Search

ABSTRACT Background Aim Methods Results Conclusions The heart rate variability–based Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation (NIPE) Index is a continuous noninvasive tool for the assessment of pain and discomfort in infants. Little is known about its performance in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) setting, where assessment of pain/discomfort is usually based on discontinuous observational scoring systems or personal experience of medical staff.Evaluation of the performance of NIPE as an indicator of procedural pain and/or discomfort in conscious mechanically ventilated PICU patients.Procedural pain/discomfort was simultaneously assessed during pain‐ or stressful procedures by two validated discontinuous clinical scoring systems (FLACC and COMFORT‐B scale) and the NIPE.NIPE values, FLACC‐ and COMFORT‐B scores were recorded in 17 infants with a mean age of 1.2 (range 0.8–5.9) months. NIPE values associated with positive FLACC‐ (≥ 4; indicative of pain) and/or COMFORT‐B (≥ 17, indicative of discomfort) scores were lower (p < 0.001) than when associated with negative FLACC (< 4) and/or COMFORT‐B (< 17) scores with 95% CI's of a difference of −14 to −11 (FLACC), −13 to −11 (COMFORT‐B) and −14 to −11 (FLACC and COMFORT‐B), with significant interindividual variability in NIPE values. Logistic regression analyses revealed odds ratios between 0.84 and 0.85; the adjacent receiver operating curve analyses showed areas under the curve between 0.83 and 0.88. NIPE data recording failure occurred during 49.3% of the periods with a FLACC ≥ 4% and 40.7% with a COMFORT‐B ≥ 17.The NIPE detects procedural pain and discomfort in conscious mechanically ventilated infants with an accuracy comparable to established clinical scoring systems. However, because of significant interindividual variability of NIPE values and frequent data recording failure associated with patient movement, we believe it is premature to recommend its use in conscious infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Chronic stress, characterized by increased long‐term exposure to the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol, is increasingly linked to obesity development. Still, various knowledge gaps persist, including on underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. The aim of the current review is to provide the latest insights on the connection between stress and obesity. We discuss three biological stress systems—the autonomic nervous system, the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the immune system—and their link with obesity, with a particular focus on the HPA axis. The role of cortisol and its regulatory variations (including glucocorticoid rhythmicity and altered sensitivity) in adipose tissue biology and obesity development is discussed. Moreover, we highlight the physiological, affective, cognitive and behavioural dimensions of the stress response offering a deeper understanding of how stress contributes to obesity development and vice versa. Finally, stress as a treatment target for obesity is discussed. We conclude that the link between stress and obesity is complex and multifaceted, influenced by physiological, affective, cognitive and behavioural stress response mechanisms, which especially when chronically present, play a key role in the development of obesity and associated cardiometabolic diseases. This necessitates integrated approaches tailored to individual needs, including lifestyle modifications, behavioural interventions, psychosocial support and possible additional pharmacological interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cancer can be a source of significant psychological and physical stress. Prolonged stressful stimuli can influence the stress response, mediated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. However, there is limited literature investigating HPA axis function in patients with cancer. Methods: A systematic literature review of case–control studies was conducted comparing individuals with and without cancer examining the HPA axis function. Databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus) were searched from inception to May 2023. Results: Seventeen studies met eligibility criteria: nine unstimulated‐cortisol studies and eight reporting the effect of HPA stimulation or suppression. Sixteen studies reported altered levels of HPA function in cancer patients relative to controls, including 13 reporting increased baseline or hyperactive cortisol responses, and four—decreased baseline cortisol or blunted cortisol responses, two of which had patient groups with now known cortisol‐suppressing treatments. HPA dysfunction was observed in patients of both sexes, diverse ages, stages of cancer and cancer treatments. Six papers reported on clinical outcomes with cases experiencing higher levels of fatigue, stress, poor memory, poor well‐being and disturbed sleep. There was significant heterogeneity in methodologies across the studies. Conclusion: HPA dysfunction was common in patients with cancer relative to cancer‐free controls. The majority of studies in cancer reported an increased baseline cortisol and increased response to HPA stimulation. There is a need for well‐powered studies using standardised methodology examining the mechanisms of HPA dysregulation and their health outcomes, to enable the development of appropriate tools for the diagnosis and management of HPA dysfunction in cancer. This systematic review of 17 studies comparing HPA axis function in individuals with cancer as compared to controls suggests that HPA dysregulation is common in people with cancer. There was significant variability in methodologies used to measure HPA dysregulation, which limits the interpretation of findings, and few only studies examined the impact of HPA dysregulation on patient outcomes. There is a need for studies that use a standardised approach to HPA axis measurement and examine patient outcomes to determine its clinical impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity can be an environmental stressor for anurans, as their highly permeable skin makes them prone to osmotic stress when exposed to saline conditions. However, certain anuran species have colonized areas near saltwater habitats, suggesting an ability to acclimate to saline conditions. Here, we evaluated physiological and behavioral responses to saline conditions in adult Cuban treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis), an invasive anuran found throughout Florida. To examine their response to salinity, adult frogs were maintained in two treatments simulating a freshwater (0.5 ppt) or brackish (8.0 ppt) environment for 6 weeks. To assess their physiological response to this potential stressor, all frogs were submerged in a brackish solution to quantify individual weight change every 2 weeks. We found that frogs maintained in brackish solution lost more weight at Weeks 2 and 6 when compared to Week 0, suggesting that salinity may be an environmental stressor for Cuban treefrogs. Yet, the weight change at Week 4 was similar to the pre‐exposure period, which may indicate that constant exposure to salinity may alter their physiological response to saline conditions. To supplement the physiological analyses, we investigated avoidance behavior toward saline conditions by offering individuals a choice between freshwater or brackish environments. Our results showed that Cuban treefrogs chose freshwater environments more frequently and may thus avoid saline ones. This study reveals that salinity may induce plastic and avoidance responses in Cuban treefrogs, potentially allowing them to expand their range into areas typically stressful for most anurans. Research Highlights: Salinity has dehydrating effects on adult Cuban treefrogs, which can elicit physiological and avoidance responses.Prolonged exposure to saline conditions can modulate physiological responses to salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensors have become more versatile and sophisticated in recent years to fulfill the increasing demands for human health applications. Physiological information such as electrocardiogram, pulse rate, and respiration are essential indications of personal health, often collected as vitals, which are typically collected from medical‐grade electrocardiogram (ECG) machines. In‐textile sensors are a fast‐growing sub‐category of wearable sensors embedded in smart textiles to acquire physiological information and movement index and provide harmful chemical warnings without compromising the comfortable nature of clothing. Recent literature has shown that integrating new materials has greatly improved the stability, specificity, and selectivity of in‐textile sensors. For example, polyvinylidene fluoride nanofiber produced a highly stretchable sensor to measure ECG readings during movement without losing data quality. This review discusses a group of nanomaterial‐based in‐textile sensors for consumer use in the home, workplace, and healthcare environments. This review will focus on exploring and analyzing the latest developments in these nanomaterial‐based e‐textiles due to their ability to be more easily integrated for daily use and their great potential for medical applications. Future work will be necessary to incorporate recycled materials, improve the method of powering these sensors, and ultimately refine the designs to be appropriate for more sustainable use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To explore UK healthcare professionals' practice and attitudes towards