes have been characterized, including X‐ray single crystal diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(ethylene oxide)‐based polymer all‐solid‐state LiS battery is a promising candidate due to its high specific energy, good processability, and low cost. However, the poor room temperature ionic conductivity limits its further development. Here an innovative photothermal battery technology is proposed to realize the normal operation at room temperature. This design places the 3D Cu substrate with Cu/Si core‐shell structures between Li anode and outer encapsulation glass, so that the light can come in and generate heat efficiently by utilizing the carrier nonradiative recombination of Si nano shell, then the heat quickly transfers to the battery system through Cu core. Once simulated sunlight irradiates, the battery achieves a fast reaction kinetics and superior photothermal conversion, thus realizing a lifespan of over 20 cycles with a capacity of 1089.9 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C. Even on the actual sunlight irradiation, a high discharge/charge capacity of 1065.2/1036.5 mAh g−1 is also reached, indicating an excellent reversible electrochemical process. Moreover, the 3D nanostructure can accommodate the fatal volume variation of lithium and reduce the effective current density, thus suppressing the dendrite nucleation and growth. This study will open the avenue to develop a room temperature polymer all‐solid‐state LiS battery using photothermal technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemically converting CO2 (CO2 reduction reaction(CO2RR)) to value‐added fuels is an advanced technology to effectively alleviate global warming and the energy crisis. However, thermodynamically high energy barriers, sluggish reaction kinetics, and inadequate CO2 conversion rate as well as poor selectivity of target products and rapid materials degradation severely limit its further large‐scale application, which highlights the importance of high‐performance electrocatalysts. Metal nanomaterials, due to their intrinsically high but still insufficient reactivity, selectivity, and stability, have been brought to the forefront and have lead to many reviews from various points of view. However, reviews which comprehensively unravel the importance and excellence of specific metal nanostructures and their associated properties for CO2RR are quite limited. To bridge this gap, various specific monometal and bimetal nanostructures are summarized, with an emphasis on the deep understanding of crystal orientation, surface structure, surface crystallography, surface modification, and many associated effects benefiting from the constructed specific metal nanostructures as well as the intrinsic relationships of specific metal nanostructure‐property‐CO2RR activities. Finally, the challenges and the perspectives to advance CO2RR are proposed to pay particularly more attention to architecture evolution during CO2RR with in situ/operando techniques, high‐throughput theoretical computations, and facile synthetic strategies with high yield and production for scale‐up applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim (PUM) is a popular fruit among consumers, and also used as medical diet for dissolving phlegm and arresting cough. The present study aims to investigate the potential protective effect of P. ussuriensis Maxim 70% ethanol eluted fraction (PUM70) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced alveolar macrophages and acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. A total of 18 polyphenol compounds were tentatively identified in PUM70 by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. The results in vivo suggested that PUM70 treatment could effectively alleviate the histological changes, and significantly inhibit the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6)). The cell test results show that PUM70 exerted its protective effect by suppressing the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels (inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and decreasing nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin 2 (PGE2) contents. In addition, it also inhibited the overproduction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6). Furthermore, PUM70 induced the production of heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) protein and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2), indicating that PUM70 could mitigate oxidative injury via the Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway. Moreover, PUM70 inhibited LPS‐induced inflammation by blocking the phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The above results indicate that PUM70 has protective effects on LPS‐induced ALI, possibly be related to the inhibition of MAPK and Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally assumed that increased dust accumulation rate (DAR) on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) is associated with intensified inland Asian aridification. However, the timescales and area that any such association operates over is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate a lack of correlation between the southern CLP loess DAR variations and