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This article presents a case study of a 30-year-old female with red skin lesions predominantly on photo-exposed areas. The lesions started on her forearms and gradually spread to her hands, upper back, and forehead. The patient had a positive Mantoux test, indicating a strong immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The diagnosis was lichen scrofulosorum, a rare tuberculid. The patient was treated with antitubercular therapy, and the lesions improved within 2 months. This case emphasizes the importance of histopathology in diagnosing uncommon presentations of tuberculosis. [Extracted from the article]

This article is a letter in response to a study on the use of needling for the treatment of genital warts. The authors express their concerns about the method used in the study, particularly regarding the number of sessions and the use of oral antibiotics. They request clarification from the authors on these points. Despite their concerns, they acknowledge the study's contribution in introducing needling as a potential therapeutic option for genital warts. [Extracted from the article]

Background Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis usually results from traumatic inoculation with the fungus and generally occurs in immunosuppressed men. Cladosporium, Exophiala, and Alternaria spp. are commonly implicated pathogens. Objectives We present a case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Rhytidhysteron sp. that was refractory to conventional antifungal therapy. Case report A 72-year-old man with hypertension and diabetes presented with a multiloculated, large cystic swelling over the right dorsal foot. Laboratory findings and x-rays of the chest and left foot were normal. Results Adequate control of the patient's diabetes was achieved, and the swelling was excised under itraconazole/terbinafine coverage. Histology showed multiple areas of neutrophilic abscess, epithelioid cells, foreign body giant cells, and multiple septate hyphae and yeast-like cells. Dematiaceous fungus was cultured but failed to produce spores. Sequencing of the isolate showed a match of > 99% with Rhytidhysteron rufulum. The patient demonstrated no response after one year of therapy with itraconazole/terbinafine. Weekly infiltration of the lesion with liposomal amphotericin B resulted in its complete resolution within 15 weeks. Conclusions Lesions of phaeohyphomycosis appear morphologically similar regardless of the organism implicated. Hence, their diagnosis rests entirely on the clinicopathological and microbiological presentation. Molecular studies may be required to identify a fungus if attempts to grow it in artificial culture media fail. Rhytidhysteron spp. are not known as pathogens in humans, and no treatment protocol exists. Intralesional amphotericin was highly effective in our patient and caused no systemic adverse effects. Voriconazole and posaconazole are effective against disseminated/visceral phaeohyphomycotic infections, but their efficacy against Rhytidhysteron spp. remains unstudied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dear Editor, Alopecia areata is a commonly encountered clinical problem. The treatment of choice for localized disease is intralesional steroid injection, which, though usually effective, is an invasive, painful procedure and may require repeated sessions, affecting patient compliance. [Extracted from the article]