asking women with diabetes about sexual health problems, including symptoms of female sexual dysfunction (FSD). Methods: An online questionnaire to address the study aims was developed, piloted by ten healthcare professionals (HCPs) and completed by 111 eligible HCPs, recruited via professional networks and social media. Free text data were analysed and reported thematically. Two questions were analysed to test the hypothesis of differences between men's and women's responses. Results: The majority of respondents did not ask women with diabetes about sexual problems. Multiple barriers to inquiry were reported, including inadequate training, time constraints, competing priorities, the perceived likelihood that questions will cause surprise or distress (especially for certain groups of women), the belief that sexual problems are to be expected as women age, and the belief that FSD is complex or untreatable, with unclear management pathways. Exploratory findings indicated significant differences in men and women's responses (men disagreed more strongly with prioritisation, and fewer reported routine inquiry about sexual problems in their usual practice). Conclusions: HCPs reported not asking women with diabetes about sexual problems during routine care. They described multiple factors reinforcing the silence about sexual health, including inadequate education and perceived social risk for individual HCPs who deviate from the patterns of topics usually discussed in diabetes consultations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated stress levels are related to diminished mental health, potentially leading to decreased well-being and performance of nursing students. While researchers have focused on developing stress management interventions, there is a need to synthesize the evidence. A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to assess the evidence for the effectiveness of stress management interventions in nursing students. A systematic literature search identified controlled stress management interventions employing a validated psychological or physiological stress measure. Forty-one studies were included, with 36 forming a pool of 2715 participants in the meta-analysis. The overall effect on psychological stress was positive. Intervention type, delivery modality, intervention duration in weeks, and number of sessions were moderators of intervention effectiveness, with more significant effects for mind-- body programs, on-site delivery methods, durations of 9--12 weeks, and 15--30 sessions. For physiological stress, the biomarkers of blood pressure, heart rate, and cortisol levels decreased significantly. Future research is necessary for promising outcomes related to currently underrepresented indicators and to investigate the long-term effects of interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Although much is known now about behavioural, cognitive and physiological consequences of insomnia, little is known about changes after cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on these particular factors. We here report baseline findings on each of these factors in insomnia, after which we address findings on their changes after cognitive behavioural therapy. Sleep restriction remains the strongest determinant of insomnia treatment success. Cognitive interventions addressing dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, sleep‐related selective attention, worry and rumination further drive effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia. Future studies should focus on physiological changes after cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia, such as changes in hyperarousal and brain activity, as literature on these changes is sparse. We introduce a detailed clinical research agenda on how to address this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To recognize, appraise and summarize the research evidence that has explored the results of pelvic floor muscle training on female sexual function. Design: Systematic review and possible meta‐analysis. Methodology: Between September and October 2022, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Scopus electronic databases will be searched. We will include RCT's in English, Spanish and Portuguese that investigate the results of pelvic floor muscle training on female sexual function. The data will be extracted by two researchers independently. Risk of bias will be measured from the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. The meta‐analysis of the results will be performed using Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis Version 2. Results: This systematic review and possible meta‐analysis will contribute significantly to the promotion of pelvic floor health and women's sexual function and to strengthen clinical practice and define other areas of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stress‐related mechanisms are implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and may contribute to heterogeneity in illness course. Yet, there is a lack of study investigating the neural mechanisms underlying the stress response in this condition. This study investigated changes in amygdala activation and functional connectivity in response to acute psychosocial stress in young adults with bipolar disorder and explored relations with clinical phenotype and prospective mood symptoms. Methods: 42 young adults [19 with bipolar disorder, agemean ± SD =21.4 ± 2.2 years] completed a modified version of the Montreal Imaging Stress Task. Amygdala activation and functional connectivity with prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions of interest was calculated for control and stress conditions. Main effects of group, condition, and group by condition interaction on amygdala activation and connectivity were modeled. A subset of bipolar participants completed 1‐year follow‐up assessments. Relations between neural responses to stress with concurrent substance use and prospective mood symptoms were explored. Results: There were no between‐group differences in amygdala activation or functional connectivity during the control condition. Increased right amygdala‐right rostral PFC (rPFC) functional connectivity to stress was observed in bipolar disorder, compared to typically developing controls. In bipolar disorder, greater increase in right amygdala‐right rPFC functional connectivity to stress was associated with less frequent cannabis use, and prospectively with shorter duration and lower severity of depression symptoms over follow‐up. Conclusion: Results from this preliminary study suggest differences in frontolimbic functional connectivity responses to stress in young adults with bipolar disorder and associations with cannabis use and prospective mood symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Stress hyperglycemia may occur in diabetic patients with acute severe cerebrovascular disease, but the results regarding its association with stroke outcomes are conflicting. This study aimed to examine the association between stress‐induced hyperglycemia and the occurrence of in‐hospital death in patients with diabetes and acute ischemic stroke. Research Design and Methods: All data were from the Chinese Stroke Center Alliance (CSCA) database and were collected between 2016 and 2018 from >300 centers across China. Patients' demographics, clinical presentation, and laboratory data were extracted from the database. The primary endpoint was in‐hospital death. The ratio of fasting blood glucose (FBG) to HbA1c was calculated, that is, the stress‐induced hyperglycemia ratio (SHR), to determine stress hyperglycemia following acute ischemic stroke. Results: A total of 168,381 patients were included. The mean age was 66.2 ± 10.7, and 77,688 (43.0%) patients were female. The patients were divided into two groups: survivors (n = 167,499) and non‐survivors (n = 882), as well as into four groups according to their SHR quartiles (n = 42,090–42,099/quartile). There were 109 (0.26%), 142 (0.34%), 196 (0.47%), and 435 (1.03%) patients who died in the Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 quartiles, respectively. Compared with Q1 patients, the death risk was higher in Q4 patients (odds ratio (OR) = 4.02) (adjusted OR = 1.