aridification over the past 130 ka, which does not support a direct link between high DAR and intensified inland Asian aridification over millennial to tens of millennial timescales. Instead, we propose that loess DAR variation is more likely determined by wet‐dry cycles and associated loose sediment production and availability via fluvial and glacial processes. Plain Language Summary: Aridification is a global challenge facing humanity. As such, there is a pressing need to understand changes in aridification over a range of scales, as well as their causes. Arid inland Asia is the largest middle‐latitude arid region, and mineral dust emitted from here is found downwind in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) loess, North Pacific Ocean sediments, and even Greenland ice. As a result, North Pacific and CLP sediments are frequently used to infer inland Asian aridification history. Underpinning this is the assumption that faster dust accumulation corresponds to increased inland Asian aridification. By contrast, here we demonstrate that fast dust accumulation during cycles within the Ice Age on the southeastern CLP correspond instead to periods of increased East Asian river erosion associated with intensified dry‐wet climatic contrasts. Thus, dust accumulation is decoupled from inland Asian aridification variations. This challenges one of the most basic foundations in inland Asian aridification research. This study has broad implications for understanding the responses and feedbacks of atmospheric dust in climate systems, dust‐climate modeling assumptions, understanding of inland Asian aridity history and its causes, and interpretations of far field dust accumulation records in, for example, North Pacific sediments and Greenland ice‐cores. Key Points: Sedimentary evidence is utilized to systematically test the role of inland Asian aridification in Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) dust accumulationInland Asian aridification is not the dominant control on CLP dust deposition at millennial and tens of millennial timescalesThis underscores the important role of fluvial sediments in supplying sediments to the CLP and local impacts on dust deposition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed and conducted to clarify the impact of RNF128 expression on malignant biological behaviors of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and the underlying mechanism. The expression of RNF128 in CRC tissues was analyzed using mRNA sequencing data of TCGA database and was validated by Western blot assay. The experimental studies on biological functions of RNF128 in vitro were conducted to assess its impact on the proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis of CRC cells. Furthermore, tumor xenograft models in nude mice were established to investigate the relationship between RNF128 expression and tumor growth in vivo. The expression levels of both RNF128 mRNA and protein were significantly increased in CRC tissues (p <.001). The knockdown of RNF128 markedly suppressed the malignant phenotype of HCT116 and SW480 cells in vitro, including cell growth, antiapoptosis, migration, and invasion (p <.001). On the other hand, knockdown of RNF128 exerted a remarkable effect on the growth inhibition of tumor xenografts in vivo (p <.001). Further investigation revealed that RNF128 knockdown lead to a significant decrease in the expression of p‐AKT and p‐PI3K protein. More importantly, the proliferative, antiapoptotic, metastatic abilities of RNF128‐knockdown cells were markedly increased by 740 Y‐P treatment (p <.001). These findings further suggested that PI3K/AKT signaling pathway played a key role in RNF128‐mediated aggressive phenotype of CRC cells. RNF128 functions as a tumor promoter in the pathogenesis of CRC via regulating PI3K/AKT pathway, and it could be a valuable target for CRC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear, α‐branched, and β‐branched aliphatic amines are widespread in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals. Thus, the development of direct and efficient methods to these structures in a tunable manner is highly desirable yet challenging. Herein, a catalyst‐controlled synthesis of α‐branched, β‐branched and linear aliphatic amines from Ni/Co‐catalyzed regio‐ and site‐selective hydroalkylations of alkenyl amines with alkyl halides is developed. This catalytic protocol features the reliable prediction and control of the coupling position of alkylation to provide orthogonal access to α‐branched, β‐branched and linear alkyl amines from identical starting materials. This platform unlocks orthogonal reactivity and selectivity of nickel hydride and cobalt hydride chemistry to catalytically repurpose three types of alkyl amines under mild conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear, α‐branched, and β‐branched aliphatic amines are widespread in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals. Thus, the development of direct and efficient methods to these structures in a tunable manner is highly desirable yet challenging. Herein, a catalyst‐controlled synthesis of α‐branched, β‐branched and linear aliphatic amines from Ni/Co‐catalyzed regio‐ and site‐selective