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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a relevant disease in feline clinic. The tubulointerstitial damage, with collagen deposition and fibrosis, is an important result of this process. The aim of this study was to quantify and correlate the deposition of collagen and severity of interstitial fibrosis (IF) in the kidney from cats in different stages of CKD. Kidney fragments from 10 adult cats with CKD were analyzed and stained by Masson's trichrome (MT) and Picrosirius red (PSR) for circular polarized microscopy. Random quantitative analysis was performed on MT sections to classify the degree of IF, per field area, with and without circular polarization. Statistics correlations were performed by Spearman's ( ρ; p < .05). There was a significant correlation of IF quantification with the area of interstitial collagen deposition by polarized PSR (PSRp) ( r = .7939, p = .0098) and nonpolarized PSR (PSR n) ( r = .7781, p = .0080). There was a positive correlation of serum creatinine (sCr) at different stages of CKD with PSRp ( r = .7939, p = .0098), PSRn ( r = .8667, p = .0027) and MT ( r = .7818, p = .0117). Correlations between the percentage of quantified area was also positive from PSRp to PSRn ( r = .9030, p = .0009) and PSRp to MT ( r = .7939, p = .0098). The PSRN was also correlated with MT ( r = .9273, p = .0001). The correlation with IF and sCr follows the disease evolution and the quantification of collagen by PSR is an excellent tool for analyzing the disease severity at different stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae consists of four recognized species: Bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 ( BVDV-1), Bovine viral diarrhoea virus 2 ( BVDV-2), Classical swine fever virus ( CSFV) and Border disease virus ( BDV). Recently, atypical pestiviruses (' Ho Bi'-like pestiviruses) were identified in batches of contaminated foetal calf serum and in naturally infected cattle with and without clinical symptoms. Here, we describe the first report of a mucosal disease-like clinical presentation ( MD) associated with a ' Ho Bi'-like pestivirus occurring in a cattle herd. The outbreak was investigated using immunohistochemistry, antibody detection, viral isolation and RT- PCR. The sequence and phylogenetic analysis of 5′ NCR, Npro and E2 regions of the RT- PCR positive samples showed that four different ' Ho Bi'-like strains were circulating in the herd. The main clinical signs and lesions were observed in the respiratory and digestive systems, but skin lesions and corneal opacity were also observed. MD characteristic lesions and a pestivirus with cytopathic biotype were detected in one calf. The present study is the first report of a MD like presentation associated with natural infection with ' Ho Bi'-like pestivirus. This report describes the clinical signs and provides a pathologic framework of an outbreak associated with at least two different ' Ho Bi'-like strains. Based on these observations, it appears that these atypical pestiviruses are most likely underdiagnosed in Brazilian cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature has identified complex aspects of intracellular host-parasite relationships, which require systematic, nonreductionist approaches and spatial/temporal information. Increasing and integrating temporal and spatial dimensions in host cell imaging have contributed to elucidating several conceptual gaps in the biology of intracellular parasites. To access and investigate complex and emergent dynamic events, it is mandatory to follow them in the context of living cells and organs, constructing scientific images with integrated high quality spatiotemporal data. This review discusses examples of how advances in microscopy have challenged established conceptual models of the intracellular life cycles of Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi protozoan parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents questions and answers related to prophylactic anti-D therapy used for anti-D immunization and haemolytic diseases prevention in newborn babies including how the molecular genetic methods could identify foetal D type from the maternal blood in anti-D alloimmunized pregnant women, the time period for repeating anti-D titre in pregnancy, and the parameters utilized for transfusions in pregnancy.