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10–2.92, p = 0.018 after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors). The ROC analyses showed that SHR (AUC = 0.667, 95% CI: 0.647–0.686) had a better predictive value for mortality than that of fasting blood glucose (AUC = 0.633, 95% CI: 0.613–0.652) and HbA1c (AUC = 0.523, 95% CI: 0.504–0.543). Conclusions: The SHR may serve as an accessory parameter for the prognosis of patients with diabetes after acute ischemic stroke. Hyperglycemia in stroke patients with diabetes mellitus is associated with a higher risk of in‐hospital death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate smartphone keystroke dynamics (KD), derived from regular typing, on sensitivity to relevant change in disease activity, fatigue, and clinical disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Preplanned interim analysis of a cohort study with 102 MS patients assessed at baseline and 3‐month follow‐up for gadolinium‐enhancing lesions on magnetic resonance imaging, relapses, fatigue and clinical disability outcomes. Keyboard interactions were unobtrusively collected during typing using the Neurokeys App. From these interactions 15 keystroke features were derived and aggregated using 16 summary and time series statistics. Responsiveness of KD to clinical anchor‐based change was assessed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The optimal cut‐point was used to determine the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and compared to the smallest real change (SRC). Commonly used clinical measures were analyzed for comparison. Results: A total of 94 patients completed the follow‐up. The five best performing keystroke features had AUC‐values in the range 0.72–0.78 for change in gadolinium‐enhancing lesions, 0.67–0.70 for the Checklist Individual Strength Fatigue subscale, 0.66–0.79 for the Expanded Disability Status Scale, 0.69–0.73 for the Ambulation Functional System, and 0.72–0.75 for Arm function in MS Questionnaire. The MCID of these features exceeded the SRC on group level. KD had higher AUC‐values than comparative clinical measures for the study outcomes, aside from ambulatory function. Conclusions: Keystroke dynamics demonstrated good responsiveness to changes in disease activity, fatigue, and clinical disability in MS, and detected important change beyond measurement error on group level. Responsiveness of KD was better than commonly used clinical measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperature is an environmental factor that affects plant growth and productivity. It is very important to study the changes in plant roots under heat stress (HS) to discover key heat response genes and improve the heat tolerance of plants. Pearl millet is utilized for food, livestock feed and bioenergy materials and is highly tolerant to HS. However, research on the response mechanism of pearl millet roots to HS is limited. In this study, we performed physiological index determination and RNA‐seq on the roots of pearl millet under HS (40/35°C) at 1, 3 and 7 hr. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 3 hr was the highest (8,479), followed by 1 hr (6,250) and 7 hr (5,167). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of DEGs revealed that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and trehalose synthesis pathways were the major responsive pathways after 1 and 3 hr of HS. This study revealed the underlying molecular mechanism of root response to high temperature stress in pearl millet and provided useful information for identifying heat‐resistant genes and breeding heat‐resistant plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tooth wear is a multifactorial condition, leading to the loss of dental hard tissues. Physiological tooth wear is a slow process that normally does not lead to any subjective symptoms. When the condition progresses, it can become pathological, and several signs and symptoms may occur. The Tooth Wear Evaluation System (TWES) was described to implement a systematic diagnostic and management approach. Recently, management guidelines were presented in a European Consensus Statement (ECS) as well. Objectives: To evaluate the TWES in practice and to integrate the principles described in the ECS in order to compose a renewed TWES 2.0 and a new taxonomy. Methods: The TWES and the recommendations of the ECS were used by dental clinicians, in order to test its applicability in practice. Results: Agreement was reached that the TWES 2.0 will use a stepwise approach, with a straightforward Tooth Wear Screening part and a more detailed Tooth Wear Status part. Also, the assessment of pathology from the ECS is incorporated in the TWES 2.0 (both classification and taxonomy). Conclusions: In the TWES 2.0 is described that tooth wear is pathological if moderate/severe/extreme tooth wear is present, in combination with one or several described signs and symptoms. Aetiology can be assessed by findings that indicate a chemical and/or a mechanical cause. The taxonomy may help to identify situations in which preventive (restorative) interventions in early stages of tooth wear can be indicated. The reliability and validity of the adapted parts must be proven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A high prevalence of stress and burnout has been reported among healthcare professionals; however, the current tools utilized to quantify such metrics are not in keeping with doctors' busy lifestyles, and moreover do not comply with infection prevention policies. Given that increased stress can subsequently impact both the healthcare profession and the patient in care, this study aimed to assess the validity of a wearable biosensor to monitor and manage stress experienced by healthcare professionals. Methods: In all, 12 healthy, male volunteers completed an incremental exercise protocol to volitional exhaustion, which aimed to induce physiological stress in a graded manner. A wearable consumer‐grade biosensor (Vital Scout, VivaLNK, Inc.) was used to measure stress, energy expenditure, respiration rate, and activity throughout the exercise protocol. These variables were validated against online breath‐by‐breath analysis (MedGraphics Ultima Series). Results: When compared against online "gold standard" measurements, the Vital Scout biosensor demonstrated a high level of accuracy to measure energy expenditure (r =.776, p <.001) and respiration rate (r =.744, p <.001). The V˙O2 increase observed during the incremental exercise test was associated with the Vital Scout biosensor's measurement of activity (r =.777, p <.001). In contrast, there was a poor relationship between the changes in V˙O2 and the Vital Scout biosensor's ability to detect stress (r = −.195, p =.013). Conclusion: The Vital Scout biosensor provided an accurate assessment of energy expenditure and respiration when compared to the "gold standard" assessment of these parameters. Biosensors have the potential to measure stress and deserve further research in the peri‐hospital environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the response of the Chinese razor clam (Sinonovacula constricta) under the Na+/K+ ratio in inland saline water. Acute and long‐term (30 days) stresses were studied to better delineate the process of the effect. At the end of the test, only the groups of Na+/K+ ratio from 21.28 to 159.95 contained surviving Juvenile S. constricta, and the Na+/K+ ratio 31.91 and 47.27 groups showed significantly higher survival rates (p <.001). In test groups of Na+/K+ ratio, the growth rate (shell length growth rate and weight gain rate) was significantly lower under than that the control group (p <.05 and p <.001 for length and weight). The Na+/K+‐ATPase activities in the test Na+/K+ ratio groups (R3, R5, R6, R7 and R8) were significantly higher than that in the control group during 30 days (p <.05). The superoxide dismutase activity in the higher Na+/K+ ratio groups (R7 and R8) was significantly higher than that in the control group during 30 days. However, in the test groups, the aspartate aminotransferase (R3, R6, R7 and R8), acetylcholinesterase (R3, R7 and R8) and lysozyme (R7 and R8) activities were lower than that control group during 30 days. Under ultrahigh and ultralow Na+/K+ ratio acute stress, the oxygen consumption rate, phagocytosis rate and metabolic activity fluctuated significantly. Unbalances of Na+/K+ ratio may affect ion regulation, metabolism, immunity and neuromodulation. Juvenile S. constricta adapted to a range of Na+/K+ ratios and keep to growth. This suggested the possibility of breeding S. constricta to resist inland saline water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the effect of tank colour on growth performance, stress response and carapace colour of juvenile swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus. Topics discussed include information on the culturing of crab in indoor or pond, leading to increased demand of seedling; and the discussions on the tank colour as a non‐dynamic rearing factor which reduce the stress responses as well as enhance the growth performance.

Objectives: To investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and sexual functioning in gynaecologic cancer patients. To determine the association between socio-economic deprivation and sexual functioning.Methods: This is a prospective cohort study on women undergoing surgery for suspected or proven gynaecological cancer between September 2014 and February 2016 in the Royal Cornwall Hospital Trust. Patients were invited to participate by completing the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) at three time points: preoperative, 3 months postoperative, and 1 year postoperative. A semiparametric model of the FSFI score was used to establish the association between BMI and sexual functioning.Results: A total of 257 patients were approached of which 166 patients were included. Fifty-two patients (33.8%) were overweight (BMI, 25-29.9 kg/m2 ), 44 (28.6%) were obese (BMI, 30-39.9 kg/m2 ), and a further 20 (13.0%) morbidly obese (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 ). Overweight and obese women reported improved sexual functioning compared with normal-weight women in endometrial, ovarian, and vulvar cancers. Among cervical cancer, worse sexual functioning was seen in women with an increased BMI; however, this was not significant. Younger age was associated with improved sexual function, and sexual functioning was better postoperatively for all patients compared with preoperatively. There was no evidence of relationship between deprivation and sexual functioning in gynaecological cancer patients.Conclusion: Higher BMI is associated with improved sexual functioning in endometrial, ovarian, and vulvar cancer; however, this was not seen in cervical cancer patients. There is no evidence of correlation between deprivation and sexual functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This manuscript provides a critical review of the literature on parent–child physiological synchrony—the matching of biological states between parents and children. All eligible studies found some evidence of physiological synchrony, though the magnitude and direction of synchrony varied according to methodological factors, including the physiological system examined (i.e., parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system activity, adrenocortical functioning) and the statistical approach used (e.g., multilevel modeling, correlation). The review underscores the need to consider the context in which physiological synchrony occurs (e.g., family risk) to best understand its significance. Furthermore, the review delineates vital avenues for future research, including the need to assess synchrony across multiple physiological systems and the importance of documenting continuity/change in physiological synchrony across developmental periods. Such research is crucial for understanding how the parent–child relationship unfolds at a physiological level and, in turn, how this relationship can facilitate or hinder parent, child, and family adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Donating blood is associated with increased psychological stress. This study investigates whether a blood donation induces physiological stress and if response patterns differ by gender, donation experience and non-acute stress. Study design and methods In 372 donors, physiological stress [blood pressure, pulse rate, pulse rate variability (PRV)] was measured at seven moments during routine donation. PRV was assessed using time domain [root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD)] and frequency domain [high frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF) power] parameters. Non-acute stress was assessed by questionnaire. Shape and significance of time course patterns were assessed by fitting multilevel models for each stress measure and comparing men and women, firsttime and experienced donors, and donors with high and low levels of non-acute stress. Results Significant response patterns were found for all stress measures, where levels of systolic blood pressure (F(1,1315) = 24·2, P < 0·001), RMSSD (F (1,1315) = 24·2, P < 0·001), LF (F(1,1627) = 14·1, P < 0·001) and HF (F (1,1624) = 34·0, P < 0·001) increased towards needle insertion and then decreased to values lower than when arriving at the donation centre. Diastolic blood pressure (F(1,1326) = 50·9, P < 0·001) increased and pulse rate (F (1,1393) = 507·4, P < 0·001) showed a U-shaped curve. Significant group effects were found, that is, higher systolic blood pressure/pulse rate in women; higher pulse rate in first-time donors; higher RMSSD at arrival and from screening until leaving in first-time donors; and higher LF and HF in first-time donors. Conclusion This study shows an increase in physiological stress related to needle insertion, followed by a decrease when leaving the donation centre. Some group effects were also found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the constancy of the relationship between rectal and intraabdominal temperature as well as their linkage to inflammatory markers (leucocyte counts, kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio (Kyn-Trp ratio), tumour necrosis factor alpha ( TNF- α) in healthy and in pigs exposed to lipopolysaccharide ( LPS) and/or deoxynivalenol ( DON). Barrows ( n = 44) were fed 4 weeks either a DON-contaminated (4.59 mg DON/kg feed) or a control ( CON) diet and equipped with an intraabdominal temperature logger and a multicatheter system ( V.portae hepatis, V.lienalis, Vv.jugulares) facilitating infusion of 0.9% NaCl ( CON) or LPS (7.5 μg/kg BW) and simultaneous blood sampling. Body temperatures were measured and blood samples taken every 15 min for leucocyte counts, TNF- α and Kyn-Trp ratio. Combination of diet and infusion created six groups: CON_ CONjug.- CONpor., CON_ CONjug.- LPSpor., CON_ LPSjug.- CONpor., DON_ CONjug.- CONpor., DON_ CONjug.- LPSpor., DON_ LPSjug.- CONpor.. The relationship between both temperatures was not uniform for all conditions. Linear regression revealed that an intraabdominal increase per 1°C increase in rectal temperature was ~25% higher in all LPS-infused pigs compared to NaCl-infusion, albeit diet and site of LPS infusion modified the magnitude of this difference. Inflammatory markers were only strongly present under LPS influence and showed a significant relationship with body temperatures. For example, leucocyte counts in clinically inconspicuous animals were only significantly correlated to core temperature in DON-fed pigs, but in all LPS-infused groups, irrespective of diet and temperature method. In conclusion, the gradient between body core and rectal temperature is constant in clinically inconspicuous pigs, but not under various pathophysiological conditions. In the latter, measurement of inflammatory markers seems to be a useful completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Validate the sexual dysfunction nursing diagnosis in pregnant women. METHODS: Cross‐sectional research using Richard Fehring's Clinical Diagnostic Validity Model. FINDINGS: The prevalence of diagnosis was 48.7% in a sample of 306 pregnant women. A total of 14 defining characteristics were validated: seven major and seven minor. Seeks confirmation of desirability had the highest sensitivity value and decrease in sexual desire had the highest specificity value. The total score was 0.79. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis was validated in this sample. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The prevalence of the diagnosis is a requirement for effective intervention. Validation in different social and cultural contexts would increase the clinical evidence of this diagnosis. OBJETIVO: Validar o diagnóstico de enfermagem disfunção sexual em mulheres grávidas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, segundo o modelo de validação clínica de Richard Fehring. RESULTADOS: A prevalência foi de 48,7%em306gestantes. Um total de 14 características definidoras foram validadas: sete principais e sete secundárias. A característica definidora procura de confirmação de desejabilidade foi a mais sensível e a diminuição do desejo sexual, a mais específica. O score total do diagnóstico foi 0,79. CONCLUSÕES: O diagnóstico foi validado nesta amostra. IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA: A prevalência do diagnóstico apela à intervenção de enfermagem efetiva. Estudos de validação em diferentes contextos sociais e culturais poderão contribuir para a melhoria da evidência científica do diagnóstico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water temperature is a significant environmental stressor that affects physiology and biochemical activities of bivalves. Here, temporal variations in physiological and biochemical parameters of Zhikong scallop, Chlamys farreri, under three water temperature treatments were investigated. For the first treatment, scallops were transferred from rearing temperature (15°C, control temperature) to 5, 10, 20 and 25°C, respectively. The second group of scallops was gradually acclimated to above experimental temperatures at a rate of 1-2°C day−1. The third group was transferred directly between 15 and 7°C every 12 h and for six times. Results showed that significantly higher oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion together with a significant lower ingestion rate was observed for the acute temperature change treatment compared to those in the equivalent gradual temperature variation treatment ( P < 0.05). In acute temperature change treatment, hepatopancreas antioxidant enzyme activities, that is, superoxide dismutase ( SOD) and catalase ( CAT), immune enzyme activities, that is, acid phosphatase ( ACP) and lysozyme ( LSZ), and heat-shock protein 70 gene ( Hsp70) expression levels of scallops increased substantially within 48 h. Significant increases in SOD, CAT, ACP and LSZ activities, and malondialdehyde content occurred under exposure to fluctuating temperatures ( P < 0.01). Gill and hepatopancreatic Hsp70 expression levels also increased significantly in response to water temperature fluctuations ( P < 0.05). The study provides basic knowledge about thermal stress in Zhikong scallop and may contribute to the management of scallop mortalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Potato is an important vegetable; however, salt stress drastically affects its growth and yield. A pot experiment was therefore conducted to assess salicylic acid efficacy in improving performance of potato cultivars, grown under salt stress (50 mmol L−1). Salicylic acid at 0.5 mmol L−1 was sprayed on to potato plants after 1 week of salinity application. RESULTS Salt stress effects were ameliorated by salicylic acid effectively in both the studied cultivars. N-Y LARA proved more responsive to salicylic acid application than 720-110 NARC, which confirmed genetic variation between cultivars. Salicylic acid scavenged reactive oxygen species by improving antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidases) and regulating osmotic adjustment (proline, phenolic contents), which led to enhanced water relation and gaseous exchange attributes, and thereby increased potassium availability and reduced sodium content in potato leaves. Moreover, potato tuber yield showed a positive correlation with potassium content, photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activities. CONCLUSION Salt tolerance efficacy of salicylic acid is authenticated in improving potato crop performance under salt stress. Salicylic acid effect was more pronounced in N-Y LARA, reflecting greater tolerance than 720-110 NARC, which was confirmed as a susceptible cultivar. Hence salicylic acid at 0.5 mmol L−1 and cultivation of N-Y LARA may be recommended in saline soil. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To describe a new hypothesis for the initial events leading to urinary stones. A biomechanical perspective on Randall's plaque formation through form and function relationships is applied to functional units within the kidney, we have termed the 'medullo-papillary complex' - a dynamic relationship between intratubular and interstitial mineral aggregates. Methods A complete MEDLINE search was performed to examine the existing literature on the anatomical and physiological relationships in the renal medulla and papilla. Sectioned human renal medulla with papilla from radical nephrectomy specimens were imaged using a high resolution micro X-ray computed tomography. The location, distribution, and density of mineral aggregates within the medullo-papillary complex were identified. Results Mineral aggregates were seen proximally in all specimens within the outer medulla of the medullary complex and were intratubular. Distal interstitial mineralisation at the papillary tip corresponding to Randall's plaque was not seen until a threshold of proximal mineralisation was observed. Mineral density measurements suggest varied chemical compositions between the proximal intratubular (330 mg/cm3) and distal interstitial (270 mg/cm3) deposits. A review of the literature revealed distinct anatomical compartments and gradients across the medullo-papillary complex that supports the empirical observations that proximal mineralisation triggers distal Randall's plaque formation. Conclusion The early stone event is initiated by intratubular mineralisation of the renal medullary tissue leading to the interstitial mineralisation that is observed as Randall's plaque. We base this novel hypothesis on a multiscale biomechanics perspective involving form and function relationships, and empirical observations. Additional studies are needed to validate this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of nucleotides on growth, and physiological and antioxidant parameters were evaluated by feeding Pelteobagrus fulvidraco diets supplemented with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0 or 1.5 g kg−1 of nucleotides respectively. All nucleotide groups showed higher specific growth rate, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, whole-body lipid content and serum cholesterol concentrations than the control group, but the significant difference was seen only between fish from the 1.5 g kg−1 nucleotide group and fish from the control group. Whole-body ash content in fish from the 0.6 g kg−1 nucleotide group, and liver superoxide dismutase and catalase in fish from the 0.4 g kg−1 nucleotide group were significantly higher than those in fish from the control group. Respiratory burst activity was significantly higher in fish from the 0.6, 1.0 and 1.5 g kg−1 nucleotide groups than in fish from the control. This finding was accompanied by lower liver concentrations of thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances in fish from the same groups compared to those from the control group. The results indicate that dietary nucleotides could improve growth and antioxidant responses in juvenile yellow catfish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important but heat-sensitive vegetable crop. The losses in tomato production associated with heat stress are aggravating further under a global warming scenario. The present study was designed to investigate the comparative performance of tomato genotypes under high temperature stress. Tomato genotypes (191) were exposed to the controlled conditions of high temperature (40/32 °C day/night temperature). Different morphological (shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and number of leaves), physiological (photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance to water, sub-stomatal CO2 and leaf temperature) and SPAD value (chlorophyll content) were recorded to check the diversity among genotypes against heat stress. RESULTS All the genotypes showed a significantly variable response in almost all the attributes under high-temperature conditions. Correlation among the variables provided a clear understanding of the phenomena involved. Based on all the attributes studied, genotypes L00090 and L00091 were found to be the most heat tolerant compared to other genotypes, whereas CLN1462A and CLN 1466E were found to be comparatively sensitive. CONCLUSION It was concluded that the studied attributes were genotype dependent, and significant diverse performance was noted. The findings of this study pave the way towards the selection of tolerant genotypes, not only for use under high-temperature conditions but also to employ them in breeding programs to produce heat-tolerant hybrids. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the associations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ( NSAID) use with risk of erectile dysfunction ( ED), considering the indications for NSAID use. Patients and Methods We analysed data from 4 726 men in the placebo arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial ( PCPT) without evidence of ED at baseline. Incident ED was defined as mild/moderate (decrease in normal function) or severe (absence of function). Proportional hazards models were used to estimate the covariate-adjusted associations of NSAID-related medical conditions and time-dependent NSAID use with ED risk. Results Arthritis (hazard ratio [ HR] 1.56), chronic musculoskeletal pain ( HR 1.35), general musculoskeletal complaints ( HR 1.36), headaches ( HR 1.44), sciatica ( HR 1.50) and atherosclerotic disease ( HR 1.60) were all significantly associated with an increased risk of mild/moderate ED, while only general musculoskeletal complaints ( HR 1.22), headaches ( HR 1.47) and atherosclerotic disease ( HR 1.60) were associated with an increased risk of severe ED. Non-aspirin NSAID use was associated with an increased risk of mild/moderate ED ( HR 1.16; P = 0.02) and aspirin use was associated with an increased risk of severe ED ( HR 1.16; P = 0.03, respectively). The associations of NSAID use with ED risk were attenuated after controlling for indications for NSAID use. Conclusions The modest associations of NSAID use with ED risk in the present cohort were probably attributable to confounding indications for NSAID use. NSAID use was not associated with ED risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) institutions provide a variety of benefits to visitors. However, one area that has received little study is the direct human health benefits from zoo and aquarium visits. With the increase in stress related non-infectious diseases in industrialized countries, understanding the extent of these benefits is important. We studied the effects on visitor stress of an experience at a touch tank exhibit featuring stingrays, sharks, and horseshoe crabs. Stress was measured by physiological and psychological parameters. Heart rate was recorded before, during, and after interacting with the animals, and mood was assessed before and after the experience using a psychological instrument. Multilevel models of heart rate show a quadratic trend, with heart rate elevated ( b = −3.01, t = 26.4, P < 0.001) and less variable ( b = 3.60, t = 15.9, P < 0.001) while touching the animals compared to before or after. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests on mood data suggest that most visitors felt happier ( V = 174.5, P < 0.001), more energized ( V = 743.5, P < 0.001), and less tense ( V = 5618, P < 0.001) after the experience. This suggests that interacting with animals led to a physiological response during interactions reminiscent of a theme park experience along with a decrease in mental stress. The effects of confounding variables such as crowd size are also discussed. Further studies should be conducted to help deepen our understanding of the health benefits of experiences at AZA institutions. Zoo Biol. 35:4-13, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Psoriasis has been associated with numerous psychological disorders such as low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, sexual dysfunction or suicidal ideation. Recently, there has been a progressive increase in studies examining the impact of psoriasis on sexual function. This alteration seems to be considerable and can cause significant changes in quality of life. Objective The aim of this study was to elaborate recommendations for psoriasis and sexual function supported by a systematic review, to facilitate the application of new scientific findings into clinical practice and to serve as a basis for conducting future research. Methods We performed a systematic review of the available studies on psoriasis and sexual dysfunction. Results Scientific evidence shows that psoriasis patients have a higher risk of sexual dysfunction as compared to the general population. The risk of erectile dysfunction is also higher in psoriasis patients. The risk factors associated with sexual dysfunction in psoriasis patients are disease severity, female gender, psoriatic arthritis and age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Prolapse surgery has been shown to positively alter body image and decrease pelvic floor symptoms, hereby possibly improving sexual function. However, the surgical trauma itself may adversely affect sexual function, by damaging vaginal innervation and vascularization. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of vaginal prolapse surgery on vaginal vasocongestion, vaginal wall sensibility, and sexual function. Methods A prospective study was performed, including patients scheduled for vaginal prolapse surgery. Participants underwent measurements before and 6 months after surgery, during non-erotic and erotic visual stimuli. Measurements were performed using a vaginal combi-probe which includes vaginal photoplethysmography to assess vaginal pulse amplitude (VPA) (representing vaginal vasocongestion), and four pulse-generating electrodes to measure vaginal wall sensibility (representing vaginal innervation). Sexual function was assessed using validated questionnaires (FSFI, FSDS-R, SSAQ). Results Twenty-nine women were included, 24 (83%) completed the 6 months follow-up. VPA analysis showed a significant reduction in vaginal vasocongestion during sexual stimulation post-operatively (pre-op 2.4 mV (SD 2.5) vs. post-op 1.7 mV (SD 2.4), P = 0.05). Vaginal wall sensibility in the cranial posterior vaginal wall was significantly reduced after surgery (pre-op 13.3 mA vs. post-op 17.5 mA, P < 0.05). Vaginal wall sensibility in the other three locations was not affected by surgery. Sexual function as assessed with questionnaires, was not significantly affected. Conclusion Prolapse surgery negatively impacted levels of vaginal vasocongestion during erotic stimuli as well as vaginal wall sensibility in the cranial posterior wall. Future studies are needed to tease out if these changes in physiological factors are relevant for subjective sexual function. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:1217-1224, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The report of the European Union High Level Group of Experts on Literacy presents a clear statement of their vision for the future of literacy in our continent. The first part of the statement is: 'All citizens of Europe shall be literate, so as to achieve their aspirations as individuals, family members, workers and citizens.' How is this vision to be achieved? This article analyses 16 preconditions necessary for achieving the vision, classifying them as physiological, social, linguistic, educational, governmental and motivational. In each category these prerequisites are related to the Group's findings and recommendations, especially where current policy and provision may be lacking. For example, for most people, normal or corrected-to-normal vision and hearing are essential for literacy development. Arguably, this implies mass screening of young children at the appropriate ages so that problems can be identified and treated - but this is not in fact routine everywhere. The article concludes by analysing the Council of Ministers' conclusions of November 2012 against the framework provided by the prerequisites, in order to judge the likelihood of ambitious targets for 2020 being achieved in this 'age of austerity'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the changes in serum biochemical values, hormone profiles and ovary prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene expression occurring in female domestic pigeons ( Columba livia) under different breeding status and experience. The egg-laying pigeons had lower calcium, total protein, albumin, prolactin levels and higher oestrogen levels than those of incubating birds (p < 0.05). First-time breeders had higher (p < 0.05) progesterone levels and lower (p < 0.05) prolactin levels than that of experienced ones. The levels of oestrogen and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) increased with age (p < 0.05). The very old birds showed a pronounced increase (p < 0.05) in PRL, FSH and progesterone and a little decrease in oestrogen. Serum prolactin level was not correlated with the ovary PRLR mRNA expression pattern among all the pigeons. Results showed that serum physiological profile of female pigeons was correlated with breeding status, whereas reproductive hormone levels were correlated with advancing breeding experience. It was concluded that female pigeons had a good ability of recovering from nutrient loss after each breeding attempts, and the degradation of reproductive performance might be attributed to changes in the endocrine system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In vitro dissolution methodologies that adequately capture the oral bioperformance of solid dosage forms are critical tools needed to aid formulation development. Such methodologies must encompass important physiological parameters and be designed with drug properties in mind. Two-phase dissolution apparatuses, which contain an aqueous phase in which the drug dissolves (representing the dissolution/solubility component) and an organic phase into which the drug partitions (representing the absorption component), have the potential to provide meaningful predictions of in vivo oral bioperformance for some BCS II, and possibly some BCS IV drug products. Before such an apparatus can be evaluated properly, it is important to understand the kinetics of drug substance partitioning from the aqueous to the organic medium. A mass transport analysis was performed of the kinetics of partitioning of drug substance solutions from the aqueous to the organic phase of a two-phase dissolution apparatus. Major assumptions include pseudo-steady-state conditions, a dilute aqueous solution and diffusion-controlled transport. Input parameters can be measured or estimated a priori. This paper presents the theory and derivation of our analysis, compares it with a recent kinetic approach, and demonstrates its effectiveness in predicting in vitro partitioning profiles of three BCS II weak acids in four different in vitro two-phase dissolution apparatuses. Very importantly, the paper discusses how a two-phase apparatus can be scaled to reflect in vivo absorption kinetics and for which drug substances the two-phase dissolution systems may be appropriate tools for measuring oral bioperformance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) is the most commonly used self-report instrument to measure sexual functioning among women cancer survivors. Despite this, the validity and reliability of the FSFI for use in cancer populations has not been established. METHODS: Data were combined from 3 separate institutional review board-approved studies of the psychosexual adjustment of women cancer survivors conducted at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Psychometric analysis was applied to the FSFI responses from 181 women comprising 4 cohorts, including survivors of: gynecologic cancer (all types; 2 cohorts), malignancies requiring bone-marrow/stem cell transplantation, and early stage cervical cancer. RESULTS: A factor analysis supported the subscale structure of the FSFI, yielding results nearly identical to those from the original FSFI validation study. Internal consistency reliability was 0.94 for the FSFI total score and ranged from 0.85 to 0.94 for the domain scores. Corrected item-total correlations ranged from 0.44 to 0.79 for the total score and from 0.62 to 0.88 for the domain scores. FSFI scores were correlated negatively with measures of depression, distress, and menopausal symptoms and were correlated positively with quality of life. FSFI scores exhibited a preliminary ability to discriminate between women based on whether or not they received chemotherapy and/or radiation. CONCLUSIONS: The FSFI demonstrated strong psychometric properties in this study, supporting its continued use for monitoring sexual function and cancer-related dysfunction among sexually active women who are cancer survivors. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Type - Prognosis (cohort) Level of Evidence 2a What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? The metabolic syndrome, or Syndrome X, has traditionally been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and sexual dysfunction. Emerging data however now suggest that the metabolic syndrome may also have a heretofore unrecognized negative effect on voiding function as well. Weight loss through either behavioural modification or bariatric surgery has been shown to lead to improvement in stress and urge incontinence as well as LUTS. A potential relationship may be drawn between obesity and BPH. This study adds the knowledge that WC can represent a simple metric not only for elements of the metabolic syndrome but also for worsened voiding. These obese men may be at high risk of male pelvic dysfunction. OBJECTIVES To determine if central obesity as measured by waist circumference (WC) is a risk factor in metabolic dysfunction, which includes hypertension, dyslipidaemia and type 2 diabetes (DM2)., To test the hypothesis that central obesity and WC are associated with and predictive of the severity of voiding dysfunction., METHODS Men aged ≥40 years with moderate or severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS, International Prostate Symptom Score ≥ 8) with no previous treatment were included for study., Subjects were divided into three groups according to WC (<90, 90-99 and ≥100 cm)., Baseline parameters including International Prostate Symptom Score, prostate volume, serum prostate-specific antigen, presence of erectile dysfunction and ejaculatory dysfunction, and the prevalence of hypertension, coronary artery disease and DM2 were compared among the