hydroalkylations of alkenyl amines with alkyl halides is developed. This catalytic protocol features the reliable prediction and control of the coupling position of alkylation to provide orthogonal access to α‐branched, β‐branched and linear alkyl amines from identical starting materials. This platform unlocks orthogonal reactivity and selectivity of nickel hydride and cobalt hydride chemistry to catalytically repurpose three types of alkyl amines under mild conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel, safe, convenient and efficient protocol has been developed for regioselective chlorination of imidazo‐fused heterocycles with dichloro(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐λ3‐iodanes under mild conditions. The present approach avoids the need of toxic chlorinating reagents, strong stoichiometric oxidants, metal catalysts or harsh reaction conditions. 36 examples of imidazo‐fused heterocycle substrates were investigated, and the chlorinated products were obtained with moderate to excellent yields. Control experiments indicated that the chlorinated reaction proceeded through an electrophilic aromatic substitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising strategy to convert CO2 to carbon‐based fuels and to simultaneously reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In this work, the bismuth subcarbonate nanoflowers (BOC NFs) are facilely prepared through a one‐pot synthesis method for efficient formate electrosynthesis through CO2RR. Benefiting from the crystal structure and sheet‐stacked morphology, the in situ measurements and theoretical calculation results reveal the self‐reinforced CO2 adsorption properties and rapid CO2 adsorption–desorption kinetics on the catalyst surface, which significantly facilitate the CO2RR process. As a result, the desirable Faradaic efficiencies of over 90%, with a maximum value of 98.9%, toward formate formation, are achieved in a wide potential window from −0.8 to −1.4 V in an H‐type cell. Moreover, in a flow cell, the superior intrinsic activity of BOC NFs guarantees the high throughput electrocatalytic performance of CO2RR and the FEformate of over 90% with high current density is achieved in a potential range as wide as 1200 mV, demonstrating the great potential of BOC NFs for practical CO2RR applications. These results underscore the effectiveness of designing electrocatalysts with self‐reinforced CO2 adsorption properties to improve electrocatalytic performance for efficient CO2RR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MXene, an emerging two‐dimensional nanomaterial, possessed large specific surface area good hydrophilicity and tunable interlayer spacing which had attracted the attention of scientists. However, MXene itself was very easy to stack. Here, we reported one MXene‐based composite, using Ti3C2 as a matrix, citric acid (CA) modifying alkalized Ti3C2 (Alk‐TC) were compounded to prepare citric acid‐alkalized Ti3C2 composite (CA‐Alk‐TC) which was used subsequently as an adsorbent for adsorbing basic red 46. The results of batch adsorption experience indicated that the adsorption kinetics conformed to the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model, and the adsorption thermodynamics corresponded to the Langmuir isotherm model. When the reaction condition was 60 min, 5 mg, pH 5, 140 mg/L, and 308 K, the Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity of basic red 46 reached 230.95 mg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the correlation of inflammatory cytokines with the treatment response to tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) patients. Methods: This study enrolled 86 axSpA patients and 20 healthy controls (HCs). Inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐12, IL‐17A, IL‐21, IL‐23, and IL‐32 were determined in serum samples of axSpA patients before treatment and in HCs after enrollment. All patients received 40 mg adalimumab every 2 weeks for 12 weeks; meanwhile, ASAS40 (40 criteria of the Assessment by the SpondyloArthritis International Society) response rates were evaluated at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. Results: Most inflammatory cytokines were elevated in axSpA patients compared with HCs (all P < 0.05) except for IL‐32 (P = 0.101). In axSpA patients, ASAS40 response rates were 0%, 19.5%, 34.5%, 47.1%, and 56.3% at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12, respectively. Baseline [interquartile range] IL‐6 (47.3 [32.5‐53.4] pg/mL vs 31.7 [23.0‐50.9] pg/mL, P = 0.005) and IL‐17A (127.9 [90.7‐149.5] pg/mL vs 96.6 [56.1‐112.6] pg/mL, P < 0.001) were higher in axSpA patients with ASAS40 response compared with those without ASAS40 response, while baseline TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐12, IL‐21, IL‐23, and IL‐32 were not different between them (all P > 0.050). Multivariate logistic regression analysis disclosed that baseline IL‐17A (P = 0.037), C‐reactive protein (P = 0.012), and history of TNF inhibitor (P = 0.029) were independently associated with ASAS40 response. Furthermore, baseline IL‐17A, C‐reactive protein, history of TNFi, and their combination had an acceptable to good ability for predicting ASAS40 response. Conclusion: Measurement