three WC categories., The association between WC and all parameters assessed was tested using multivariate logistic regression analysis., RESULTS In the 409 consecutive men analysed, WC was significantly and positively associated with prostate volume, serum prostate-specific antigen and International Prostate Symptom Score., Higher WCs were also significantly associated with a greater prevalence of hypertension, coronary artery disease, DM2 and obesity as well as the presence of erectile dysfunction and ejaculatory dysfunction., CONCLUSIONS Increased WC is associated with worsened voiding., There was a significantly increased prevalence of components of the metabolic syndrome in patients with higher WC., Obese men, in particular those with other features of the metabolic syndrome, are at increased risk of male pelvic dysfunction and can be easily recognized by measurement of WC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During recovery from a maximal or submaximal aerobic exercise, augmentation of central (aortic) systolic pressure by reflected pressure waves is blunted in healthy humans. However, the extent to which reflected pressure waves modify the central pulse in diastole in these conditions remains unknown. We evaluated systolic and diastolic central reflected waves in 11 endurance-trained athletes on recovery from a maximal running test on a treadmill (treadmill-max) and a 4000 m run in field conditions. On both occasions in each subject, the radial pulse was recorded with applanation tonometry in the resting preexercise state and then 5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 min after exercise termination. From the central waveform, as reconstructed by application of a generalized transfer function, we computed a systolic (AIx) and a diastolic index (AId) of pressure augmentation by reflections. At 5 min, both indices were below preexercise. At further time-points, AIx remained low, while AId progressively increased, to overshoot above preexercise at 45 min. The same behavior was observed with both exercise types. Beyond the first few minutes of recovery following either maximal or submaximal aerobic exercise, reflected waves selectively augment the central pressure pulse in diastole, at least in endurance-trained athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Some cross-sectional and longitudinal studies attempted to link periodontitis with stress. To our knowledge, only one small study was published on the mechanism by which stress may influence periodontal diseases, suggesting behavioral and physiologic mechanisms and investigating the role of inflammation as a potential mediator. The present study is planned to explore the associations among periodontal disease, psychologic factors, and salivary markers of stress, psychoneuroimmunologic variables, and health behaviors. Methods: One hundred periodontitis patients were selected, and participants provided information on general health, chronic stress, and demographics. Stress markers (choromogranin A, cortisol, α-amylase, and (β-endorphin) were measured from saliva. A dentist assessed the presence of dental plaque on lingual and buccal surfaces, the gingival index, and the number of remaining teeth with periodontal disease. Results: Stress and salivary stress markers were significantly correlated with clinical parameters of periodontal disease (ranging from 0.19 to 0.59; P<0.001). Neglecting to brush teeth during stress was associated with missing teeth. After adjusting for stress variables, salivary cortisol and (β-endorphin were significantly associated with tooth loss and periodontal clinical parameters (P<0.001; R² = 0.59). Conclusions: This study suggests that stress might be associated with periodontal disease through physiologic and behavioral mechanisms. In making diagnoses of psychiatric patients, the association between salivary stress markers and periodontal disease needs to be included. Further exploration of relationships between periodontitis and stress is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Understanding the links between physiological performance and fitness is key to predicting the responses of individuals to environmental change, especially that imposed by climate. Of particular interest are traits linked with metabolic performance. In particular, maximal metabolic rate (MMR; which describes the upper limit to heat production) and basal metabolic rate (BMR; which describes the lower limit to heat production for a normothermic endotherm) are important causal mechanisms that determine the physiological limits for activity under cold conditions. 2. Previous work with deer mice has shown important links between maximal metabolic performance and activity. Selection for elevated MMRs was detected in nature, and higher rates of above-ground activity during periods of cold were associated with elevated MMRs. Here, we investigate further the links between activity and elevated MMRs. 3. We conducted a laboratory study to test whether BMR or MMR was correlated with activity and foraging behaviour of deer mice exposed to a series of cold temperatures (–5, –10 and –15 °C). Each mouse had access to a warm nest box, but needed to enter a cold environmental chamber to access food, ice chips and a running wheel. Behaviours were monitored for 2 days under these experimental conditions. Prior to the experimental trials, BMR and MMR were measured. MMR was also measured after the trials. 4. The amount of time that mice spent active in the cold was negatively correlated with ambient temperature. The duration of activity per bout (when mice were out of the nest box) decreased at colder temperatures, but the number of bouts did not. The total duration of activity and duration per bout increased with an individual's MMR and change in MMR over the course of the experiment. Body mass decreased at colder temperatures, and mice with higher MMR and greater increases in MMR consumed more food. 5. Our study suggests that mice with high MMR, or a capacity to increase MMR may be best able to tolerate cold environments. Thus, physiological capacity and behaviour can influence each other in response to environmental conditions. 6. Integrative studies between behaviour and physiology in an ecological context provide greater understanding of the potential responses of organisms to environmental change. With respect to climate, such responses will depend either on the ability of individuals to induce plastic (or acclamatory) responses to environmental stressors or on the structure of genetic variation for physiological traits within a particular population. Although, some effort has been directed at understanding the evolutionary significance of metabolic traits (particularly with respect to heritabilities), we suggest that priority should be given to studies that explicitly address the mechanistic links between physiology and fitness in light of ongoing climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. In general, cardiac hypertrophy (an increase in heart mass) is a poor prognostic sign. Cardiac enlargement is a characteristic of most forms of heart failure. Cardiac hypertrophy that occurs in athletes (physiological hypertrophy) is a notable exception. 2. Physiological cardiac hypertrophy in response to exercise training differs in its structural and molecular profile to pathological hypertrophy associated with pressure or volume overload in disease. Physiological hypertrophy is characterized by normal organization of cardiac structure and normal or enhanced cardiac function, whereas pathological hypertrophy is commonly associated with upregulation of fetal genes, fibrosis, cardiac dysfunction and increased mortality. 3. It is now clear that several signalling molecules play unique roles in the regulation of pathological and physiological cardiac hypertrophy. 4. The present review discusses the possibility of targeting cardioprotective signalling pathways and genes activated in the athlete's heart to treat or prevent heart failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2005, 30, 25–28To determine whether mental alerting (MA) makes a significant difference to nystagmus recorded during gaze testing using electronystagmography (ENG).A prospective study, blinded interpretation of test results, alternate order of testing sequence.Vestibular assessment clinic in a tertiary referral centre.A total of 80 patients were seen by the authors (R.L.H., K.F.L.M.) for vestibular assessment, between August 2002 and February 2004. Patients cognitively unable to perform MA tasks or with limited English were omitted. Patients all underwent gaze-testing using ENG. Each patient was tested twice, once without MA and once with an MA task, in an alternate test order.Slow-phase velocity values of recorded nystagmus, number of patients with clinically significant nystagmus (slow-phase velocity≥6 deg/s).A total of eight patients had significant gaze-evoked nystagmus when tested without MA and a total of six patients when tested with MA. Only four of these patients were common to both groups. When all nystagmus values (regardless of significance) were considered, no statistically significant differences between nystagmus measured with and without alerting were found (Wilcoxon signed rank test,P > 0.05).Mental alerting during gaze testing did not result in a significant difference in nystagmus and is just as likely to result in an exacerbation as a reduction in slow-phase velocity. In addition, MA is likely to result in a noisy (and therefore difficult to interpret) recording and increases the impact of the test on the patient. In view of these findings, we propose that MA is contraindicated during the gaze-testing component of the vestibular test battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary • After a stay in intensive care, patients may suffer physiological after effects, such as muscle wasting, polyneuropathies, disturbed sleep, itching and poor mobility • The care that patients receive whilst on intensive care may contribute to the severity of some of these physical problems • Raising awareness amongst critical care nurses may help reduce the severity of some of the physiological after effects • Increased awareness amongst nurses on the wards about the physical impact of intensive care may lead to a greater understanding of the needs of this group of patients and may improve discharge planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary 1. Studies focusing on the physiological variation between populations and its connection to fitness-related traits are rare, even though integrating these fields would increase knowledge on the evolution of traits. Standard metabolic rate (SMR) has been suggested to influence an individual’s social status and the level of aggressiveness, as dominant individuals tend to have higher SMR than subordinate individuals. 