of pre‐treatment inflammatory cytokine levels is valuable for predicting treatment efficacy of TNFi in axSpA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies on the epidemiology and prognosis of primary ocular adnexal lymphoma (POAL) are scarce for its low occurrence. The goal of our research was to assess the epidemiologic characteristics, prognostic variables and survival of POAL patients. Methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was used to collect data on patients identified with POAL from 1975 to 2011 and the incidence rate of POAL from 1975 to 2017. To discover independent predictive markers for overall survival (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS), multivariable Cox regression analysis was utilised. The independent prognostic factors found by multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to generate a nomogram. Results: A total of 2839 patients were diagnosed with POAL, with an average age of 64.1 years. The total incidence of POAL was 2.51/1000000 (according to the overall adjustment of the 2000 American standard) from 1975 to 2017, and the annual percentage change (APC) was 2.47 (95% confidence interval 1.64–3.32, p < 0.05), showing a sharp upward trend. After multivariate Cox regression analysis, age, gender, year of diagnosis, marital status, primary site, laterality, pathological type and treatment strategy were evaluated as independent prognostic factors of OS or DSS (p < 0.05). A nomogram was constructed to forecast the DSS of 1, 3, 5 and 10 years. The concordance index (C‐index) and the calibration plots demonstrated the robustness and accuracy of the nomogram. Conclusions: Although POAL is sporadic, the incidence has generally increased in the past 36 years. In recent years, survival rates have risen, and radiotherapy can render better OS and DSS. The nomogram specially made for POAL is robust and precise in predicting the DSS of 1, 3, 5 and 10 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is important for energy conversion devices, such as fuel cells, and metal‐air batteries. Here, we have developed a confined space strategy to prepare a two‐dimensional (2D) leaf‐like nitrogen (N)‐containing porous carbon as a single‐atom catalyst substrate. ZIF−L materials have been confined in a thin silica layer to regulate the pyrolysis. The obtained Fe single atoms doped N‐containing porous carbons (Fe SAs/N−C) maintain the 2D morphology and have Fe single‐atom active sites. Correspondingly, Fe SAs/N−C exhibits excellent ORR performance (E1/2 of 0.907 V), which is more positive than those of commercially available Pt/C (0.874 V) and most reported non‐noble metal catalysts. The durability test shows that Fe SAs/N−C exhibits good stability during electrocatalytic process. This rational design shows a new strategy to prepare 2D catalyst supports with single‐atom active sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of the Internet of Things has promoted the application of wearable devices in human's daily life and industrialization. Strain sensors play an indispensable role as a member of wearable devices. Here, a strain film sensor with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Ti3C2TX MXene, which is obtained by vacuum‐assisted filtration and integrated onto a thermoplastic polyurethane substrate, is developed. Since the MWCNTs and Ti3C2TX MXene composite sensor has a characteristic 'mud‐brick' microstructure. The sensor has the ability to detect various human movements, such as, bending of finger joints, wrists, elbow joints, and shoulder. The sensors show excellent mechanical property and can be folded more than 2000 times without failure. It also exhibits short response time, low detection limit, and wide range of use. In addition, the sensor shows excellent electrical heating performance. The temperature of the composite film can rise to 96.6 °C in a short period of time even under low voltage power supply (25 V). It likewise proves its excellent performance in terms of cyclability and long‐time heating capability. The film has low production cost, easy preparation method, and simple operation. The MWCNT/Ti3C2TX MXene film can be integrated into wearable devices and shows great potential for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study of enantioselective recognition in water by synthetic chiral macrocyclic receptors is undoubtedly of theoretical and practical significance, but it is a big challenge to achieve the enantioselective recognition with both high enantioselectivity and high affinity in water probably due to the deficiency of such water‐soluble macrocyclic receptors with stable chiral cavities. Herein, we report a new class of chiral macrocyclic arenes named octopus[3]arenes. The enantiomeric macrocycles are composed of three homochiral ethenoanthracene subunits, and they can be synthesized by two pathways and then easily converted into water‐soluble octopus[3]arenes P‐1 and M‐1. Notably, P‐1 and M‐1 with the rigid hexagonal structures and stable chiral hydrophobic cavities exhibit highly enantioselective recognition towards three pairs of chiral ammonium salts in water with the association constant up to 106 M−1 and the S/R selectivity up to 12.89. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study of enantioselective recognition in water by synthetic chiral macrocyclic receptors is undoubtedly of theoretical and practical significance, but it is a big challenge to achieve the enantioselective recognition with both high enantioselectivity and high affinity in water probably due to the deficiency of such water‐soluble macrocyclic receptors with stable chiral cavities. Herein, we report a new class of chiral macrocyclic arenes named octopus[3]arenes. The enantiomeric macrocycles are composed of three homochiral ethenoanthracene subunits, and they can be synthesized by two pathways and then easily converted into water‐soluble octopus[3]arenes P‐1 and M‐1. Notably, P‐1 and M‐1 with the rigid hexagonal structures and stable chiral hydrophobic cavities exhibit highly enantioselective recognition towards three pairs of chiral ammonium salts in water with the association constant up to 106 M−1 and the S/R selectivity up to 12.89. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D materials with Dirac cones, which show a linear band character near the Fermi level, exhibit many novel properties. Herein, based on first‐principles calculations, the 2D phosphorus carbide (PC5) monolayer is studied systematically. The stability is examined by calculating the formation energy, phonon dispersion, and elastic constants as well as by performing ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Due to the similarity of its structure to that of graphene, one Dirac cone is exactly located at the Fermi level, which is very robust against external biaxial and uniaxial strains. Treating the PC5 monolayer as graphene with doped P atoms along the armchair direction, a 3N rule is found similar to that of graphene nanoribbons with armchair edges. These physical properties make the PC5 monolayer a promising 2D material for emerging electronics applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of foreign elements is considered as an effective method to improve the thermal stability of alumina aerogels at a higher temperature. However, the location and stabilizing mechanism of the foreign elements in the alumina aerogel have not been carefully studied. In this work, Si or La was introduced into the network of alumina aerogels through a sol‐gel strategy. The Si‐doped alumina aerogel maintained high surface area (92 m2/g) and pore volume (0.572 cm3/g) even at 1300°C. The dopants prevented α‐Al2O3 transformation at elevated temperatures (1200°C–1300°C). The distribution of foreign ions and their stabilizing mechanism were discussed in detail. The doped alumina aerogels reinforced by mullite fiber felt, with quite low density and thermal conductivity, can be used as high‐temperature thermal insulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correct understanding of the behavior of highly stripped ions immersed in a dense plasma environment is a hitherto challenge for theory and it is of importance in various applications. Here, we developed four kinds of novel theoretical models to the determination of the spectral properties and collision dynamics of H‐like ions in dense and hot plasmas by employing the analytical potential [Li et al., Phys. Plasmas2019, 26, 033301] to describe the interactions among the charged particles: (i) The electron photon processes in plasma model within the relativistic scheme; (ii) The multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock model within the framework of relativistic self‐consistent iteration approximation; (iii) The generalized pseudospectral method within the relativistic framework; and (iv) An analytic formula based on the Hartree–Fock method and the irreducible tensor theory within the non‐relativistic regime, derived from a solution of Schrödinger equation. As a typical example, energy eigenvalues, radiative transition properties, spectral line shifts, and electron impact excitation and ionization cross sections of the selected N6+ and Ne9+ ions are determined for several temperature‐density cases, characteristic of inertial confinement fusion plasmas. A comparison of these results with each other and the results from earlier calculations as well as with the available experimental data is provided. Systematic trend is determined for all the properties under study concerning increased screening. The present study not only extends our understanding of the dense plasma shielding effects, but also opens the way for future investigations allowing accurate predictions of spectral properties of ions in dense and hot plasmas aimed at providing precision data for various practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whole genome duplication (WGD) provides new genetic material for genome evolution. After a WGD event, some duplicates are lost, while other duplicates still persist and evolve diverse functions. A particular challenge is to understand how this diversity arises. This study identified two WGD‐derived duplicates, MYB158 and MYB189, from Populus tomentosa. Populus MYB158 and MYB189 had expression divergence. Populus tomentosa overexpressing MYB158 or MYB189 had similar phenotypes: creep growth, decreased width of xylem and secondary cell wall thickness. Compared to