2. The SMR of juvenile Brown Trout (Salmo trutta ) from four populations was measured, and the population-level relationship between SMR and aggressiveness, which is a fitness-related behavioural trait, was investigated. 3. SMR differed between the populations, but no differences were found in the amount of aggression. Nevertheless, a significant positive correlation between aggressiveness and SMR between the populations was found. 4. Unlike many previous studies on geographical variation of metabolic rate, SMR correlated negatively with the latitude of origin of the populations. 5. The results suggest that SMR and aggressiveness are correlated not only at the individual level as shown by previous studies, but also at the population level. The costs and benefits of high metabolic rate depend largely on the environment, and local differences in environmental conditions, as for example in food availability, may select for local differences in SMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Oral pigmentation may be physiological or pathological in nature. It may represent a localized anomaly of limited significance or the presentation of potentially life-threatening multisystem disease. Evaluation of a patient with oral pigmentation requires a systematic approach with resource to appropriate investigations in certain circumstances. A full history of evolution of the pigmentary changes, as well as inquiring into family history, drug ingestion and systemic symptoms of concurrent disease are clearly important in the assessment. The duration, pattern, hue and distribution of colour changes can provide useful diagnostic clues. Special attention is given to newly appearing lesions, or those that have changed significantly in appearance, and biopsy may be needed to validate the clinical impression. This review should enable the reader to increase their familiarity with the assessment of oral pigmentation, the common causes of oral pigmentary change and the rarer disorders of pigmentation seen in this area. The systemic diseases that may give rise to oral pigmentation are detailed and the early signs of oral melanoma are highlighted, as well as the drugs which may cause pigmentary changes in this area and the different pattern of pigmentation they may induce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stress response system, as vital mediator of the individual's health/illness dynamics at physical, psychological, and social levels, is modeled through a systems approach. This extremely complex self-regulating system involves multiple causal factors, nonlinearities, and time delays. Key basic functions are surveillance, mobilization of resources, feedback, and purpose. The underlying physiological stress response comprises three main mechanisms: autonomic nervous system, hormonal system, and immune response sytem. Their afferent pathways are presented in a flow diagram, and integrated into the full system which includes the psycho-social dimensions. The main features of this overall system comprise: psycho-social dynamics, feedback and feedforward monitors, self-concept, evaluation and strategy-decision making, generalized coping resources, mobilization of response strategies, and behavioral control. Stressors, as potential producers of stress, are illustrated in the physical, psychological, and social domains. A U-shaped universal dose-response curve is helpful in understanding stressor-destressor actions. Destressors are similarly considered, with special relation to lifestyle. Finally, the concept of eustress is developed as the ideal condition toward which this complex homeostatic system works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is a major metabolite of trichloroethylene (TRI) thought to contribute to its hepatocarcinogenic effects in mice. Recent studies have shown that peak blood concentrations of TCA in rats do not occur until approximately 12 hours following an oral dose of TRI. However, blood concentrations of TRI reach a maximum within an hour and are nondetectable after 2 hours.(1) The results of a study which examined the enterohepatic recirculation (EHC) of the principle TRI metabolites(2) was used to develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for TRI, which includes enterohepatic recirculation of its metabolites. The model quantitatively predicts the uptake, distribution and elimination of TRI, trichloroethanol, trichloroethanol-glucuronide, and TCA and includes production of metabolites through the enterohepatic recirculation pathway. Physiologic parameters used in the model were obtained from the literature.(3,4) Parameters for TRI metabolism were taken from Fisher et al.(5) Other kinetic parameters were found in the literature or estimated from experimental data.(2) The model was calibrated to data from experiments of an earlier study where TRI was orally administered.(2) Verification of the model was conducted using data on the enterohepatic recirculation of TCEOH and TCA,(2) chloral hydrate data (infusion doses) from Merdink,(6) and TRI data from Templin(l) and Larsonand Bu11.(7) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared the rate responsiveness of an activity-detecting multiprogrammable, single chamber pacemaker (Medtronic Activitrax) to rate responsiveness of the normal sinus node. This pacemaker changes its basic pacing rate in response to physical activity. The rate responsiveness is programmable by selecting one of three activity thresholds, and one of 10 rate response settings. The study included a group of six normal volunteers and 12 patients implanted with Activitrax to examine the similarity of the pacemaker rate to normal sinus rhythm during acceleration and deceleration. The pacemaker was set to Activity mode, at a basic rate of 60 bpm. In volunteers, the device was externally secured on the chest wall and tested at two programmed settings. When programmed at a high threshold of activity and high rate response in volunteers, there was no significant difference in maximum normal sinus rates and pacemaker rates during arm waving, jumping in place, and walking during stress testing. At a medium activity threshold, the only significant difference occurred during submaximal stess testing, when the maximum sinus rate achieved was 141 ± 19 bpm and the maximum pacing rate was 105 ± 8 bpm (p < .02]. The pacemaker behaved in a similar manner in patients, successfully simulating the typical fast acceleration and slow deceleration of a normal sinus node in exercise testing. There was no difference in pacer response when implanted in abdominal or infraclavicular locations. The implanted units have functioned normally over a follow-up period of nine to 22 months. Activitrax can be programmed to achieve physiologic pacing rates in response to normal daily activities with appropriate programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous comparisons of physiological and single-rate ventricular pacing are mostly based on open studies. The present investigation was designed to control possible biases of such a study design with the aim to investigate effects of the two pacing modes on maximal and submoximal exercise tolerance and the subjective feeling of well-being of the patients. Forty-four patients treated with atrioventricular synchronous pacemakers for more than 12 months participated in the study. Their pacemakers were randomly programmed to one 3-week long period of ventricular inhibited and a similar period of atrioventricular synchronous ventricular inhibited pacing. Thereafter, they went through echocardiography, symptom-limited maximal exercise test and answered a questionnaire on subjective symptoms. The study was blind since neither the patients nor the physician conducting the exercise tests were informed of pacing mode. The mean maximal exercise tolerance increased 24% (p < 0.01) on atrioventricular synchronous pacing. Arterial lactate, respiratory rates and perceived exertion ratings during submaximal levels of exercise were higher on ventricular inhibited pacing, as well as symptoms scored during the two 3-week periods. A majority of patients improved their functional class during atrioventricular synchronous pacing and preferred the physiological pacing mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]