wild‐type, neither myb158 mutant nor myb158 myb189 double mutant showed obvious phenotypic variation in P. tomentosa. Although MYB158 and MYB189 proteins could repress the same structural genes involved in lignin, cellulose, and xylan biosynthesis, the two proteins had their own specific regulatory targets. Populus MYB158 could act as the upstream regulator of secondary cell wall NAC master switch and directly represses the expression of the SND1‐B2 gene. Taken together, Populus MYB158 and MYB189 have retained similar functions in negatively regulating secondary cell wall biosynthesis, but have evolved partially distinct functions in direct regulation of NAC master switch, with MYB158 playing a more crucial role. Our findings provide new insights into the evolutionary and functional divergence of WGD‐derived duplicate genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Described herein is a novel Brønsted acid catalyzed intramolecular hydroalkoxylation/Claisen rearrangement, allowing the practical and atom‐economic synthesis of a range of valuable spirolactams from readily available ynamides in generally good to excellent yields with excellent diastereoselectivities and broad substrate scope. Importantly, an unexpected dearomatization of nonactivated arenes and heteroaromatic compounds is involved in this tandem sequence. Moreover, an asymmetric version of this tandem cyclization was also achieved by efficient kinetic resolution by chiral phosphoric acid catalysis. In addition, the [3,3]‐rearrangement is shown to be kinetically preferred over the related [1,3]‐rearrangement by theoretical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Described herein is a novel Brønsted acid catalyzed intramolecular hydroalkoxylation/Claisen rearrangement, allowing the practical and atom‐economic synthesis of a range of valuable spirolactams from readily available ynamides in generally good to excellent yields with excellent diastereoselectivities and broad substrate scope. Importantly, an unexpected dearomatization of nonactivated arenes and heteroaromatic compounds is involved in this tandem sequence. Moreover, an asymmetric version of this tandem cyclization was also achieved by efficient kinetic resolution by chiral phosphoric acid catalysis. In addition, the [3,3]‐rearrangement is shown to be kinetically preferred over the related [1,3]‐rearrangement by theoretical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reticulate evolution is a common and important driving force in angiosperm evolution. In this study, we analyzed the phylogenetic signals of genomic regions with different inheritance patterns to understand the evolutionary process of organisms using species‐rich Himalaya–Hengduan taxa of bamboos (Fargesia Franchet and Yushania Keng). We constructed phylogenetic trees using different sampling strategies and reconstruction methods based on genome skimming and double digest restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing data. We assessed the congruence of topologies generated from different datasets and employed several approaches to reveal the causes of phylogenetic incongruence, including the detection of hybridization and introgression using PhyloNetworks and the D‐statistic test (ABBA‐BABA test). We found that, in the plastome‐based phylogeny, Fargesia bamboos can be clustered into three groups and Yushania was nested within one of them, which contradicts the nuclear–double digest restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing‐based phylogeny. Moreover, the genetic variation of chloroplast DNA is significantly correlated with geographical distribution. The strong signal of incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization, introgression, and cytoplasmic gene flow found among genera and species suggests that reticulate evolution is the main cause for the phylogenetic incongruence between nuclear and chloroplast datasets. Our results add evidence that genomes with different inheritance patterns can reveal distinct evolutionary histories of species and suggest that reticulate evolution is prevalent in rapidly diversifying groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducing BN units into polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons expands the chemical space of conjugated materials with novel properties. However, it is challenging to achieve accurate synthesis of BN‐PAHs with specific BN positions and orientations. Here, three new parent B2N2‐perylenes with different BN orientations are synthesized with BN‐naphthalene as the building block, providing systematic insight into the effects of BN incorporation with different orientations on the structure, (anti)aromaticity, crystal packing and photophysical properties. The intermolecular dipole–dipole interaction shortens the π–π stacking distance. The crystal structure, (anti)aromaticity, and photophysical properties vary with the change of BN orientation. The revealed BN doping effects may provide a guideline for the synthesis of BN‐PAHs with specific stacking structures, and the synthetic strategy employed here can be extended toward the synthesis of larger BN‐embedded PAHs with adjustable BN patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]